Fernanda Anselmo Moreira

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Fernanda Anselmo Moreira Fernanda Anselmo Moreira Avaliação sazonal do potencial biológico de extratos de Merostachys neesii Rupr. (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) Seasonality of the biological potential of extracts of Merostachys neesii Rupr. (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) São Paulo 2019 Fernanda Anselmo Moreira VERSÃO CORRIGIDA O original encontra-se disponível no Instituto de Biociências da USP Avaliação sazonal do potencial biológico de extratos de Merostachys neesii Rupr. (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) Seasonality of the biological potential of extracts of Merostachys neesii Rupr. (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo, para a obtenção de Título de Doutor em Ciências Biológicas, na Área de Botânica. Orientadora: Profa Dra Cláudia Maria Furlan São Paulo 2019 Moreira, Fernanda Anselmo. Avaliação sazonal do potencial biológico de extratos de Merostachys neesii Rupr. (Poaceae: Bambusoideae). 146 páginas. Tese (Doutorado) – Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Botânica. 1. Bambusoideae, 2. Sazonalidade, 3. Flavonoide, 4. Valor nutricional, 5. Atividade antioxidante, 6. Atividade anticolinesterásica. I. Universidade de São Paulo. Instituto de Biociências. Departamento de Botânica. Comissão Julgadora: ________________________ ________________________ Prof(a). Dr(a). Prof(a). Dr(a). ________________________ Prof(a). Dr(a). ____________________________ Profa. Dra. Cláudia Maria Furlan Orientadora “Dedico esse trabalho a minha amada mãe, Lidia” Agradecimentos Agradeço a Deus por ter me dado saúde e forças para concluir este trabalho. Agradeço especialmente à minha orientadora Cláudia Maria Furlan pela orientação, amizade, paciência e por todo o aprendizado. À minha querida mãe, Lidia Anselmo, que me acompanhou, me educou, apoiou, torceu e me incentivou durante toda a minha vida. À minha família que torceu por mim, sempre dando apoio e carinho. Ao Eduardo Lucas, pela companhia, paciência, amizade e amor dedicado. À Bete e a Marcela pela grande amizade, companhia, auxílio e compreensão pelos momentos de ausência. Muito obrigada por sempre me apoiarem, me motivarem e torcerem por mim. Vocês fazem parte da minha família! Ao Sandro, meu professor de natação, pela sua torcida durante o meu mestrado e agora durante o doutorado e pela amizade construída ao longo dos quase vinte anos desde que eu comecei a treinar com ele. Agradeço também a turma da natação pelos momentos de descontração. Aos professores do laboratório Antonio Salatino, Maria Luiza Salatino, Déborah Santos e Marcelo Ferreira pelas contribuições e ensinamentos. Às técnicas Aline e Mourisa e ao técnico Leandro por todo o auxílio durante a realização do meu projeto. Ao professor Massuo Jorge Kato por abrir as portas do laboratório para a realização das minhas análises químicas e à Lydia F. Yamaguchi pelo auxílio nestas análises. À Isabela Brosco pelas análises realizadas. À Amariles e à professora Maria Tereza Grombone-Guaratini pelo auxílio nas coletas. À Janayne e ao Wilton pelas confidências, risadas, desabafos, paciência e principalmente pela amizade. À Kátia, Fê Rezende e Dalila pela amizade construída e também pelos momentos de descontração e ensinamentos. Aos demais colegas do laboratório de Fitoquímica. À Regina D’Arruiz, Regina Parizze e Maria Cristina pela amizade e torcida. Ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) pela bolsa concedida, a CAPES/Proex pelo apoio financeiro e ao Instituto de Biociências da USP pela infraestrutura. A todos vocês, muito obrigada! Summary Introduction: an overview of bamboos ................................................................................................ 1 Bambusoideae: taxonomic and biological aspects, distribution, and importance............................ 1 Aims of the present study................................................................................................................. 4 References ........................................................................................................................................ 9 Chapter 1 – Major constituents of Merostachys neesii: a Brazilian endemic bamboo species ......... 13 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 13 2. Material and Methods ................................................................................................................ 14 2.1 Plant material ....................................................................................................................... 14 2.2 Extraction procedures .......................................................................................................... 14 2.3 Chemical analyzes................................................................................................................ 15 3. Results and discussion ............................................................................................................... 18 3.1 Analysis of polar metabolites by GC-EIMS ........................................................................ 18 3.2 Analysis of nonpolar metabolites by GC-EIMS .................................................................. 23 3.3 Analysis of flavonoids by HPLC-ESI/HRMS ..................................................................... 29 4. Conclusions ................................................................................................................................ 35 5. References .................................................................................................................................. 37 Supplementary material 1 .............................................................................................................. 43 Chapter 2 - Nutritional value of Merostachys neesii: seasonal implications ..................................... 75 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 75 2. Material and Methods ................................................................................................................ 76 2.1 Plant material ....................................................................................................................... 76 2.2 Climate data ......................................................................................................................... 77 2.3 Chemical analysis ................................................................................................................ 77 2.4 Statistical analysis ................................................................................................................ 80 3. Results and discussion ............................................................................................................... 80 3.1 Nutritional potential of Merostachys neesii ......................................................................... 80 3.2 Implications of seasonal variation on nutritional potential of Merostachys neesii .............. 90 4. Conclusions ................................................................................................................................ 94 5. References .................................................................................................................................. 95 Chapter 3 – Biological potential of Merostachys neesii: seasonal implications .............................. 101 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 101 2. Material and Methods .............................................................................................................. 103 2.1 Plant material and extraction procedures ........................................................................... 103 2.2 Determination of the major constituents of Merostachys neesii ........................................ 103 2.3 Determination of antioxidant activity ................................................................................ 104 2.4 Determination of anticholinesterase activity ...................................................................... 105 2.5 Statistical analysis .............................................................................................................. 106 3. Results and discussion ............................................................................................................. 106 3.1 Meteorological data during harvest time ........................................................................... 106 3.2 Seasonal changes on extract yield ...................................................................................... 107 3.3 Seasonal changes on bioactive compounds of Merostachys neesii ................................... 108 3.4 Antioxidant potential of Merostachys neesii ..................................................................... 114 3.5 Anticholinesterase potential and seasonal changes in Merostachys neesii ........................ 120 3.6 Principal component analysis (PCA) ................................................................................. 122 4. Conclusions .............................................................................................................................. 125 5. References ...............................................................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • GENETICS, GENOMICS and BREEDING of FORAGE CROPS Genetics, Genomics and Breeding of Crop Plants
    Genetics, Genomics and Breeding of Genetics, Genomics and Breeding of About the Series Genetics, Genomics and Breeding of AboutAbout the the Series Series SeriesSeries on on BasicBasic and and advanced advanced concepts, concepts, strategies, strategies, tools tools and and achievements achievements of of Series on Basicgenetics, and advanced genomics concepts, and breeding strategies, of crops tools haveand beenachievements comprehensively of Genetics,Genetics, Genomics Genomics and and Breeding Breeding of of Crop Crop Plants Plants genetics,genetics, genomics genomics and and breeding breeding of ofcrops crops have have been been comprehensively comprehensively Genetics, Genomics and Breeding of Crop Plants deliberateddeliberated in in30 30volumes volumes each each dedicated dedicated to toan an individual individual crop crop or orcrop crop Series Editor deliberatedgroup. in 30 volumes each dedicated to an individual crop or crop Series Series Editor Editor group.group. Chittaranjan Chittaranjan Kole, Kole, Vice-Chancellor, Vice-Chancellor, BC BC Agricultural Agricultural University, University, India India The series editor and one of the editors of this volume, Prof. Chittaranjan Chittaranjan Kole, Vice-Chancellor, BC Agricultural University, India TheThe series series editor editor and and one one of theof the editors editors of thisof this volume, volume, Prof. Prof. Chittaranjan Chittaranjan Kole,Kole, is globallyis globally renowned renowned for for his his pioneering pioneering contributions contributions in inteaching teaching and and Kole,research is globally for renowned nearly three for decades his pioneering on plant contributions genetics, genomics, in teaching breeding and and researchresearch for for nearly nearly three three decades decades on onplant plant genetics, genetics, genomics, genomics, breeding breeding and and biotechnology.biotechnology.
    [Show full text]
  • TERRESTRIAL VEGETATION and ENVIRONMENTS on HEARD ISLAND by D.M
    Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania, Volume 133(2), 2000 33 TERRESTRIAL VEGETATION AND ENVIRONMENTS ON HEARD ISLAND by D.M. Bergstrom and P.M. Selkirk (with three tables, one text-figure, one plate and an appendix) BERGSTROM, D.M. & SELKIRK, P.M., 2000 (30:vi): Terrestrial vegetation and environments on Heard Island. In Banks, M.R. & Brown, M.J. (Eds): HEARD ISLAND PAPERS. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 133(2): 33-46. https://doi.org/10.26749/rstpp.133.2.33 ISSN 0080-4703. Department ofBotany, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia 4072 (DMB); and Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia 2019 (PMS). Significantly ice-covered and with a very small flora (11 vascular species and about 60 bryophyte taxa), Heard Island is still emerging from the effects of the last glacial maximum. This study presents the results of a general vegetation survey. A baseline framework of environmental conditions that affect vegetation on the island is described and a classification (TWINS PAN) analysis based on presence/ absence data of both vascular plant species and bryophyte taxa is provided. Distinct suites of taxa were identified on the island, some containing bryophytes only. Fifreen ecological groups were delineated. A discussion of ecological amplitude ofimportant bryophyte and vascular plant taxa on Heard Island is included. Key Words: Subantarctic, tundra, vegetation, bryophytes, cushion plants, Heard Island. INTRODUCTION during the Tertiary and included a variety of ferns and a podocarp (Quilty et al. 1983). Subantarctic Heard Island (53°06'S, 73°32'E) is approxi­ There have been few studies of terrestrial plant ecology mately 4850 km southeast of southern Africa, 4350 km on Heard Island.
    [Show full text]
  • Phytolacca Esculenta Van Houtte
    168 CONTENTS BOSABALIDIS ARTEMIOS MICHAEL – Glandular hairs, non-glandular hairs, and essential oils in the winter and summer leaves of the seasonally dimorphic Thymus sibthorpii (Lamiaceae) .................................................................................................. 3 SHARAWY SHERIF MOHAMED – Floral anatomy of Alpinia speciosa and Hedychium coronarium (Zingiberaceae) with particular reference to the nature of labellum and epigynous glands ........................................................................................................... 13 PRAMOD SIVAN, KARUMANCHI SAMBASIVA RAO – Effect of 2,6- dichlorobenzonitrile (DCB) on secondary wall deposition and lignification in the stem of Hibiscus cannabinus L.................................................................................. 25 IFRIM CAMELIA – Contributions to the seeds’ study of some species of the Plantago L. genus ..................................................................................................................................... 35 VENUGOPAL NAGULAN, AHUJA PREETI, LALCHHANHIMI – A unique type of endosperm in Panax wangianus S. C. Sun .................................................................... 45 JAIME A. TEIXEIRA DA SILVA – In vitro rhizogenesis in Papaya (Carica papaya L.) ....... 51 KATHIRESAN KANDASAMY, RAVINDER SINGH CHINNAPPAN – Preliminary conservation effort on Rhizophora annamalayana Kathir., the only endemic mangrove to India, through in vitro method ..................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Distribution of Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus-PAV in the Sub-Antarctic
    Distribution of Barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV in the Sub-Antarctic Kerguelen Islands and characterization of two new [i]Luteovirus[/i] species Laurence Svanella-Dumas, Thierry Candresse, Maurice Hullé, Armelle Marais-Colombel To cite this version: Laurence Svanella-Dumas, Thierry Candresse, Maurice Hullé, Armelle Marais-Colombel. Distribution of Barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV in the Sub-Antarctic Kerguelen Islands and characterization of two new [i]Luteovirus[/i] species. PLoS ONE, Public Library of Science, 2013, 8 (6), pp.e67231. 10.1371/journal.pone.0067231. hal-01208609 HAL Id: hal-01208609 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01208609 Submitted on 29 May 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distribution of Barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV in the Sub- Antarctic Kerguelen Islands and Characterization of Two New Luteovirus Species Laurence Svanella-Dumas1,2, Thierry Candresse1,2, Maurice Hulle´ 3, Armelle Marais1,2* 1 INRA, UMR 1332 de Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032 Villenave d9Ornon, France, 2 Univ. Bordeaux, UMR 1332 de Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, CS20032 Villenave d9Ornon, France, 3 Institut de Ge´ne´tique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes, Agrocampus Rennes, UMR INRA 1349, BP 35327, Le Rheu, France Abstract A systematic search for viral infection was performed in the isolated Kerguelen Islands, using a range of polyvalent genus- specific PCR assays.
    [Show full text]
  • Bamboo Nutritional Composition, Biomass Production, and Palatability to Giant Pandas: Disturbance and Temporal Effects
    Mississippi State University Scholars Junction Theses and Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 1-1-2013 Bamboo Nutritional Composition, Biomass Production, and Palatability to Giant Pandas: Disturbance and Temporal Effects Jennifer L. Parsons Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsjunction.msstate.edu/td Recommended Citation Parsons, Jennifer L., "Bamboo Nutritional Composition, Biomass Production, and Palatability to Giant Pandas: Disturbance and Temporal Effects" (2013). Theses and Dissertations. 848. https://scholarsjunction.msstate.edu/td/848 This Dissertation - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Scholars Junction. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholars Junction. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Automated Template B: Created by James Nail 2011V2.02 Bamboo nutritional composition, biomass production, and palatability to giant pandas: disturbance and temporal effects By Jennifer L. Parsons A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Mississippi State University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Agricultural Sciences (Animal Nutrition) in the Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences Mississippi State, Mississippi August 2013 Copyright by Jennifer L. Parsons 2013 Bamboo nutritional composition, biomass production, and palatability to giant pandas: disturbance and temporal effects By Jennifer L. Parsons Approved: _________________________________ _________________________________ Brian J. Rude Brian S. Baldwin Professor and Graduate Coordinator Professor Animal and Dairy Sciences Plant and Soil Sciences (Major Professor) (Committee Member) _________________________________ _________________________________ Stephen Demarais Gary N. Ervin Professor Professor Wildlife, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Biological Sciences (Committee Member) (Committee Member) _________________________________ _________________________________ Francisco Vilella George M.
    [Show full text]
  • Improving Our Understanding of Environmental Controls on the Distribution of C3 and C4 Grasses STEPHANIE PAU*, ERIKA J
    Global Change Biology (2013) 19, 184–196, doi: 10.1111/gcb.12037 Improving our understanding of environmental controls on the distribution of C3 and C4 grasses STEPHANIE PAU*, ERIKA J. EDWARDS† andCHRISTOPHER J. STILL‡§ *National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS), 735 State Street, Suite 300, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA, †Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA, ‡Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-4060, USA, §Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, 321 Richardson Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331-5752, USA Abstract A number of studies have demonstrated the ecological sorting of C3 and C4 grasses along temperature and moisture gradients. However, previous studies of C3 and C4 grass biogeography have often inadvertently compared species in different and relatively unrelated lineages, which are associated with different environmental settings and distinct adaptive traits. Such confounded comparisons of C3 and C4 grasses may bias our understanding of ecological sorting imposed strictly by photosynthetic pathway. Here, we used MaxEnt species distribution modeling in combination with satellite data to understand the functional diversity of C3 and C4 grasses by comparing both large clades and closely related sister taxa. Similar to previous work, we found that C4 grasses showed a preference for regions with higher temperatures and lower precipitation compared with grasses using the C3 pathway. However, air temperature differences were smaller (2 °C vs. 4 °C) and precipitation and % tree cover differences were larger (1783 mm vs. 755 mm, 21.3% vs. 7.7%, respectively) when comparing C3 and C4 grasses within the same clade vs.
    [Show full text]
  • Delivery, Uptake, Fate, and Transport of Engineered Nanoparticles in Plants: a Critical Review and Data Analysis
    Environmental Science: Nano Delivery, Uptake, Fate, and Transport of Engineered Nanoparticles in Plants: A Critical Review and Data Analysis Journal: Environmental Science: Nano Manuscript ID EN-CRV-04-2019-000461.R1 Article Type: Critical Review Date Submitted by the 10-Jun-2019 Author: Complete List of Authors: Jassby, David; University of California Los Angeles, Civil and Environmental Engineering Su, Yiming; Tongji Univ, Environmental Science and Technology; University of California, Los Angeles, Civil and Environmental Engineering Kim, Caroline; University of California Los Angeles, Civil and Environmental Engineering Ashworth, Vanessa; University of California Riverside Adeleye, Adeyemi; University of California Irvine Henry Samueli School of Engineering, Civil & Environmental Engineering Rolshausen, Philippe; University of California Riverside Roper, Caroline; University of California Riverside White, Jason; CT Agricultural Experiment Station, Analytical Chemistry Page 1 of 45 Environmental Science: Nano 1 2 3 Delivery, Uptake, Fate, and Transport of Engineered Nanoparticles in Plants: A Critical 4 5 Review and Data Analysis 6 7 Yiming Su1, Vanessa Ashworth2, Caroline Kim1, Adeyemi S. Adeleye3, Philippe Rolshausen2, 8 9 Caroline Roper4, Jason White5, David Jassby1,* 10 1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles 11 2 12 Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside 13 31Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine 14 4Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside 15 5 16 Department of Analytical Chemistry, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station 17 18 *Correspondence to: University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA 19 20 Tel: 310-825-1346 21 Email: [email protected] 22 23 24 25 Abstract: 26 The increasing demand for food coupled to various environmental pressures, is increasing the 27 28 importance of sustainable agricultural practices.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny and Subfamilial Classification of the Grasses (Poaceae) Author(S): Grass Phylogeny Working Group, Nigel P
    Phylogeny and Subfamilial Classification of the Grasses (Poaceae) Author(s): Grass Phylogeny Working Group, Nigel P. Barker, Lynn G. Clark, Jerrold I. Davis, Melvin R. Duvall, Gerald F. Guala, Catherine Hsiao, Elizabeth A. Kellogg, H. Peter Linder Source: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Vol. 88, No. 3 (Summer, 2001), pp. 373-457 Published by: Missouri Botanical Garden Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3298585 Accessed: 06/10/2008 11:05 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=mobot. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1995 to build trusted digital archives for scholarship. We work with the scholarly community to preserve their work and the materials they rely upon, and to build a common research platform that promotes the discovery and use of these resources. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • Bamboo Diversity and Traditional Uses in Yunnan, China 157
    http://www.paper.edu.cn Mountain Research and Development Vol 24 No 2 May 2004: 157–165 Yang Yuming, Wang Kanglin, Pei Shengji, and Hao Jiming Bamboo Diversity and Traditional Uses in Yunnan, China 157 Bamboo is a giant species and the most abundant natural bamboo forests grass that takes on in the world. This article reports on the diversity of bam- tree-like functions in boo species and their utilization in this province, and forest ecosystems. evokes the interrelations between bamboo utilization Around 75 genera and rural development, as well as strategic approaches and 1250 species of towards sustainable use of bamboo and conservation of bamboo are known mountain ecosystems in Yunnan. The authors hope that to exist throughout the research presented here will contribute to poverty the world. Five hun- alleviation and mountain development, to ecological dred species in 40 rehabilitation and conservation, and more specifically, genera are recorded to the development of social forestry. in China, mostly in the monsoon areas of south and southwest China. Of these, 250 species in 29 genera Description of the area grow naturally in the mountainous province of Yunnan, in the Chinese Himalayan region. Bamboo has a long The province of Yunnan is situated in southwest China. history of being used for multiple purposes by various It covers an area of 394,000 km2. It neighbors Guizhou mountain communities in China. Among others, bamboo and Guangxi provinces in the east, Sichuan province in has served—and still serves—as construction material, the north, and Tibet in the northwest, and has state bor- fiber, food, material for agricultural tools, utensils, and ders with Myanmar in the west and southwest, as well as music instruments, as well as ornamental plants.
    [Show full text]
  • Ornamental Grasses for the Midsouth Landscape
    Ornamental Grasses for the Midsouth Landscape Ornamental grasses with their variety of form, may seem similar, grasses vary greatly, ranging from cool color, texture, and size add diversity and dimension to season to warm season grasses, from woody to herbaceous, a landscape. Not many other groups of plants can boast and from annuals to long-lived perennials. attractiveness during practically all seasons. The only time This variation has resulted in five recognized they could be considered not to contribute to the beauty of subfamilies within Poaceae. They are Arundinoideae, the landscape is the few weeks in the early spring between a unique mix of woody and herbaceous grass species; cutting back the old growth of the warm-season grasses Bambusoideae, the bamboos; Chloridoideae, warm- until the sprouting of new growth. From their emergence season herbaceous grasses; Panicoideae, also warm-season in the spring through winter, warm-season ornamental herbaceous grasses; and Pooideae, a cool-season subfamily. grasses add drama, grace, and motion to the landscape Their habitats also vary. Grasses are found across the unlike any other plants. globe, including in Antarctica. They have a strong presence One of the unique and desirable contributions in prairies, like those in the Great Plains, and savannas, like ornamental grasses make to the landscape is their sound. those in southern Africa. It is important to recognize these Anyone who has ever been in a pine forest on a windy day natural characteristics when using grasses for ornament, is aware of the ethereal music of wind against pine foliage. since they determine adaptability and management within The effect varies with the strength of the wind and the a landscape or region, as well as invasive potential.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic Analyses Reveal the Shady History of C4 Grasses Erika J
    Phylogenetic analyses reveal the shady history of C4 grasses Erika J. Edwardsa,1 and Stephen A. Smithb aDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912; and bNational Evolutionary Synthesis Center, Durham, NC 27705 Edited by Michael J. Donoghue, Yale University, New Haven, CT, and approved December 31, 2009 (received for review August 24, 2009) Grasslands cover more than 20% of the Earth's terrestrial surface, has provided a strong selection pressure for C4 evolution in and their rise to dominance is one of the most dramatic events of eudicots (4). Grasses have long been viewed as an interesting biome evolution in Earth history. Grasses possess two main photo- exception to this pattern (9). Significant positive correlations synthetic pathways: the C3 pathway that is typical of most plants between C4 grass abundance and growing season temperature and a specialized C4 pathway that minimizes photorespiration and have been documented at both continental and regional scales thus increases photosynthetic performance in high-temperature (10–13); C4 grasses dominate tropical grasslands and savannas and/or low-CO2 environments. C4 grasses dominate tropical and but are virtually absent from cool-temperate grasslands and subtropical grasslands and savannas, and C3 grasses dominate the steppes. Furthermore, both experimental measurements of world's cooler temperate grassland regions. This striking pattern photosynthetic light use efficiency (termed “quantum yield”), has been attributed to C4 physiology, with the implication that the and predictions of leaf models of C3 and C4 photosynthesis evolution of the pathway enabled C4 grasses to persist in warmer provide strong evidence that C4 grasses outperform C3 grasses at climates than their C3 relatives.
    [Show full text]
  • Large Trees, Supertrees, and Diversification of the Grass Family Trevor R
    Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Volume 23 | Issue 1 Article 19 2007 Large Trees, Supertrees, and Diversification of the Grass Family Trevor R. Hodkinson Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland Nicolas Salamin University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland Mark W. Chase Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK Yanis Bouchenak-Khelladi Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland Stephen A. Renvoize Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso Part of the Botany Commons, and the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons Recommended Citation Hodkinson, Trevor R.; Salamin, Nicolas; Chase, Mark W.; Bouchenak-Khelladi, Yanis; Renvoize, Stephen A.; and Savolainen, Vincent (2007) "Large Trees, Supertrees, and Diversification of the Grass Family," Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany: Vol. 23: Iss. 1, Article 19. Available at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso/vol23/iss1/19 Large Trees, Supertrees, and Diversification of the Grass Family Authors Trevor R. Hodkinson, Nicolas Salamin, Mark W. Chase, Yanis Bouchenak-Khelladi, Stephen A. Renvoize, and Vincent Savolainen This article is available in Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso/vol23/iss1/ 19 Aliso 23, pp. 248–258 ᭧ 2007, Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden LARGE TREES, SUPERTREES, AND DIVERSIFICATION OF THE GRASS FAMILY TREVOR R. HODKINSON,1,5 NICOLAS SALAMIN,2 MARK W. CHASE,3 YANIS BOUCHENAK-KHELLADI,1,3 STEPHEN A. RENVOIZE,4
    [Show full text]