Truth Or Lie? Donal D Trump C AMPA IG N OMM ITTEE

Home , Mistakes were made, Richard Stengel, Smear campaign

Volume 17 Issue 8

An Integrated Curriculum For The Washington Post Newspaper In Education Program

Truth or Lie? Donal d Trump C AMPA IG N OMM ITTEE

■ Editorial Cartoons: Tom Toles | The Truth ■ Student Activity: Tom Toles: Read the Editorial Cartoons ■ Post Reprint: “The truth is losing” ■ Post Reprint: “Once again, mainstream news outlets miss the social-media boat” ■ Post Reprint: “I was a victim of a smear campaign. I understand the power of fake news.” ■ Post Reprint: “Museums and libraries fight ‘alternative facts’ with a #DayofFacts” ■ Post Reprint: “The Fix: Trump’s reelection campaign says more TV networks are refusing to air an ad targeting ‘fake news’

An Integrated Curriculum For The Washington Post Newspaper In Education Program

ruth or lie? What a dilemma when students are faced with this question when friends and family are involved. How much greater the dismay when those we trust to provide leadership or with whom the common good has been T entrusted spread doubt, accuse others of being mendacious or undermine the foundations upon which our society has been structured.

America has been the example of a democracy, a society of respect for others and the home of guaranteed freedoms. The land of justice and corrections in media, if mistakes were made. Who would have thought that museums would need to archive data-filled and research-based websites.

Editorial cartoons, guest commentary and news articles remind us of how important honesty, integrity, accuracy and truth are to civil society, academic research and daily life.

An Integrated Curriculum For The Washington Post Newspaper In Education Program Tom Toles

Fake news propagated by enemies of the people. A renewed fight for democracy and freedom of the press. Fears that truth is losing in the milieu of print, broadcast and social media. This is the current environment in which The Washington Post editorial cartoonist presents his visual commentary.

For each cartoon, Toles’ alter ego appears in the lower right corner to emphasize the word play, satirize actions, ex- pand the image or add another dimension to his point of view. “Read” each political cartoon before answering the questions. 

January 26, 2017 The Wall and Facts February 20, 2017 LIE

April 11, 2017 Sketch Date Title

An Integrated Curriculum For The Washington Post Newspaper In Education Program TOM TOLES Read the Editorial Cartoons January 26, 2017 1. Building a wall has been central in the campaign and early days of the presidency of Donald Trump. Where and why does he want a wall to be built? 2. What iconic image appears in the center of Toles’ editorial cartoon? What does it represent? 3. The balloon indicates the source of a comment. a. Who is the speaker? b. To what does “the ones we don’t like” refer? 4. This might have been a commentary on immigration policy, but Toles has labeled a box that sits outside the wall. a. What is in the box? b. To what does refer in is alter ego comment?

February 20, 2017 1. Editorial cartoonists label items to clearly identify their references. Why does Toles want readers to know this is the White House? 2. A bubble indicates the source of a quotation. Who is making the statement? 3. The use of three words to create the one-word comment requires more attention by readers. What is Toles’ viewpoint of White House comments? 4. The alter ego’s comment: “Their lips are moving.” a. The pronoun is plural. Does this change your answer to #2? b. What do you think Toles means? 5. How do you view statements emanating from the White House?

April 11, 2017? 1. Tom Toles makes sketches before deciding on the day’s editorial cartoon. Who is the main figure in this sketch? What is his job? 2. During a White House daily briefing, Spicer said, “You know, you had someone as despicable as Hitler who didn’t even sink to using chemical weapons.” He is making a comparison to Syrian leader Bashar al-Assad. What is the news peg? 3. Spicer was asked to clarify his statement during the briefing. What was wrong with his statement? 4. He failed in attempts to clarify what he meant, digging himself deeper in the hole of baffling and egregious (on the first day of Passover) remarks. Review the words used by Toles. Is his image successful in bringing that metaphor to life? 5. Spicer later apologized saying his comments were “inexcusable and reprehensible.” How does this episode illustrate the importance of knowing history? 4 May 5, 2017 ©2017 THE WASHINGTON POST Volume 17 Issue 8

An Integrated Curriculum For The Washington Post Newspaper In Education Program

DAVID IGNATIUS The truth is losing Richard Stengel, the State “weaponized information, false “because in the post-truth world, Department’s undersecretary for information” that is polluting the the people we’re trying to reach public diplomacy, bluntly states the ecosystem. But ultimately, the automatically question anything problem that has been worrying defense of truth must be independent from the U.S. government.” As him, and should worry us all: “In of a government that many people the Islamic State has weakened, a global information war, how does mistrust. “There are inherent so, too, has its media campaign. the truth win?” dangers in having the government Messages have dwindled; recruits The very idea that the truth won’t be the verifier of last resort,” he have disappeared; the “brand” has be triumphant would, until recently, argues. been devalued. have been heresy to Stengel, a former Our conversation took place in Russia’s propaganda campaigns managing editor of Time magazine. Stengel’s office, the same room since the 2014 invasion of the But in the nearly three years since that was used by Secretary of State Crimea have been much subtler he joined the State Department, George C. Marshall, a paradigmatic and harder to combat. That’s partly Stengel has seen the rise of what he figure in the American age of because Moscow’s goal isn’t to calls a “post-truth” world, where the reason. As Stengel observed, the confront the West head-on, but to facts are sometimes overwhelmed problems of today’s information- spread doubt and mistrust within. by propaganda from Russia and the saturated society would have been Stengel quotes Peter Pomerantsev, Islamic State. unimaginable for Marshall, who the author of Nothing is True and “We like to think that truth has to lived at a time when information was Everything is Possible: The Surreal battle itself out in the marketplace of scarce and precious, and openness Heart of the New Russia. For a ideas. Well, it may be losing in that brought change. Russian leadership schooled on marketplace today,” Stengel warned Now, says Stengel, social media KGB tactics, Pomerantsev argues, in an interview. “Simply having fact- give everyone the opportunity to “It’s not an information war. It’s a based messaging is not sufficient to construct their own narrative of war on information.” win the information war.” reality. He recalls the early days Stengel dissects the pastiche of ● of the Islamic State in 2014, when fact and fantasy on Russian media Stengel poses an urgent question extremists used brutal imagery outlets such as “Russia Today” and for journalists, technologists and, to terrorize people and recruit “Sputnik” this way: “They’re not more broadly, for everyone living followers. The State Department’s trying to say that their version of in free societies or aspiring to early counter-radicalization efforts events is the true one. They’re saying: do so. How do we protect the mistakenly were “tit for tat,” ‘Everybody’s lying! Nobody’s telling essential resource of democracy arguing with jihadists’ interpretation you the truth!’“ — the truth -— from the toxin of of Islam. A better strategy, U.S. Russia’s hacking during the lies that surrounds it? It’s like a officials learned, was to empower U.S. presidential election had virus or food poison. It needs to be others who could make the case this aim of polluting the public controlled. But how? more effectively. information stream. “They don’t Stengel argues that the U.S. “The central insight was that have a candidate, per se. But government should sometimes we’re not the best messenger for they want to undermine faith in protect citizens by exposing our message,” Stengel explains, democracy, faith in the West.” In

An Integrated Curriculum For The Washington Post Newspaper In Education Program

the cyber-propagandists’ atomized, The best hope may be the global can identify falsehoods and expose construct-your-own-narrative world, companies that have created the every argument that uses them. agreement on a common framework social-media platforms. “They see Perhaps someday, a human-machine of factual evidence can become this information war as an existential process will create what Stengel almost impossible. threat,” says Stengel. The tech describes as a “global ombudsman How should citizens who want a companies have made a start: He for information.” fact-based world combat this assault says Twitter has removed more than But right now, the truth is losing. on truth? Stengel has approved State 400,000 accounts, and YouTube And we wonder: Which side will Department programs that teach daily deletes extremist videos. America’s next president take in the investigative reporting and empower The real challenge for global tech war on information? truth-tellers, but he’s right that this giants is to restore the currency of isn’t really a job for Uncle Sam. truth. Perhaps “machine learning” — November 30, 2016

An Integrated Curriculum For The Washington Post Newspaper In Education Program Once again, mainstream news outlets miss the social-media boat cities, including Chicago, suspended off guard,” even as the social-media by Paul Farhi plans for actually marching buzz began growing into a “huge anywhere. That turned some of the groundswell.” • Originally Published January 22, 2017 gatherings into rallies. According to Messner, the event As with those other grass-roots demonstrated that “organizers don’t From its inception, it was a causes, traditional news media outlets need media coverage anymore to social-media phenomenon, not a were late in catching up to the story. reach large audiences and turn out mainstream-media one. “NBC Nightly News” did its first story large crowds for protests when The organizers of the many about the march on Thursday, two people are passionate about issues women’s marches that filled the days before hundreds of thousands and connect via social media.” streets of cities across the world on took to the streets, according to a TV reporters spent much of Saturday got the word out about their search of the Nexis database. ABCs Saturday afternoon marveling at projects primarily via Facebook. “World News Tonight” aired an the massive crowds gathered in From there, news spread from one 18-word sound bite from one of the Washington, Boston, Chicago, Los feed to another, and from one mouth march’s co-organizers on Wednesday. Angeles, London and other cities. to another, feeding a vast river of And although the New York Times “The Metro system is completely humanity. mentioned the event numerous times overwhelmed. The cellphone system By contrast, mainstream news in the weeks preceding the march, is overwhelmed. The satellite outlets — focused primarily on the the newspaper featured it just once trucks are overwhelmed,” MSNBC inauguration of a president, against on its front page through Tuesday. correspondent Cal Perry reported whom many of the marchers were (Its story concerned racial divisions from the Mall in Washington, protesting — gave the run-up to the among organizers and marchers.) adding, “We’re looking at a city that’s event relatively scant coverage. The Washington Post devoted overwhelmed.” Taken collectively, the Women’s numerous stories to the planning A few minutes later on CNN, March on Washington and its and logistics of the march, including reporter Jessica Schneider also many affiliated “sister” marches one only a week after its inception in invoked the o-word: “The turnout were perhaps the largest single November. But it published only one here in New York City, frankly, demonstration of the power of social story on its front page. The Jan. 3 is overwhelming,” she said, as media to create a mobilization. story’s headline said it could be “the thousands could be seen behind her, The march has precedent in the biggest inauguration demonstration.” shuffling down a city street. annals of online activism: The Arab “The women’s marches were Cable news coverage toggled Spring demonstrations of 2011 and pretty much under the radar in most between the march and Donald the tea party, Occupy and Black Lives mainstream-media coverage over the Trump’s activities during his first full Matter movements, for example, last few weeks,” says Marcus Messner, day as president, including attendance were all driven by social media. But an associate professor of journalism at at a morning prayer service and a perhaps no such effort has turned out Virginia Commonwealth University, visit to CIA headquarters in the so many in a single day. The crush of where he studies social media. The afternoon. Fox seemed to go heavier bodies was so heavy that organizers number of demonstrators and events, on the latter: Hosts Bill Hemmer and and public safety officials in several he says, “caught the media and public Shannon Bream took a few minutes

An Integrated Curriculum For The Washington Post Newspaper In Education Program in the afternoon to speculate about morning, the number of responses people to join with friends and with Trump’s potential choice of White had jumped to 10,000. like-minded people and promote a House pet and to show Donald Trump New York fashion designer Bob sense of belonging. Social media Jr.’s video of his family bowling in Bland had a similar idea about the allows us to organize people in a the executive mansion. By Sunday same time. She proposed a “Million manner that feels like a personal afternoon, just 24 hours after the P---y March,” naming her creation invitation and also in a manner that march, Foxnews.com’s homepage after the vulgar language Trump suggests a groundswell of support had all but forgotten the event had used in describing his treatment and passion about a cause.” happened. The page displayed only of women during an unguarded Even if they don’t spark movements, one small story referencing the 2005 conversation with “Access Messner says traditional-media march. The headline read, “Trump Hollywood” host Billy Bush.Sign outlets can still act as “an amplifier” on throngs of protesters: ‘Why didn’t By early January, more than of them, spreading attention and in these people vote?’ ” 150,000 people had responded to some ways validating them. “It’s The march itself began as a single what professional organizers had not unlikely that women who stayed Facebook post the day after Trump renamed the Women’s March on home today will show up next time, was elected Nov. 8. Disappointed Washington. Dozens of groups, as they saw that they will be part of by Trump’s victory, Teresa Shook, including Planned Parenthood, soon a bigger movement.” Mainstream- a retired attorney who lives in became partners, spreading the media coverage, he says, “can now Hawaii, dashed off a post asking if news on Facebook and other social- lead to an even bigger turnout down women were interested in rallying media platforms. the road, if the movement continues.” in Washington around Inauguration “Social media has entirely changed If it does, the news media will have Day. She asked her online friends the organizing landscape,” says learned a lesson from Saturday’s for help creating an event page and Karen North, director of the social- event, he suggests. Before the next posted one for her proposed march. media program at the University big march, according to Messner, When Shook went to bed that night, of Southern California’s Annenberg mainstream-media coverage will be 40 people had signed on to the School for Communication and “guaranteed.” idea. When she woke up the next Journalism. “It is a way to ask

An Integrated Curriculum For The Washington Post Newspaper In Education Program I was a victim of a Russian smear campaign. I understand the power of fake news. Prosperity. The process peaked in by Anne Applebaum November 2015, when WikiLeaks Columnist — out of the blue — tweeted one of the articles to its 4 million followers. • Originally Published It was a peculiar experience, but December 20, 2016 I learned a lot. As I watched the story move around the Web, I saw We were told in June that the how the worlds of fake websites Democratic National Committee and fake news exist to reinforce one had been hacked by Russians. another and give falsehood credence. We were told in October that Many of the websites quoted not material subsequently passed on to the original, dodgy source, but one WikiLeaks came from the same another. There were more phony source. Numerous articles were sites than I’d realized, though I written about these leaks and about also learned that many of their Donald Trump’s many Russian “followers” (maybe even most of connections. And yet no one was and John Podesta: Mix truth and lies them) are bots — bits of computer really outraged until now. Why? — my book contract and royalties code that can be programmed to I have a theory: Until you have were described as mysterious imitate human social media accounts seen for yourself how 21st-century income from questionable sources and told to pass on particular stories. disinformation works, you laugh — make ludicrous claims, pass on The Russians understood the at the very idea of it. Once you the lies to other Russian-backed power of such networks to fool have understood its power, you stop websites, and then watch them pass people before anybody else. They laughing. it on again. also understood that the global If I was slightly ahead of the There was no way to correct information space, accessible to curve, it’s only because I saw it the stories — to whom would I all, offered a cheap way for an firsthand. A couple of years ago, I complain? — and as I’m not running impoverished ex-superpower to was the focus of a smear campaign. for president, frankly, who cares? meddle in other countries’ politics. Elements of it could have been lifted But it was eye-opening to watch In my case it didn’t matter, because out of a spy novel, but the basic idea the stories move through a well- nobody I know cared about the was quite simple: In the wake of oiled system, one that had been stories. But during the U.S. election the invasion of Crimea, when I was constructed for exactly this sort campaign, with millions and writing quite a bit about Ukraine, of purpose. Eventually the articles millions of bots at work, hundreds of nasty little articles about me started about me were echoed or quoted in fake stories in circulation and many appearing on Russia-based websites. a dozen places: on quasi-respectable volunteers joining the troll factories The technique was the same as that websites with ties to Russian and botnets, maybe Kremlin- used by people who later dressed business, on Russia Today, and on generated lies and Kremlin-created up the stories from the emails of pro-Russian U.S. websites such as echo chambers did make a difference. the Democratic National Committee Ron Paul’s Institute for Peace and The same techniques were at work:

An Integrated Curriculum For The Washington Post Newspaper In Education Program

Take a “truth” revealed in a hacked made people shy away from anyone the scare stories and fake news email, twist it into a scandal, pass it who seemed to support her. that helped elect President Rodrigo on via fake-news sites, troll factories But it is also true that we are Duterte, a populist who claims he has and botnets, and see whether it living through a global media personally carried out nonjudicial sticks. If nothing else, the Russian revolution, that people are hearing executions. fake websites and botnets were and digesting political information There are precedents. The printing amplifying Trump’s own campaign, in brand-new ways and that nobody press, praised by Martin Luther as which was using the same tactics. yet understands the consequences. “God’s highest and extremest act None of which means Americans Fake stories are easier to create, of Grace,” led to the Reformation, had to fall for it — but they did. Why fake websites can be designed to the Counter-Reformation — and a are Americans so vulnerable to fake host them, and social media rapidly century of bloody religious wars. news, both domestic and foreign- disseminates disinformation that The invention of radio led to Hitler sourced? Why do they consume people trust because they get it from and Stalin, who understood the new it and pass it on? A part of the friends. This radical revolution has medium better than anyone else, explanation lies with the Republican happened without many politicians as well as to the 20th century’s Party, which told people for years noticing or caring — unless, like totalitarian regimes and ideological to hate and fear “Washington” and me, they happened to have seen wars. has now created a constituency how the new system of information Eventually equilibrium was that actually prefers information exchange works. This is true not reached, and someday we will reach generated by the Kremlin or white only in the United States and Europe equilibrium, too. But until then we supremacists to fact-checked or but also around the world. Half of should be prepared for political edited news. In this election, the all Filipinos are active Facebook turmoil of a kind we thought was distrust of Hillary Clinton also users, and millions of them shared long behind us.

An Integrated Curriculum For The Washington Post Newspaper In Education Program Museums and libraries fight ‘alternative facts’ with a #DayofFacts

by Sarah Kaplan

• Originally published February 17, 2017

First the National Parks went rogue, sharing climate change data on Twitter. Now museums and libraries have taken up arms — or at least typing fingers — to fight on behalf of facts. Using the hashtag #DayofFacts, more than 280 scientific and cultural institutions are devoting The Washington Post Friday to dropping 140-character Museums and libraries fight ‘alternative facts’ with a #DayofFacts truths on Twitter. Many of the facts seem pointedly political — like the National Museum of American The National Park Service Twitter “I thought it was brilliant in that Jewish History’s tweet about a account had been temporarily shut there was no way an administration George Washington letter affirming down after it retweeted an image or anyone could question it, because religious freedom in the country, comparing inauguration crowd on one level it wasn’t political, it was or a placard held up in a video by sizes. Then senior adviser Kellyanne just sharing factual content. But on Chicago’s Field Museum that stated Conway tried to explain the dust-up another level it really resonated with “Climate change is accelerating the over the attendance by saying the the political moment,” she said. extinction of plants and animals.” administration had “alternative She reached out to Kurlandsky, The political undertone is the goal, facts.” Then an ex-employee at who oversees digital engagement for according to Alli Hartley, a museum Badlands National Park briefly took the National Museum of Women in educator from Virginia who helped control of the park’s twitter account the Arts in Washington, and asked organize the campaign with her to fire off a series of factual tweets for help organizing a social media colleague Mara Kurlandsky. about climate change. The missives campaign. Pretty soon they had “We’re using facts to illustrate truth were quickly deleted, but other parks a website, a twitter handle and a about the present moment,” Hartley (and a cadre of “alt” twitter accounts) following that included the Newseum, said. took up the cause. the Cleveland Museum of Natural By midmorning Friday, the hashtag That’s when Hartley saw a post History, the National Aquarium, even was trending in the United States. from Death Valley National Park the Encyclopaedia Britannica, along The idea for a “Day of Facts” came noting that the park had hosted with dozens of smaller museums and to Hartley a few weeks ago, just interned Japanese Americans during public libraries nationwide and even after President Trump took office. World War II. worldwide.

An Integrated Curriculum For The Washington Post Newspaper In Education Program

of Facts a form of “resistance.” Most museums rely partly on grants from federal agencies like the National Science Foundation and the National Endowment for the Arts, and neighborhood libraries depend almost entirely on public dollars. They don’t want to put their funding at risk by running afoul of public officials. (This is why Hartley, who works for a public park system, asked that her employer not be named.) And not all of the facts are political — some, like these, are simply cool details, including, for example, one tweet about Benjamin Franklin’s founding of the nation’s first public lending library in 1731. But when Chicago Sun Times columnist Neil Steinberg asked Alex Teller, communications director for Chicago’s Newberry Library, if this was a reaction to President Trump, Teller replied: “I would say … that … yes.” “But I also think a lot of institutions are participating in this,” Teller added. “They would stress that

THE WASHINGTON POST standing up for the importance of historical truth, and standards of “Given the political discourse information and facts are important truth should not be perceived as and discussion about alternative and truth is important,” Hartley taking a political stance. Standing facts and fake news, it’s important said. up for truth and certain standards for museums to remind people … She and her colleagues were for verifying information shouldn’t we’re here as trusted sources of wary about calling the Day be politicized.”

An Integrated Curriculum For The Washington Post Newspaper In Education Program

THE FIX • ANALYSIS Trump’s reelection campaign says more TV networks are refusing to air an ad targeting ‘fake news’

by Callum Borchers

• Originally Published May 5, 2017

This post has been updated. President Trump’s political team says ABC, CBS and NBC have joined CNN in refusing to air an ad that labels them “fake news.” CNN was the first to reject the spot, which touts achievements during Trump’s first 100 days in office while claiming that the media do not cover his accomplishments. “CNN requested that the advertiser The Washington Post The Trump campaign committee-produced ad celebrates the president’s first 100 days in office remove the false graphic that the and refers to mainstream media as “fake news.” mainstream media is ‘fake news,’” the cable channel said in a statement ABC’s George Stephanopoulos and director, said in a statement Tuesday. Tuesday. “The mainstream media is CBS’s Scott Pelley. In an email on Friday, the campaign not fake news, and therefore the ad is The ad was produced by Trump’s said the blackout is “setting a chilling false and per policy will be accepted campaign committee, which remains precedent against free speech rights.” only if that graphic is deleted.” active; the president already has The president’s daughter-in-law, NBC issued a similar statement on filed to seek reelection in 2020. The Lara Trump, appeared on Sean Friday: “Consistent with our policies, Trump campaign said Monday that Hannity’s Fox News show Thursday we have agreed to accept the ad if the it planned to spend $1.5 million to night to decry CNN’s decision. inaccurate graphic — which refers place the commercial on TV and “You would think after a while you to journalists as ‘fake news’ — is online. would get used to this sort of thing, corrected.” “It is absolutely shameful to see the but it is never normal,” she said. “It’s The “fake news” graphic appears media blocking the positive message really disappointing that we live in over a split-screen showing NBC’s that President Trump is trying to share the United States of America. This Andrea Mitchell, CNN’s Wolf with the country,” Michael Glassner, is supposed to be a free society. We Blitzer, MSNBC’s Rachel Maddow, the Trump campaign’s executive have freedom of speech.”

An Integrated Curriculum For The Washington Post Newspaper In Education Program

for that office to use such facilities. publish errors requiring corrections, Such licensee shall have no power but that does not make them fake. of censorship over the material Trump, however, has tried (largely broadcast by any such candidate. successfully) to turn “fake news” Remember: We’re talking about into a catchall slur for reporting he candidates for president in 2020. doesn’t like. Trump doesn’t have opponents yet Observe: In its first email to — not any serious ones, anyway, and reporters about the ad, his campaign certainly none buying ad time. said it is “calling out the mainstream The Washington Post Sean Hannity, FoxNews host interviews Lara If, for example, Martin O’Malley media for peddling fake news and not Trump, the president’s daughter-in-law. were already in the race and if reporting on the fact that President ABC, CBS and NBC affiliates had Trump is making America great In this case, the free-speech been airing his commercials, those again.” argument is not a winning one. stations would have no choice but to By Trump’s standard, news is fake TV stations — even over-the-air show Trump’s, too. And they would if it does not promote the subjective broadcasters, which are subject to have “no power of censorship.” view that he is “making America tighter regulation by the Federal But the networks, which are not great again.” Communications Commission than licensed by the FCC, do not have to It is easy to understand why TV their cable counterparts — do not show Trump’s ad, and their affiliates networks would want to ban Trump’s have to allow the president to buy can turn down Trump, so long as insulting ad from their airwaves. If airtime for his ad. they have not said yes to any other Trump takes his “fake news” message Here is the relevant FCC rule: 2020 presidential candidate. into his reelection bid, however, he No station licensee is required to Also, by the dictionary definition of can probably compel them to air it — permit the use of its facilities by “fake,” the networks are correct to say unless they are willing to give up ad any legally qualified candidate for that the ad is “false” or “inaccurate.” revenue from all candidates. public office, but if any licensee With few exceptions (Stephen Glass, shall permit any such candidate to Jayson Blair), mainstream news Callum Borchers covers the intersection use its facilities, it shall afford equal outlets do not fabricate stories. They of politics and media. Follow @ opportunities to all other candidates might display shades of bias or callumborchers

Discussion Questions 1. Why have CNN, NBC and other media companies refused to air ads created by the Trump campaign committee? 2. What argument is being used by those who want the ad to the aired? 3. Summarize the FCC rule that applies to this situation. 4. Certain ads air during the day, other ads do not appear on air until after 9:00 p.m. Do you think media have the right to determine what ads will air on their stations? 5. If you were a media executive, would you air the campaign ad? Why or why not?