Pengungkap Fakta

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Pengungkap Fakta Para Pengungkap Fakta Quentin Dempster ELSAM Para Pengungkap Fakta oleh Quentin Dempster, diterjemahkan dari Whistleblowers, Sydney: ABC Books for the AUSTRALIAN BROADCASTING CORPORATION, 2001. Penerjemah Tim Penerjemah ELSAM Editor Betty Yolanda/Eddie R. Terre Desain Sampul: Layout: Cetakan Pertama, Juni 2006 Hak terjemahan dalam bahasa Indonesia ada pada ELSAM. Semua penerbitan ELSAM didedikasikan kepada para korban pelanggaran hak asasi manusia, selain sebagai bagian dari usaha pemajuan dan perlindungan hak asasi manusia di Indonesia. Buku ini diterbitkan dengan bantuan dana dari Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi (KPK), Uni Eropa dan Partnership. Isi buku ini menjadi tanggung jawab dari ELSAM. ISSBN: Penerbit ELSAM – Lembaga Studi dan Advokasi Masyarakat Jln. Siaga II No. 31, Pejaten Barat, Pasar Minggu, Jakarta 12510 Tlp.: (021) 797 2662; 7919 2519; 7919 2564; Facs.: (021) 7919 2519 E‐mail: [email protected], [email protected]; Web‐site: www.elsam.or.id Dipersembahkan untuk mereka yang mempunyai keberanian menempatkan kebenaran di atas segalanya DAFTAR ISI Pendahuluan Surat‐surat dari Westpac ……. dst Bab 2: Intimidasi dan Perlindungan Saksi di Amerika Serikat Bab 3: Intimidasi Saksi di Inggris: Batasan dan Sebab Permasalahan Bab 4: Merespon Intimidasi: Struktur dan Pelaksanaan Perlindungan terhadap Saksi Bab 5: Kerja Sama Antar‐Lembaga dan Perlindungan Saksi Bab 6: Keputusasaan dalam Mencari Keamanan: Pengalaman Intimidasi dan Relokasi Para Saksi Terlindungi Bab 7: “Mengapa Kami Harus Pindah?” Pengalaman Para Saksi Terintimidasi yang Tetap Tinggal di Rumah Maupun Daerah Mereka Bab 8: Para Saksi Terintimidasi di Pengadilan Bab 9: Kesimpulan: Diskursus Intimidasi dan Implikasinya bagi Kebijakan dan Penelitian Bibliografi Index Daftar Bagan/Gambar Bagan 4.1.: Tahapan Utama dalam Perlindungan Saksi Daftar Tabel Tabel 3.1: Faktor‐Faktor yang Digunakan untuk Menilai Tingkatan Ancaman Menurut Jenis Saksi Tabel 3.2: Kejahatan yang Dituduhkan Menurut Jenis Saksi Tabel 3.3: Penyebab Intimidasi Menurut Jenis Saksi Tabel 3.4: Waktu Ancaman Terjadi Menurut Jenis Saksi Tabel 4.1: Tindakan‐Tindakan yang Bisa Dilakukan untuk Menghindari dan Menangani Intimidasi terhadap Saksi (diambil dari Elliot, 1998, hlm. 129) Tabel 6.1: Profil Umum Saksi yang Diwawancara Tabel 9.1: Diskursus yang berbeda mengenai intimidasi terhadap saksi Pendahuluan DALAM istilah bahasa Inggris, orang yang mengungkapkan fakta kepada publik mengenai sebuah skandal, bahaya, malapraktik atau korupsi disebut sebagai whistleblower [peniup peluit; disebut demikian karena – seperti wasit dalam pertandingan sepak bola atau olah raga lainnya yang meniupkan peluit sebagai penungkapan fakta terjadinya pelanggaran, atau polisi lalu lintas yang hendak “menilang” seseorang di jalan raya karena orang itu melanggar aturan, atau seperti pengintai dalam peperangan zaman dahulu yang memberitahukan kedatangan musuh dengan bersiul – dialah yang bersiul, berceloteh, membocorkan, atau mengungkapkan fakta kejahatan, kekerasan, atau pelanggaran; dalam buku ini, kami menawarkan terjemahan “pengungkap fakta” mengingat terminologi “peniup peluit” belum begitu akrab bagi telinga pembaca kita dan malah bisa berkonotasi lain, yang lain sekali halnya dengan di negeri-negeri berbahasa Inggris, eds.]. Orang-orang yang akan Anda temui dalam buku ini adalah orang-orang Australia biasa yang memutuskan untuk menjadi orang yang “meniup peluit” atau pengungkap fakta kasus-kasus tertentu kepada publik dan menanggung konsekuensi-konsekuensinya. Bagi sebagian orang hal itu menjadi sebuah siksaan pribadi yang membutuhkan keteguhan hati dan keberanian. Kita hidup di negara korporasi. Kewenangan korporasi, publik maupun privat, menggunakan kekuasaan untuk kebaikan dari keberadaan korporasi. Dalam prosesnya, para individu itu terkadang terpelintir dan kebenaran tidak diperlihatkan atau ditutup-tutupi. Alih-alih menjadi aset bagi kewenangan korporasi, para individu yang memiliki kebenaran tidak biasa itu malah mendapati diri dan karier mereka berada dalam keadaan terancam. Inilah saat di mana seseorang harus memutuskan: membela dan mempertahankan atau menarik diri dan membiarkan keinginan korporasi menang dalam hal ini. Beberapa dari mereka terpojokkan di mana mereka tidak mempunyai pilihan lagi selain melawan, bertahan dari serangan-serangan fisik, intelektual, emosional atau ekonomi terhadap kehidupan mereka. Buku ini merinci sejarah-sejarah kasus orang-orang Australia yang telah menghadapi dilema moral dan etik dan, melalui berbagai keadaan telah menjadi apa yang disebut sebagai si “peniup peluit” atau pengungkap fakta. Cerita-cerita mereka menjadi sebuah panduan, sebuah peringatan dan sebuah inspirasi bagi sebagian dari kita yang mungkin menghadapi dilema semacam itu. Sebuah fakta muncul: ketidakberhasilan pihak berwenang menyadari para pengungkap fakta ini adalah sebuah kekuatan yang positif dan membangun. Tumpangan kepentingan, baik yang merupakan kepentingan politik atau ekonomi atau yang dipertahankan demi mendapatkan kekuasaan saja, memiliki kewenangan kecil untuk membuat konsesi-konsesi. Di dalam konflik-konflik yang mempengaruhi pengungkap fakta, tumpangan kepentingan itu dapat dan telah menduduki tempat kedua. Tapi selalu saja para individu itu yang paling menderita – dari keadaan yang tidak dapat dipercayai atau dipercayakan, dari runtuhnya rasa percaya diri, dari pelecehan, dari intimidasi, dari direndahkan secara terang-terangan atau disiksa. Tapi para pengungkap fakta ini bukanlah korban atau pecundang. Mereka adalah pemenang. Berkaca pada keberanian pribadi mereka, pengorbanan dan penderitaan mendalam, kita, sebagai anggota masyarakat yang lain, juga bisa menjadi pemenang. Para pengungkap fakta di seluruh dunia telah mendapatkan kelompok- kelompok pendukung yang mendukung siapa pun yang menghadapi dilema karena harus “meniup peluit” terhadap kewenangan korporasi dan terkadang menghadapi konsekuensi-konsekuensi pribadi yang menyedihkan. Sebagai manifestasi akan keuntungan bagi publik terhadap tindakan mereka para pengungkap fakta ini harus diakui. Namun, hal ini jarang sekali ditawarkan. Terkadang hal ini hilang dalam serumpun tuntutan dan tuntutan yang melawan. Buku ini menjelaskan bagaimana beberapa orang telah melewati konflik juga taktik dan metode yang digunakan untuk melawan mereka, membela hak untuk mendapatkan kebenaran dari sebuah keadaan di mana mereka harus melawan kekuatan yang terkadang sangat kuat. Pengungkap fakta mendapatkan tempat yang unik dalam sejarah kita. Di beberapa kejadian mereka merupakan agen-agen perubahan – bahkan ketika mereka tidak menyadarinya saat itu. Buku ini tidak bisa mencakup semua kasus yang masuk ke dalam kriteria tapi dalam rangka mengakui keberadaan mereka yang sedikit itu, kami berharap untuk dapat menghormati keberadaan pengungkap fakta yang tulus lainnya. Penulis berterima-kasih kepada Robyn Smith atas penelitiannya yang mendalam, para penyunting Carolyn Beaumont dan Nina Riemer atas nasihat dan dukungannya saat naskah ini selesai, penerbit ABC John Kerr dan Matthew Kelly atas dukungan dan pemacu semangatnya dan Judith Walker dari Jasa Legal dan Hak Cipta ABC. Penghormatan dan rasa terima kasih diperuntukkan bagi rekan saya dari ABC, Bruce Donald, untuk keterampilan menyunting, legal, praktis perdagangan dan analitisnya pada sejumlah penelitian yang kita kerjakan bersama sebagai bagian dari TV ABC unit penyelidikan nasional di tahun 1995. Bruce Donald telah menjadi pahlawan tanpa tanda jasa bagi jurnalisme penelitian ABC selama kurun waktu 1980- an hingga awal 1990-an. Dan penulis juga ingin menekankan bahwa tanpa ABC, stasiun penyiaran nasional yang berkomitmen untuk menjalankan tujuan piagamnya dalam menginformasikan kepada publik di Australia, sebagian besar dari pekerjaan ini tidak akan mungkin terselesaikan. Pada bagian tengah dalam buku ini disajikan analisis dari fenomena modern yang dikenal sebagai whistleblowing atau “meniupkan peluit”. Dicetak dengan persetujuan yang baik berupa potongan-potongan dari analisis kritis yang dilakukan oleh William de Maria mengenai legislasi whistleblowing (The Alternative Law Journal, 1995) dan tulisan-tulisan John McMillan mengenai pengalaman internasional (Corruption and Reform, University of Queensland Press). Terima kasih juga disampaikan kepada istri saya, Elizabeth, seorang psikiater, atas pengamatan dan psikodinamis terhadap para pengungkap fakta yang ceritanya ditulis di sini. Tanpa keberanian dari para pengungkap fakta, kita tidak akan pernah mengetahui apa yang sebetulnya terjadi di dunia kita yang terkadang sangat tidak beradab ini. Quentin Dempster Sydney, Maret 1997 Surat-Surat dari Westpac “Bank dan para pegawainya mencuri uang dari nasabah mereka. Mengambil komisi-komisi secara rahasia dan mengubah kesepakatan adalah tindakan mencuri. Dan mereka berusaha menutupinya dengan berusaha untuk mengakhiri dengan paksa publikasi dari surat-surat itu. Saya tidak bisa memikirkan kasus yang lebih buruk dari bobroknya moral korporasi.”– John McLennan, mantan auditor efisiensi internal, Westpac Banking Corporation, kepada Penyelidikan Perbankan Parlemen Australia (1990-91). JOHN ROSS MCLENNAN lahir dalam keluarga bankir pada tanggal 14 November 1946. Pada saat itu, keluarga McLennan (kakak perempuan tertua Kaye, sang Ibu Vera Irene dan sang Ayah Alfred James atau dikenal sebagai “Fred” McLennan) tinggal di kota kecil Springsure sebelah barat Rockhampton di pusat Queensland. Fred McLennan bekerja untuk Bank of New South Wales dan di masa-masa awal kehidupan John muda, keluarga itu sering kali berpindah
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