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Report on Minority Groups in Somalia
The Danish Immigration Service Ryesgade 53 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Phone: + 45 35 36 66 00 Website: www.udlst.dk E-mail: [email protected] Report on minority groups in Somalia Joint British, Danish and Dutch fact-finding mission to Nairobi, Kenya 17 – 24 September 2000 Report on minority groups in Somalia Table of contents 1. Background ..................................................................................................................................5 2. Introduction to sources and methodology....................................................................................6 3. Overall political developments and the security situation in Somalia.......................................10 3.1 Arta peace process in Djibouti...............................................................................................10 3.2 Transitional National Assembly (TNA) and new President ..................................................10 3.2.1 Position of North West Somalia (Somaliland)...............................................................12 3.2.2 Position of North East Somalia (Puntland)....................................................................13 3.2.3 Prospects for a central authority in Somalia ..................................................................13 3.3 Security Situation...................................................................................................................14 3.3.1 General...........................................................................................................................14 -
Country of Origin Information Report Somalia July 2008
COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION REPORT SOMALIA 30 JULY 2008 UK BORDER AGENCY COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION SERVICE 30 JULY 2008 SOMALIA Contents Preface LATEST NEWS EVENTS IN SOMALIA, FROM 4 JULY 2008 TO 30 JULY 2008 REPORTS ON SOMALIA PUBLISHED OR ACCESSED SINCE 4 JULY 2008 Paragraphs Background Information GEOGRAPHY ............................................................................................. 1.01 Maps .............................................................................................. 1.04 ECONOMY ................................................................................................. 2.01 Currency change, 2008 ................................................................ 2.06 Drought and famine, 2008 ........................................................... 2.10 Telecommunications.................................................................... 2.14 HISTORY ................................................................................................... 3.01 Collapse of central government and civil war ........................... 3.01 Peace initiatives 2000-2006 ......................................................... 3.14 ‘South West State of Somalia’ (Bay and Bakool) ...................... 3.19 ‘Puntland’ Regional Administration............................................ 3.20 The ‘Republic of Somaliland’ ...................................................... 3.21 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS ........................................................................... 4.01 CONSTITUTION ......................................................................................... -
Somalia : Proceder De Los Actores Internos, Regionales E
Somalia : Proceder de los actores internos, regionales e internacionales y su impacto Titulo sobre el conflicto en el período Escalona Carrillo, Norberto Carlos - Autor/a Autor(es) África Subsahariana : Sistema capitalista y relaciones internacionales En: Buenos Aires Lugar CLACSO Editorial/Editor 2011 Fecha Colección Sur-Sur Colección Islam; Nacionalismo; Colonialismo; Antiterrorismo; Relaciones Internacionales; África; Temas Somalia; Capítulo de Libro Tipo de documento http://bibliotecavirtual.clacso.org.ar/clacso/sur-sur/20120313104424/11.Somalia_Carril URL lo.pdf Reconocimiento-No comercial-Sin obras derivadas 2.0 Genérica Licencia http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/deed.es Segui buscando en la Red de Bibliotecas Virtuales de CLACSO http://biblioteca.clacso.edu.ar Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales (CLACSO) Conselho Latino-americano de Ciências Sociais (CLACSO) Latin American Council of Social Sciences (CLACSO) www.clacso.edu.ar Norberto Carlos Escalona Carrillo* Somalia Proceder de los actores internos, regionales e internacionales y su impacto sobre el conflicto en el período EN EL ESCENARIO AFRICANO FUE VISIBLE el impacto a finales de los ochenta e inicios de los noventa de las transformaciones que dieron paso al llamado “mundo unipolar”. El derrumbe del campo socialista trajo consigo un cambio global en lo político, lo social y lo económico. En África, varios sistemas de partido único no lograron recupe- rar la estabilidad al asumir el pluripartidismo. En el área del Cuerno Africano se abrieron heridas que no han sanado. Las luchas encarni- zadas por el poder, dentro de una sociedad en crisis, debidas básica- mente a los serios problemas que trae el subdesarrollo, han transfi- gurado el mapa. -
Eritrea: Fact-Finding Mission to Ethiopia
ERITREA: FACT-FINDING MISSION TO ETHIOPIA IN MAY 2019 20.11.2019 Fact-finding Mission Report Country Information Service Raportti MIG-205841 06.03.00 07.04.2020 MIGDno-2019-205 Introduction This report has been prepared as part of the FAKTA project, which has received funding from the European Union’s Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund (AMIF).1 Researchers of the Finnish Immigration Service’s Country Information Service conducted a fact-finding mission regarding Eritrea to Ethiopia in May 2019. The purpose of the fact-finding mission was to gather information on the effects of the peace agreement between Eritrea and Ethiopia, the situation at the border between Eritrea and Ethiopia, and the situation of Eritrean refugees in Ethiopia. Another objective of the mission was to create a contact network with international and national operators. During the fact-finding mission, the researchers visited the Tigray Region near the border with Eritrea, and the capital city of Addis Ababa. The researchers interviewed international organisations and Ethiopian operators as well as Eritrean refugees and asylum seekers who had arrived in Ethiopia. The parties interviewed for this report did not want their names revealed in the report, due to the sensitive nature of the subject matter. Some of the interviewees wished to remain completely anonymous. 1 Development Project for fact-finding mission practices on country of origin information 2017–2020. PL 10 PB 10 PO Box 10 00086 Maahanmuuttovirasto 00086 Migrationsverket FI-00086 Maahanmuuttovirasto puh. 0295 430 431 tfn 0295 430 431 tel. +358 295 430 431 faksi 0295 411 720 fax 0295 411 720 fax +358 295 411 720 2 (52) Contents 1 The effects of the peace agreement between Ethiopia and Eritrea in Eritrea ......................... -
Somalia: an Opportunity That Should Not Be Missed
Policy Briefing Africa Briefing N°87 Nairobi/Brussels, 22 February 2012 Somalia: An Opportunity that Should Not Be Missed after. Al-Shabaab, though weakened, is far from a spent I. OVERVIEW force; its militant jihadi ideology is radicalising young Somalis at home and abroad; veteran foreign jihadis are The next six months will be crucial for Somalia. The in- exerting ever-greater influence; and recently its emir ternational community is taking a renewed interest in the pledged allegiance to al-Qaeda and global jihad. But it is no country; the mandate of the feeble and dysfunctional Tran- longer the only threat to stability; the resurgence of inter- sitional Federal Government (TFG) expires in a half-year; clan competition and warlordism is as serious. While and emboldened troops from the African Union Mission there is an understandable inclination to strengthen the in Somalia (AMISOM), Kenya and Ethiopia are keen to central state in Mogadishu (in the form of the TFIs) and deal the weakened (though still potent) extremist Islamist its security apparatus, past and present transitional admin- movement Al-Shabaab further defeats. This confluence of istrations have failed to bring stability, in large part be- factors presents the best chance in years for peace and sta- cause many clans do not support the reestablishment of a bility in the south and centre of the country. To achieve that, strong central government. A more decentralised political however, requires regional and wider international unity framework and local inter-clan reconciliation are required. of purpose and an agreement on basic principles; other- wise spoilers could undermine all peacebuilding efforts. -
Somalia OGN V11.0 Issued 27 October 2006
Somalia OGN v11.0 Issued 27 October 2006 OPERATIONAL GUIDANCE NOTE SOMALIA Immigration and Nationality Directorate CONTENTS 1. Introduction 1.1 – 1.4 2. Country assessment 2.1 – 2.15 3. Main categories of claims 3.1 Members of major clan families or related sub-clans 3.6 Bajunis 3.7 Benadiri (Rer Hamar) or Bravanese 3.8 Midgan, Tumal, Yibir or Galgala 3.9 Prison conditions 3.10 4. Discretionary Leave 4.1 Minors claiming in their own right 4.3 Medical treatment 4.4 5. Returns 5.1 – 5.5 6. List of source documents 1. Introduction 1.1 This document summarises the general, political and human rights situation in Somalia and provides information on the nature and handling of claims frequently received from nationals/residents of that country. It must be read in conjunction with any COI Service Somalia Country of Origin Information at: http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/country_reports.html 1.2 This guidance is intended to provide clear guidance on whether the main types of claim are or are not likely to justify the grant of asylum, Humanitarian Protection or Discretionary Leave. Caseworkers should refer to the following Asylum Policy Instructions for further details of the policy on these areas: API on Assessing the Claim API on Humanitarian Protection API on Discretionary Leave API on the European Convention on Human Rights API on Article 8 ECHR 1.3 Claims should be considered on an individual basis, but taking full account of the information set out below, in particular Part 3 on main categories of claims. -
Human Rights and Security in Central and Southern Somalia
Danish 2/2004 Immigration Service ENG Human rights and security in central and southern Somalia Joint Danish, Finnish, Norwegian and British fact-finding mission to Nairobi, Kenya 7- 21 January 2004 Copenhagen, March 2004 The Danish Immigration Service Ryesgade 53 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Phone: + 45 35 36 66 00 Website: www.udlst.dk E-mail: [email protected] List of reports on fact finding missions in 2003 and 2004 Sikkerheds- og beskyttelsesforhold for minoritetsbefolkninger, kvinder og børn i Somalia Marts 2003: 1 Menneskerettighedsforhold i Burundi Maj 2003: 2 Dobbeltstraf mv. i Serbien Maj 2003:3 Joint British-Danish Fact Finding Mission to Damascus, Amman and Geneva on Conditions in Iraq August 2003: 4 Indrejse- og opholdsbetingelser for statsløse palæstinensere i Libanon November 2003: 5 Sikkerheds- og menneskeretsforhold for rohingyaer i Burma og Bangladesh December 2003: 6 Fact-finding mission til Amman vedrørende asylrelevante forhold i Irak Januar 2004: 1 Human rights and security in central and southern Somalia Marts 2004 : 2 Human rights and security in central and southern Somalia Introduction........................................................................................................................5 1 Political developments ...................................................................................................7 1.1 Peace negotiations in Kenya ......................................................................................................7 1.2 Agreement on new Transitional Charter..................................................................................10 -
LEARNING TOGETHER: Collaborative Action Research to Improve Practice at the Asmara Community College of Education
LEARNING TOGETHER: Collaborative action research to improve practice at the Asmara Community College of Education Alem Ghebrecal, Berhane Demoz, Hanna Posti-Ahokas & Ikali Karvinen (Eds). Learning together: Collaborative action research to improve practice at the Asmara Community College of Education 1 Content Background The Asmara Community College Education in the only teachers’ education college producing primary school teachers in the country. Teacher Education in Eritrea began during the time of the British Military Administration in 1943. In the last seven decades, thousands of teachers Background ......................................................................................................................... 3 were trained in the college and played an active role spreading education far and wide. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 4 The teaching profession enjoyed a high social status till the 1970’s. However, with the intensification of the independence struggle due to the repressive and brutal retaliation Learners’ interest to the teaching profession at ACCE ............................................................. 7 by the Ethiopian army, things went from bad to worse as far as education and especially Absenteeism and tardiness among grade 11 and grade 12 learners .......................................... 17 teaching as a profession was concerned. Teachers began to work against all odds. Educa- tion suffered a lot and teaching -
The Question of Structural Violence on the Saho People of Eritrea, in Spite of Their Important Role During the Eritrean Struggle for Independence
Faculty of Humanities, Social Science and Education Centre for Peace Studies The Question of Structural Violence on the Saho people of Eritrea, in spite of their important role during the Eritrean Struggle for Independence Romodan Abdellah Esmail Master’s Thesis in Peace and Conflict Transformation: SVF-3901 University of Tromsø, Norway June 2015 Foreword This thesis is written as a completion to the Master of Peace and Conflict Transformation at the University of Tromsø, Norway. The research focuses on structural violence against the Saho people of Eritrea, a cultural minority group. There is very little information about the Saho people in general and about structural violence on the Saho people in particular. Moreover, under the contemporary despotic government of Eritrea, minority voices become unheard and even forbidden. Their suffering as well has become unrecognized. From these perspectives and as a member of the population being studied, the topic was initiated and selected by myself. The main intention of the research is to hopefully give a reader deeper insight and understanding about the overall situation, mainly the question of structural violence, on the Saho people under the current regime of Eritrea. The full scope of the research is the Saho people therefore it has mainly relied on understandings and narrations of the Saho people. As a true revealing task, the research has chosen to link a human rights and justice perspective to the topic, in line with the research field. Since the current situation of the Saho people are products of pre independence historic processes, as a background, pre independence history of the Saho people has been covered. -
Somalia S 2004 804.Pdf
United Nations S/2004/804 Security Council Distr.: General 8 October 2004 Original: English Report of the Secretary-General on the situation in Somalia I. Introduction 1. The present report is submitted pursuant to the statement of the President of the Security Council of 31 October 2001 (S/PRST/2001/30). The report provides an update on developments in and related to Somalia since my last report of 9 June 2004 (S/2004/469). The main focus of the report is the progress achieved at the Somali National Reconciliation Conference at Mbagathi, Somalia, under the auspices of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), with Kenya as Chairman. The report also provides an update on developments inside Somalia, the security situation and the humanitarian and development activities of United Nations programmes and agencies. II. Somali National Reconciliation Conference 2. At the end of June 2004, owing to controversies regarding the method of selection of members of the transitional federal parliament, many Somali leaders absented themselves from the Somali National Reconciliation Conference. However, concerted efforts by the member States of IGAD, especially their Ministers for Foreign Affairs, led to a gradual return of those leaders to the Conference in July. The Ministers also called for the early arrival of traditional leaders at the Conference site and for Somali political leaders to cooperate in the process of selecting the members of parliament. They warned that absent leaders would not be allowed to hold the peace process hostage and that punitive measures would be taken against those obstructing its completion. 3. Each Somali clan (Hawiye, Darod, Digil and Mirifle, Dir and the “Allied” clans) was requested to submit a list of names to form the Somali National Arbitration Committee and the collective leadership of the Conference, which is called the Presidium. -
Somalia's Politics: the Usual Business?
CONFLICT RESEARCH PROGRAMME Research at LSE Conflict Research Programme Somalia’s Politics: The Usual Business? A Synthesis Paper of the Conflict Research Programme Nisar Majid, Aditya Sarkar, Claire Elder, Khalif Abdirahman, Sarah Detzner, Jared Miller and Alex de Waal About the Conflict Research Programme The Conflict Research Programme is a four-year research programme hosted by LSE IDEAS and funded by the UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office. Our goal is to understand and analyse the nature of contemporary conflict and to identify international interventions that ‘work’ in the sense of reducing violence, or contributing more broadly to the security of individuals and communities who experience conflict. © Nisar Majid, Aditya Sarkar, Claire Elder, Khalif Abdirahman, Sarah Detzner, Jared Miller and Alex de Waal 2021. This work is licenced under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 3 Somalia’s Politics: The Usual Business? Contents 1. Overview 4 2. Introduction 5 3. Emergence and Evolution of the Political Marketplace 8 4. Finance, Flows of Resources and Political Budgets 21 External patronage 23 Logistics and humanitarian contracts/resources 24 Revenue generation – taxation at seaports, airports, checkpoints 26 Business 26 Covid and the marketplace 28 5. Control of Violence 29 The FGS 29 The FMS 31 Al-Shabaab 32 External actors 33 6. (Informal) Norms and Constraints 34 The ‘clan’ system 34 Business, clan and Islam 35 Clan as a regulating structure in peace making 35 Peacemaking and state-building at the Puntland-Galmudug border 36 Justice and security in Kismayo 38 Transnational citizenship and resistance 39 7. -
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Women’s Legal Agency and Property in the Court Records of Late 19th-Century Brava © Lidwien Kapteijns and Alessandra Vianello For the published version of this essay, see Kapteijns, Lidwien and Alessandra Vianello. “Women’s Legal Agency and Property in the Court Records of Late Nineteenth-Century Brava.” History in Africa, 2017, pp. 1–65., doi:10.1017/hia.2017.2. Abstract Drawing on the Islamic court records of Brava, a small Indian Ocean port city on the southern Benadir coast of Somalia, dating from the period 1893-1900, this essay analyzes the legal agency and economic roles of the women of Brava and sheds new light on social (especially family) relations in this town. The qāḍī’s court records give evidence of married women’s fully recognized (even if qualified) legal personhood and their full-fledged financial and economic agency. The free, married women of Brava of this period contributed fully and autonomously to the economic endeavors of their families and also interacted with non-related businessmen in and beyond Brava. They also had the legal and social capacity to defend their interests in court and to get a fair hearing in accordance with the law. Given that both Somali women’s history and East African legal history suffer from a scarcity of concrete evidence for this time-period, the aspects of everyday life in Brava that come into view in the town’s qāḍī’s court records are of great interest. INTRODUCTION1 1 We thank SHARIAsource, the research venture of the Islamic Legal Studies Program at Harvard University, and reviewers for History in Africa for helpful comments.