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Author Guidelines for 8 O BLU-RAY Pedro Vicente 63165, Ricardo Santos 63130 Instituto Superior Técnico Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal E-mail: {pedro.a.vicente, ricardo.dos.santos}@ist.utl.pt RESUMO 2. HISTÓRIA DO BLU-RAY O Blu-ray veio suceder ao DVD como a próxima geração de Com o início da era digital, foi necessária a criação de meios disco óptico para armazenamento de dados digitais. Esta de armazenamento de dados binários (0’s e 1’s). A primeira tecnologia surgiu com o desenvolvimento do díodo laser geração de discos ópticos surgiu, principalmente, com a azul-violeta. invenção do CD (Compact Disc) em 1979, seguido pelo Grandes empresas, como a Sony, estiveram ligadas à criação DVD (Digital Versatile Disc) em 1995, que armazenam os e sobrevivência do Blu-ray, assim como ao desenvolvimento dados binários, na forma de sulcos e áreas lisas, num disco de tecnologias de produção e durabilidade de discos, e com 120mm de diâmetro e 12mm de espessura. protecção de dados. O Blu-ray apresenta várias vantagens A densidade de informação no formato DVD está limitada face ao DVD e ao seu competidor directo, o HD-DVD. ao comprimento de onda dos lasers utilizados na sua Hoje, este é uma importante referência no mercado no que gravação, e actualmente esta não é suficiente para os toca à distribuição de conteúdos em Alta Definição e 3D. conteúdos reproduzíveis pelos aparelhos HDTV. No final da década de 90, o investigador japonês Shuji Palavras Chave - Blu-Ray, disco, Alta Definição, camadas, Nakamura apresentou um díodo de laser azul-violeta com DVD. comprimento de onda de 405nm, contrastando com o laser vermelho de 650nm usado na altura nos DVD’s. 1. INTRODUÇÃO A Sony iniciou assim dois projectos explorando o novo laser: o UDO (Ultra Density Optical) e o DVR Blue, que Com o aumento da exigência e valorização da experiência desenvolvido juntamente com a Pioneer viria a tornar-se o audiovisual no conforto de casa, com o surgimento das Blu-ray Disc regravável (BD-RE). televisões de alta definição (HDTV – High Definition Os primeiros protótipos do DVR Blue foram revelados na Television) capazes de reproduzir imagem com resoluções exibição CEATEC a Outubro de 2000 pela Sony, mas só a bastante superiores às suas antecessoras, com o aumento da 19 de Fevereiro de 2002 é que o projecto foi oficialmente qualidade e complexidade dos jogos, os DVDs deixaram de apresentado como Blu-ray Disc (a palavra blue não pôde ser ter capacidade para armazenar a quantidade de dados usada como marca registada por ser uma palavra comum e necessária para a distribuição dos respectivos conteúdos. usada no dia a dia, daí se optar pela palavra blu). Embora o conceito de alta definição seja conhecido em Inicialmente, o “grupo de fundadores do Blu-ray Disc”, grande parte devido aos aparelhos televisivos, só há alguns criado a 20 de Maio de 2002 pelo MIT, contou com a anos é que surgiram discos ópticos com capacidade participação de nove empresas: suficiente para a gravação e reprodução de conteúdos de elevada qualidade: os discos Blu-Ray (BD – Blu-Ray Discs) 1. Sony e os discos HD-DVD (High Density Digital Versatile Disc). 2. Panasonic A significativa melhoria dos novos discos ópticos abriram 3. Pioneer portas para qualidades de imagem e som muito acima do 4. Philips comum, mas, apesar das suas vantagens, a penetração do 5. Thomson mercado não foi fácil. A qualidade é subjectiva e nem todos 6. LG Electronics estão dispostos a pagar o mesmo por esta evolução. 7. Hitachi Neste artigo apresenta-se a história e tecnologia do sucessor 8. Sharp do DVD, o Blu-Ray, assim como a comparação entre este e 9. Samsung o seu competidor directo, o HD-DVD. 1 O primeiro aparelho de gravação de Blu-ray da Sony foi disponibilizado no Japão a 10 de Abril de 2003, a um preço de aproximadamente 3500€. Só mais tarde, em Junho de 2006, foram lançados os primeiros leitores de BD-ROM (ex.: Sony BDP-S1) e os primeiros títulos em Blu-ray: 50 First Dates The Fifth Element Hitch House of Flying Daggers Underworld: Evolution xXx The Terminator (da MGM) Figura 1. – Imagem representativa do modo de A entrada dos leitores de Blu-ray no mercado, 3 meses armazenamento de dados no disco Blu-ray. depois dos leitores de HD-DVD da Toshiba, não foi favorável e durante alguns meses o número de vendas de Entre os sulcos criados, existem espaços lisos (lands) que, HD-DVD superou as de Blu-ray. na leitura, representam áreas de maior reflexão do laser a Com o tempo, o Blu-ray tornou-se o formato favorito e o baixas potências. Na leitura dos dados, os espaços lisos HD-DVD foi descontinuado pela Toshiba. representam o valor binário 1 (on) e os sulcos representam o valor binário 0 (off) devido à ausência de reflexão [1]. 3. TECNOLOGIA BLU-RAY 3.2. Fabrico O disco Blu-ray é um formato de disco óptico criado para suceder ao DVD. Este surge em três variantes principais: As dimensões do disco Blu-ray não foram alteradas face às dos seus antecessores CD e DVD. Ainda assim, a sua 1. Leitura (BD-ROM) – para conteúdos pré-gravados; construção é bastante diferente. 2. Gravável (BD-R) – para dados de PC; O BD é construído utilizando um processo de moldagem por 3. Regravável (BD-RE ou BD-RW) – para material de injecção. É constituído por uma camada de policarbonato HDTV ou dados de PC, respectivamente. com 1,1 mm de espessura, sobre a qual são gravados os dados a armazenar (Figura 2). O Blu-ray pré-gravado é normalmente usado para a Embora o seu método de fabrico resolva problemas como a distribuição de filmes em alta definição, jogos ou softwares. birrefringência (refracção da luz do laser em dois lasers Cada disco contém no mínimo 25 GB de capacidade (com distintos) ou a inclinação do disco (que pode provocar camada única), sendo o disco mais comum o de 50 GB (com distorção do laser), os dados acabam por ficar vulneráveis a camada dupla). riscos. No início, em 2003, os discos Blu-ray eram encapsulados 3.1. Laser e Óptica em disquetes de protecção. Para resolver esta fraqueza, a O nome Blu-ray refere-se ao laser azul (blue ray) utilizado TDK (Tokyo Denkikagaku Kogyo - Tokyo Electronics and para a leitura do disco, que permite uma gravação de dados Chemicals) desenvolveu um polímero com o nome Durabis com maior densidade. (latim para “durarás”). O laser azul-violeta de comprimento de onda de 405nm, Para ir ao encontro das especificações do Blu-ray, a desenvolvido por Nakamura, veio permitir que pudessem ser cobertura do disco teria que ter uma espessura inferior a 0,1 gravados mais dados numa mesma área de disco. mm, ser transparente e dura. A Sony e a Panasonic acabaram Nas camadas de gravação do disco Blu-ray, e recorrendo a por replicar a tecnologia de protecção, tendo a primeira elevadas potências do laser, são criados sulcos (pits) com optado por uma solução de duas camadas: uma anti-riscos e 130nm de largura e um mínimo de 150nm de comprimento. outra anti-estática. A Verbatim, empresa de produção de Estes dados, gravados numa linha contínua em espiral a meios de armazenamento, criou a sua própria tecnologia de partir do centro do disco, organizam-se em circunferências protecção, a hard-coating. espaçadas entre si de 320nm. Uma outra especificação que surgiu para os BDs foi a aprovação num teste de abrasão mecânica que comprovasse a sua resistência. 2 Para vídeo, é obrigatório que todos os leitores de Blu-ray possam suportar pelo menos os três codecs seguintes: 1. H.262/MPEG-2 Parte 2: MPEG-2 Vídeo 2. H.264/MPEG-4 Parte 10: AVC 3. SMPTE 421M: VC-1 O codec MPEG-2 Vídeo é o padrão utilizado nos DVDs comuns, e a sua utilização nos leitores Blu-ray vem permitir que estes leiam também os DVDs. Devido à diferença de eficiência destes codecs de vídeo, a escolha dos formatos utilizados afecta directamente os custos com licenças ou royalties, assim como o tempo máximo de gravação do filme. Discos codificados com MPEG-2 Vídeo, aquando do lançamento do Blu-ray em 2006, ficam limitados a duas horas de conteúdos em alta definição numa única camada de um BD-ROM de 25 GB. Ao utilizarem-se os codecs VC-1 ou MPEG-4 AVC, com maior capacidade de compressão, conseguem-se gravar cerca de quatro horas de vídeo com a mesma qualidade. Tendo em conta as vantagens destes codecs cada vez mais eficientes, aliadas à capacidade de armazenamento dos discos Blu-ray, para além da gravação do vídeo e do áudio, sobra imenso espaço para gravação de conteúdos bónus em HD. A nível de áudio, os BD-ROMs têm, como especificações, que suportar Dolby Digital (AC-3), DTS e PCM linear. Os leitores de Blu-ray podem suportar, opcionalmente, Dolby Digital Plus e DTS-HD High Resolution Audio, assim como formatos sem perdas, Dolby TrueHD e DTS-HD Master Audio. A faixa de áudio de um título em BD-ROM deve utilizar um dos codecs obrigatórios, mas em caso da existência de uma faixa de áudio secundária, esta pode utilizar um dos obrigatórios ou um dos opcionais. Codec Áudio Perdas Max. Bitrate Max. Channel 8 (48 kHz, 96 kHz), Linear PCM 27.648 Mbit/s Figura 2. – Imagem de Corte de um disco Blu-ray de camada 6 (192 kHz) única (esquerda) e de camada dupla (direita) [2]. Dolby Digital ˟ 640 kbit/s 5.1 (48 kHz) Dolby Digital ˟ 4.736 Mbit/s 7.1 (48 kHz) 3.3.
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