©IDOSR PUBLICATIONS International Digital Organization for Scientific Research ISSN: 2579-082X IDOSR JOURNAL OF BANKING, ECONOMICS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 3(1): 172-193, 2018. A Critical Evaluation of Leadership and Political Corruption in : 2007- 2016.

Eleje, Joy Ngozi

Department of Political Science University of science and Technology

ABSTRACT The disheartening rate of corruption and leadership dearth in Nigeria can no longer be ignored and celebrated. The various regimes, both that of the military and civilian have witnessed the influx of corruption in the political circle of the country. This study therefore is orchestrated by the preceding research questions: Does the attitude of political leaders encourage corruption in Nigeria? Have the anti-corruption measures of Yaradua/Jonathan been effective in curbing corruption in Nigeria? In the course of this work, the methodology used was based on secondary sources of data. The Marxian theory of post-colonial state was also used for the work. The study discovered also that the nature and character of the colonial state was diffused into the post-colonial era. In other words, the colonial administration to a large extent influenced the post-colonial governance style. However, despite the concerted efforts made by the various administrations to curtail or curb corruption, it has continued to perpetuate itself within the Nigerian polity. The study therefore recommended that the anti-corruption agencies be given autonomy or free hand to operate without any control by the presidency as that would ensure at first instance, a holistic fight against corruption. Keywords: Corruption, Colonial Administration,

INTRODUCTION Political leadership has contributed system which implicitly was another style greatly to the overwhelming rate of of corruption. During that time, the few corruption in Nigeria. This obviously has privileged and enlightened citizens who been a setback towards the economic and served as intermediaries between the political development of the country. citizens and the colonial masters Interestingly, political leadership could be misinterpreted their messages and used traced from time immemorial. The biblical that avenue to defraud the indigenes. The Old Testament reflected this throughout capitalist system introduced by the most of the events. It can emanate colonial masters in their bid for economic through conquest, tyranny, subversion dominance offered a western political and finally class cultures [1]. In fact, once system which was alien to the people and a man despises other man, he has crossed gradually worn away the traditional the threshold of corruption. Before the political system. This system seduced the emergence of the colonial era, the people people's consciousness to the poverty used various means of gratifications around them and the need to acquire either to appreciate their Kings and Chiefs wealth, turning the country to an or seek for their advice. This might also individualistic one and making the include the pursuit of a certain citizens materialistic in their bid to appointment, favor or in seek of the acquire more wealth. According to [2] this throne. With the introduction of colonial capitalist system destroyed the communal administration, the mode or technique of African system which prior to this time corruption changed. This was initiated was a primitive non-capitalist one. with the introduction of the indirect rule 172 IDOSR JOURNAL OF BANKING, ECONOMICS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 3(1): 172-193, 2018.

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Corruption during the colonial time (ACB) and how he enriched himself and existed with the introduction of economic family members through these funds. policies that prevented citizens from Therefore, the Leaders of the post- productive economic pursuit. In other colonial Nigeria were not free from words, citizens were not allowed to corruption. Chinua Achebe in his venture into production-oriented response observed that "corruption has businesses. This gives the understanding grown enormously in variety, magnitude that the European colonist to a great and brazenness since the beginning of the extent aided the introduction of Second Republic because it has been corruption into the Nigeria value system. extravagantly fueled by budgetary abuse However, we cannot deny the facts that and political patronage on an there existed some certain similarities unprecedented scale". This implies that between the pre-colonial times and the political corruption pre-dated the era of colonial state. For instance, the practice the First, Second and even Third of subsistence farming and the inability Republics as the Nation's external debt to cheat ethnic boundaries/conflicts. rose from a lowly three billion naira in In 1960 when Nigeria gained 1970 to an incredulous twenty one billion independence, the Nationalist leaders naira by 1983 even though it was during inherited a country deeply divided with this era that the country earned its conflicts that predated the colonial power highest revenue from crude oil. that has governed them by divide and Therefore, politics in the modern time is rule. These features therefore became a highly associated with corruption and cog in the back wheel of the country's unhealthy competition. The reason is that economic growth and political the control of state power provides the development of the post-colonial state. basis for capital accumulation which Hence, the emergent governing class directly or indirectly leads to corruption. often resorts to using state power to According to [4] the word corruption strengthen their private weak economic emanates from the Latin word "rumpere" base. which means to break' and this connotes The civilian regime of the First Republic breaking of normal or societal norms or appeared to have been composed of the practices. He went further to cite [5], Comprador Bourgeoisie that played Corruption is to make putrid, to taint, to significant roles in the quest for debase, to spoil, destroy the purity of, to independence. The governing classes as pervert, to bribe, to rot; it means of them were involved in various acts of depravity to defile, not genuine, much corruption as a tool to further their vitiated, dishonest and venal. Also, [6] continued involvement in politics. This is described corruption as a phenomenon evident in Coker's commission of inquiry that has survived from one historical in 1962. According to [3] the Coker's epoch to another in different form. Inquiry revealed that Chief Obafemi Therefore, [7] described it as a living Awolowo and other party stalwarts of the stone". It is clear that corruption Action Group were involved in multi- manifests in various sectors of million pounds transfer of public funds to governance. Johnson (1998:69) sees the vaults of the Party. The Faster Sulton corruption as the "AIDs of Democracy Commission of Inquiry which probed the "spreading from official to official until Eastern region exposed the selfish and the political system they represent class interest of the nationalist leaders in collapse. this region. It equally exposed Dr. Nnamdi The perverseness of leadership and Azikiwe's manipulations of public funds political corruption in Nigeria have been through the African Continental Bank motivated by several reasons. One of 173 IDOSR JOURNAL OF BANKING, ECONOMICS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 3(1): 172-193, 2018.

them is colonialism. It is evident that anything that has to do with dedication colonial intervention may have restricted and patriotism [10]. any early influence in ethical revolution. The pertinent question today is who will The country as of then was stricken with save Nigeria from its rulers? The above poverty and ignorance. The colonial question seems rhetorical as one who is houses, clothes, flashy cars e.t.c may relative with the administrative style of have exerted some sort of influence on the country could consider the answer as the poor who saw the colonists as far-fetched. This is because public offices symbols of success, having possessed all in Nigeria are seen as instruments of these. [8] observed that "the trappings of embezzling public funds, patronage to flashy cars, houses and success of the family members, relations and friends, a colonialist may have influenced the poor special pen for huge figures for a total to see colonists as symbols of success enrichment and relevance while the and to emulate the colonialists in country wallows in poverty and different political ways". A view underdevelopment. To [11], corruption commonly held during the colonial days covers a wide range of acts and not the was that the colonialists were not "our" simple act of giving arid receiving bribes. property. Thus, the destruction and According to him, corruption covers a looting of public property was not seen as wide spectrum of acts like, use of one's crime against the Nigerian society. It was office for pecuniary advantage, this view that degenerated into the more gratification, influence peddling, recent disregard for public goods as a insincerity in advice with the aim of collective National property [9]. gaining advantages, putting in less than a Historically, corruption has been a cog in full day's work for a full day's pay; and the wheel of our national progress and tardiness and slovenliness. economic emancipation. Apart from the According to [12] the greatest problem Corruption in the colonial era, the various facing Nigeria is bad leadership and military administrations witnessed corruption. He argued that leadership and different forms of corrupt practices. To corruption has led to the inefficiency of say that corruption is the central reason government in the country; increased for the military interventions is to simply opportunities for organized crimes, prove the obvious. The discovery of erodes confidence in the justice of the Drlkejiani's misallocations of funds political order, discourages the habit of during Aguiyi lronsi regime can be seen hard work, dedication ,honesty and as the starting point. Many corrupt discipline, adds to tax payers burden, practices have been carried out by many renders patriotism nearly impossible and especially the Elites in the political class. made nonsense of public accountability. Unfortunately in Nigeria today, avarice, How can Nigeria be saved from this ugly greed and patronage have characterized drama? It is apparent that the past and Nigeria's participatory democracy as a present administrations have taken result of a political system that is as various steps to end this menace and yet corrupt as corruption itself. This has no much visible change is noticed. generated public outcry that it has been For instance, the Buhari and Idiagbon said that in no distant time, leadership government of 1983-1985 introduced War and corruption will become a national against Indiscipline (WAI) which was religion spreading to every organ of the directed at abating corruption in Nigeria. government -army, police, civil service etc Unfortunately, the same Buhari has come thereby producing a morally bankrupt up again to continue the fight against society that could not find her bearing in corruption in the 7th Republic. To curb corruption, the 174 IDOSR JOURNAL OF BANKING, ECONOMICS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 3(1): 172-193, 2018.

www.idosr.org Eleje enacted an Anti-corruption law in 2001 curbing corruption in Nigeria which saw to the establishment of between 2007 and 2014? Independent Corrupt Practices Objectives of the Study Commission (ICPC) in 2001 and Economic The broad objective of the study is to and Financial Crime Commission (EFCC) in expose and critically examine the level of 2003. corruption and fraudulent activities However, these institutions and practices associated with political leadership in have not been able to shield off light Nigeria between 2007 and 2014. It also against corruption in Nigeria. It is seek to investigate the link between pertinent to note therefore that despite ail political leadership and corruption in measures to eradicate corruption in Nigeria. Nigerian politics, it appears that  To examine whether the attitude of corruption is in no way abating but in fact Nigeria leaders encourages increasing all the more. corruption in Nigeria. Statement of the Problem  To investigate whether the anti- There has been a general indignation for corruption measures adopted in the alarming effect of political leadership Nigeria have been ineffective in and corruption in Nigeria. The duo curbing corruption in Nigeria basically is believed to be the Achilles between 2007 and 2014. heel of Nigeria's development and Africa Significance of the Study as a whole. These problems greeted the This study has both theoretical and First Republic with its ugly head (1960- practical significance. Theoretically, the 1966) and necessitated its collapse. There outcome of the study would serve as a are other problems associated with secondary source of data to specific political corruption in Nigeria, they researchers. It would also provide to include, ghost workers syndrome, scholarly persons the necessary theory manipulation of contracts, spoilt needed to analyze the link between patronage system (I.M) and many others. political leaders and corruption in Hence, regardless of the efforts of the Nigeria. anti-corruption agencies such as ICPC, In its practical significance, the outcome EFCC, Audit Committees, Police, of the study would educate the Nigerian Transparency International, Judiciary and citizenry and the policy makers on the Legislatures, the act has continued ad overwhelming effects of corruption on the infinitum. citizens. The outcome of this research To cap it all, Transparency International will as well unravel why the leaders have (TI) a watchdog that monitors corruption, continued in the acts of corruption. It will public accountability and related issues in also bring to our understanding the roles public administration and government in the various anti-corruption agencies have 2001 released its corruption perception played in fighting and ending corruption index that placed Nigeria as the second in Nigeria. most corrupt country in the world [13]. As This study would serve as a good policy a result of that, Nigeria's global image has document for government, schools, been badly damaged. private individuals, and the general Consequently, the following problems are public. The recommendations given at the put forward for critical investigation: final stage of the work will help the  Does the action of Nigeria Nigerian government, public and private Leaders encourage corruption organizations with the rules and in Nigeria? regulations needed to checkmate  Has the anti-corruption measures corruption holistically and ensure its adopted so far been effective in possible end. 175 IDOSR JOURNAL OF BANKING, ECONOMICS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 3(1): 172-193, 2018.

Nonetheless, the study also has its own words, a reference point to anyone who academic significance. It shall therefore decides to further a study in the areas of serve as an academic document, in other corruption and leadership in Nigeria. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Theoretical framework is developed to because of the primacy of the material explain the position taken for solving an conditions as postulated by [16]. identified problem. This is aimed at The post-colonial theory also argues that giving a clue for the occurrence and the nature and character of the Nigerian persistence of phenomenon. In this study, colonial state was carried over to the we shall adopt the Marxian theory of the post-colonial period. Hence, instead of post-colonial African states. being neutral and regulatory, the role of The proponents of this theory include: the post-colonial state becomes central Karl Marx, Ake Claude, Vladimir Lenin, and decisive in the class struggle. In fact, Paul Barn, RaphMiliband, Andre Gundre the theory argues that what post-colonial Frank, OkwudibaNnoli, Okechukwulbeanu, state had after independence was a state among others. already dragged into politics and The post-colonial theory assumes that the politicized [17]. leadership in post-colonial states According to Cohen "the colonial state (particularly African states) is a reflection had no interest in the development of of colonial origins. Colonialism was production sector in her colonies. Those particularly pervasive and all-embracing who entered into the productive phase of imperialism, which l14] industries were discouraged with certain described as the highest stage of policies" Thus, when the petite capitalism [15]. The target of the colonial bourgeoisie emerged without the policy was to keep the colonial people in productive power, they were left with the a political subjugation in a way to option of either developing the facilitate the easy exploitation of their production sector or making use of the material and human resources and also to state power for the acquisition of wealth. establish the capital mode as the The later then becomes the case, which dominant mode of production. In Nigeria led to wide-spread corruption in the for instance, state power was therefore polity. aimed at maintaining the pattern of As earlier noted by Ake, we cannot economic life. undermine the primacy of material Under colonialism, state power was used condition particularly economic factors in for primitive accumulation and the the explanations of material condition of colonial policies were aimed not only at the behavior of our leaders. Every leader alienating people, but also at facilitating is interested in what to eat, how to the transportation of the colonial survive and how to grapple with his resources to the metropolis. economic problems. It is from this angle The nature of the Nigerian state appears that the character of the neo-colonial to have lured or forced the political political leadership in Nigeria can be leaders to accumulate capital for their understood. In Nigeria, the political self-regarding interest. Thus, Marx stated leadership that took over power from the that, "it is the substructure that colonizers failed to transform the socio- determines the superstructure". When the economic structure of the Nigerian state substructure is not properly taken care of, and also continued to use state power to the super-structure will be affected accumulate private resources. drastically. It therefore appears that most It is important to note that the nature of a of the leaders are corrupt and tend to use problem determines the method at which the state power for self-regarding interest information could be gathered. 176 IDOSR JOURNAL OF BANKING, ECONOMICS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 3(1): 172-193, 2018.

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The acquisition of concrete audience in 1. The action of Nigeria leaders matters of leadership and political encouraged corruption in Nigeria between corruption especially as it relates to 2007-2014 various administrations is very difficult. 2. The anti-corruption measures adopted It is equally true that such issue or in Nigeria have been ineffective in incidents are not presented in public curbing corruption in Nigeria between libraries. Therefore, this research Is 2007-2014. largely a qualitative one and does not require sampling and sampling techniques. It entails the study of relevant Scope of Studies and Limitations of the publications and documents on Study leadership and political corruption with The scope will cover mainly the period particular emphasis on Nigeria. between 2007-2014 which are basically This research relied on secondary sources the administrations of Presidents Umaru of data, particularly from the existing Musa Yaradua and Godluck Ebere records and reports, books, newspapers, Jonathan. journal articles and the internet. However, some brief illustrations of the This study adopts qualitative descriptive various regimes and administrations method in analyzing the results of the behind these two were employed as a way findings. Qualitative method or of tracing the origin and problems techniques of data analysis is used to associated with Leadership and Political describe characteristics one cannot corruption in Nigeria with its effects on measure in numeric terms. This method is the administrations this work tend to appropriate for analyzing the results of examine and study. the findings due to the nature of the In view of the limitations, the act of study. undertaking this research work in line Hypotheses with other curricular activities posed a Leadership and political corruption had great challenge and finally, financing a been a bottle neck in the development of more robust research was also another Nigeria. Therefore, the scourge of the challenge of its own. puzzle has motivated us to investigate the following hypotheses. CONCEPTUAL APPROACH Leadership in every necessary effort to deliver on set Leadership has been defined in so many goals. ways and at the previous chapter, we saw Leadership in Nigeria: Issues and the views of some scholars as regards the Perspectives concept. In doing justice to this phase, In his discussion on leadership, Lee Kuan [18] defines a leader as "an individual Yew, the celebrated father of modern appointed to a job with authority, and Singapore wrote in his book -"From Third accountability to accomplish the goals World to First: The Singapore Story, 1965 and objectives of the society." He asserts -2000" "we need good people to have good that a leader must be a good manager as government. However good the system of well as an individual who is able to government is, bad leaders will bring effectively coordinate the activities of harm to their people. On the other hand, I followers or a team towards pre-agreed or have seen several societies well governed pre-defined goal or objectives within the in spite of poor systems of government, limits of available resources. "A leader because good, strong leaders were in must be astute with both man and charge." The Nigerian society has never material. A leader must possess the been well governed since independence ability to create in the followers the from the British in 1960 because "good, necessary enthusiasm/motivation to put strong leaders" have never been in charge. The Nigerian state, from the first

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democratic experiment in 1960 to military and corruption in public administration regimes and back to democracy as results in the unfair and inefficient practiced today, has been managed by provision of services. More generally, leaders who are selfish and corrupt. They corruption erodes the institutional accumulate wealth at the expense of capacity of government as procedures are national development without devotion to disregarded, resources are siphoned off, the cause of the people. Since and public offices are bought and sold. independence in I960, the state has Thus, corruption undermines the produced leaders who have blighted the legitimacy of government and democratic lives of Nigerians who now wallow in values of trust and tolerance." [24] assert poverty, illiteracy, hunger and that evidences abound to suggest that unemployment. The leadership of Nigeria corruption creates major impediments to in every government, be it civilian or doing business in countries where it is military, has criminally mismanaged the prevalent. The negative effects of country's affairs and resources. Nigeria's corruption on national development can political leaders. during electioneering be monumental, and in any corrupt campaigns make fantastic promises in regime, a nation could lose billions of order to win elections, but as soon as they dollars into the pockets of the nation's secure the people's mandate, the people leaders, are shortchanged of the dividends of "Corruption exacerbates poverty and democracy. An analysis of the plethora of disproportionately affects those of lower leaders on Nigeria's political landscape income because it pulls resources from revealed selfish, mediocre, tribal leaders the national treasuries, placing the money and opportunistic small money-minded into the bank accounts of a few people masquerading as leaders. From individuals who are politically powerful. Tafawa Balewa (1960-1966) to Olusegun This type of corruption exerts devastating Obasanjo (1999-2007), the crisis of effects on developing economies that leadership remains the same. desperately need the money." Corruption Based on the above, [25] posits that "It is Defining corruption as has been observed easier for a developed country to weather in many fora is such a difficult thing to through the storms of corruption than an do as the act of corruption encompasses a emerging economy to do so. This is the whole lot. According to [19] [20] reason why growth cannot be expected corruption is the exploitation of public from African countries enmeshed in position, resources and power for private corruption. Orthox economic theory gain. In their own conceptualization, [21] teaches that lower investment rates lead [22] define corruption as "the betrayal of to lower rates of economic growth." public trust for individual or public gain. Corruption undermines efficiency as time Obayeluwent further to identify and money are wasted through corrupt corruption as "efforts to secure wealth or activities at the expense of productive power through illegal means for private activities and which altogether gain at public expense; or a misuse of discourages prospective investors. This power for private benefit. weighs on both public administration and Effects of Corruption private enterprises. Public sector [23] posits that "corruption poses a efficiency becomes compromised because serious development challenge. In the corruption superimposes informal political realm, it undermines democracy practices over the proper rules and and good governance by flouting or even procedures of government adding direct subverting formal process. Corruption in and indirect costs to the execution of elections and in legislative bodies reduces programmes. Corruption undermines accountability and distorts representation human and capital development in any in policy making; corruption in the society or nation. Corruption also judiciary compromises the rule of law; generates economic distortions in the

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www.idosr.org Eleje public sector by diverting public manipulation of funds for projects; it investment into capital projects where destroys or weakens efficiency and bribes and kickbacks are more plentiful. It effectiveness of public service; it detracts also lowers compliance with construction, government from giving priority to the environmental, or other regulations, areas of income and social inequality, reduces the quality of government poverty, malnutrition and other areas of services and infrastructure, and increases need. The net impact of corruption on budgetary pressure on government. society is negative and Nigeria overtime Corruption slows down the pace of has been on this negative side. economic development through A Critical Evaluation of leadership and political Corruption in Nigeria, 1960-2016 The Belewa and Nnamdi Azikiwe act of government was some Administration, 1960-1966: circus show... still we Over the years, Nigeria has seen its wealth groped, along as citizens withered with little to show in living watched politicians scorn conditions of the citizens. The First the base by which they did Republic under the leadership of Sir ascend... (, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, the Prime 1966). Minister, and Nnamdi Azikiwe, the The coup was a direct response to the president was marked by widespread corruption of the First Republic; and the corruption. Government officials looted popular support the military received for public funds with impunity. The Federal the coup showed that Nigerians were long Representative and Ministers flaunted expecting such a wind of change to bail their wealth with reckless abandon. This them out from the claws of the politicians continued till a point it appeared there of that era. were no men of good character in the Interestingly, despite the killings of political leadership of the First Republic. some major First Republic politicians, Politically, the thinking of the First there were widespread jubilations in the Republic Nigerian leadership class was country. based on politics for material gain; The Shehu Shagari Administration, making money and living well. The above 1979-1983: stated situation among other factors The second Republic, under President provided the pretext for a group of young Shehu Shagari, witnessed a resurgence of middle ranked officers to sack the corruption. The Shagari administration Nigerian First Republic politicians from was marked by spectacular government power through a coup d'etat on 15th corruption, as the president did nothing January 1966 on the ground of to stop the looting of public funds by corruption. The editorial of the Daily elected officials. Corruption among the Times Newspaper of January 16, 1966 political leaders was amplified due to a argued thus: greater availability of funds. It was With the transfer of claimed that over $16 billion in oil authority of the federal revenues were lost between 1979 and Government to the Armed 1983 during the reign of President Shehu Forces, we reached a Shagari. It became quite common, for turning point in our federal buildings to mysteriously go up in national life. The old order flames, most especially just before the has changed, yielding place onset of ordered audits of government to a new one... For a long accounts, making it impossible to time instead of setting down discover written evidence of ) to minister to people's embezzlement and fraud [26]. needs, the politicians were President Shagari true to his nature was busy performing series of too weak in his administration of the seven days wonders as if the country. A soft spoken and mild

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mannered gentleman, Shagari was than N23billion from the public coffers. pathetic in his inability to call his An audit report released by Vincent Azie, ministers and political lieutenants to acting Auditor General of the federation, order to stop them from embezzling state showed that the amount represented funds. financial frauds ranging embezzlement, No politician symbolized the graft and payments for jobs not done, over- avarice under Shagari's government more invoicing, double-debiting, inflation of than his combative Transport Minister, contract figures to release of money Alhaji Umaru Dikko, who was alleged to without the consent of the approving have mismanaged about M4 billion of authority in ten major ministries. public fund meant for the importation of Rather than cautioning the ministers rice. However, on 31st December 1983, whose ministries were named in the fraud General led a popular or invite the Independent Corrupt coup that again rescued the economy Practices Commission (ICPC) to further from the grip of corrupt politicians of the investigate the veracity of the alleged Second Republic. The 1983 coup was fraud, Vincent Azie was hastily retired by carried out with the aim of halting the presidency for procedural offences corruption and restoring discipline, [27]: [28]. What a country whose political integrity and dignity to public life. leaders have opted to loot the public Buhari's regime promised to bring corrupt treasury with arrogance and impunity. officials and their agents to book. During Olusegun Obasanjo's Consequently, state governors and administration, there were massive commissioners were arrested and brought corrupt practices at almost all the arms of before tribunals of inquiry. government. In his inaugural speech in Olusegun Obasanjo Administration, May 1999, President Obasanjo promised 1999-2007: Nigerians that his choice of Cabinet Nigeria's Fourth Republic which started in members will be guided by proven the year 1999, was transition from integrity and record of good performance. military to the civilian government. This According to him: period witnessed the emergence of I appreciate that the quality President Olusegun Obasanjo as the and caliber of the members civilian president of the Federal Republic of my cabinet and top of Nigeria. In this period, people thought appointments will send a that the solution to the problem of positive or negative signal leadership and corruption, which to Nigerians and the pervaded the military era has come to international community as pass. However, nobody ever thought that to the seriousness of the Obasanjo will be a disappointment to the administration to make entire Nigeria. Therefore, despite the solitary change... to be purports of the administration to fight appointed a minister to any corruption in the country, corruption other office is not license to appeared not just endemic taut loot public funds, it is a call destructively perpetuated the entire to national service (Sunday system. The political and economic Times May 30, 1999). system of Nigeria in the era was quite a From the above statement, it becomes scandal that demands adequate attention clear that the executive arm of till date. government seems not to be corrupt-free During the first four years of the as some corrupt cases, scams, scandals Olusegun Obasanjo administration, which may or not have led to sacking or federal ministers allegedly stole more resigning of the official in question.

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TABLE 1: $16 BILLION SCAM IN THE POWER SECTOR NAME OF COMPANY NATURE OF CONTRACT AND/OR AMOUNT $ OWNER OF COMPANY

Tasolk and IbogunTemidireOlaogun and 27,096,148 Associates Power Plant in Mark and Mak Okpitim, Amachi power project in 45,558,237 (Nigeria) Limited

Symak Limited Hon C. Macebuh (owner) 34,648,122 Ocsco Construction Mao Ohuabunwa 14,904,806 Company Limited Adolfee Nigeria Senator AdolphusWabara 33,890,765 Limited Nabeelah Nigeria Senator M Ibrahim 40,714,415 Limited Ashalt Nigeria Hon Bashir Adamu 18,589,356 Limited Not disclosed Hon LawalFuntua 23,646,576 Soffi Nigeria Limited Hon Amino Bello Masair 32,180,825 Source: [29]. Fresh Facts Newspaper, April 21-27pp 1-2

It is pertinent to note that most of the looting had rendered many jobless companies named above are alleged to be especially among artisans, while fictitious in nature and some of these manufacturing industries have been out honorable members of the National of production, with the resultant effect Assembly failed to execute the contracts, that many employees have been out of while others abandoned uncompleted production, with the resultant effect that projects and or haphazardly executed many employees have been retrenched projects. This is a grand corruption at the due to lack of power generation. top level of government functionaries. As the engine of the productive sector, the A critical evaluation of leadership and political corruption in nigeria, 2007-2016 Umaru yaradua administration, 2007- history that has got many citizens excited 2010: and hopeful that a new dawn of openness President Umaru Yaradua who took over had arrived. The assets declared however office from Olusegun Obasanjo on May, included 29 cars which were donations to 29, 2007 in his inaugural speech gave an his campaign organization and Umaru inspiring speech and as well raised the Yaradua claimed them personally, in what nation's hope and expectations. He appears to De the most serious signal of admitted the flaws in the elections that retrogress, Yaradua's Attorney General brought him to power and promised to set and minister of Justice announced on up a panel to study what happened so August 6, 2007 that the ICPC and EFCC that Nigerian can reform its electoral will now prosecute corruption and money system. He also promised a generational laundering cases only with his shift that will herald new governance permission. The public reaction to this from those born after independence and announcement was overwhelmingly that his regime will experience zero against the administration. The next day, tolerance for corruption from those born the administration backtracked and after independence. President Yaradua reversed itself. This became the immediately published the details of his beginning of a series of actions taken to assets-an unprecedented move in Nigeria weaken the war against corruption. The 181 IDOSR JOURNAL OF BANKING, ECONOMICS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 3(1): 172-193, 2018.

reversal of the war against corruption did respected chairrnan-NuhuRihadn and the the most damage to the credibility of deployment of all the investigating EFCC Yaradua's administration with Nigerians trained staff by the FBI and London and the International community. The Metropolitan Police. In a detailed systemic destruction of the EFCC by the interview with PBS, Ribadu recounted his Yaradua's administration began as soon as experience, concluding that "when you former governor of fight corruption, it fights back" since the (and a recruiter, allay and financier of firing of Ribadu, all the case files on the Yaradua) was charged for money so called 31 corrupt governors have laundering and corruption at the Federal disappeared or declared non-existent by High Court in December, 2007. Therefore, Farida Waziri, his successor at EFCC. The as Ibori and his two wives faced similar cases already in court have been charges in UK courts, a quick succession withdrawn, delayed or settled in ' what of events led to the extra-legal removal, many consider dodgy plea-bargains, like demotion and dismissal of the EFCC Igbenidion's.

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TABLE 2: CREDIT FACILITIES GRANTED TO COMPANIES WITHOUT SECURITY DATE NAMES OF COMPANIES THAT BENEFITED AMOUNT GRANTED ROM THE ILLEGAL DEALS

Undisclosed Cloudy Heights Limited N16 billion

Undisclosed Petosan Oil and Gas Company N75 billion

Undisclosed Petosan Oil Development Company Limited N6, 500, 000, 000

Undisclosed Petosan Farms Limited N2 billion

March 2009 Bliss-Bloss Integrated Limited Nl 5 billion

Undisclosed Circular Global International Limited Nl 5 billion

Undisclosed Midwestern Oil and Gas Pic N8.1 billion

March 2008 Ibru Edesiri Onatejiroghene N36 million

March 2008 Ibru Edesiri Onatejiroghene 8,757,947.26

April 2009 Petosan Oil and Gas Company Limited ^5 billion

Undisclosed Petosan Property and Development N6 500,000,000 ; Company Limited

SOURCE: THE SOURCE, VOL. 26 (15) FEBRUARY 01, 2010, P21

The anti-corruption agency arraigned illegal acquisition of properties and Cecilia Ibru to the court of law for illicit shares if different companies captioned deals as enumerated above and another "monumental corruption of the country" charge on allegation that borders on as illustrated below.

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TABLE 3: ILLEGAL ACQUISITION OF PROPERTY Date Property and Location Value

19/4/2009 4141 Chariot Way, Upper Marlboro, $441,790 Maryland

19/4/2009 4143 Chariot Way, Upper Marlboro, $439,362 Maryland

12/3/2009 4155 Chariot Way, Upper Marlboro, $452,508 Maryland

14/3/2009 4145 Chariot Way, Upper Marlboro, $440,105 Maryland

21/4/2009 4139 Chariot Way, Upper Marlboro, $451,629 Maryland

22/07/2008 14605 Hawley Lane, Upper Maryland $399,999

17/05/2008 14630 Hawley Lane, Upper Marlboro , $460,703 Maryland 28/10/2008 14721 Argos Place, Marlboro, Maryland $457, 950 Upper

26/11/2008 1419 Argos Place, Marlboro, Maryland $451,840 Upper

ILLEGAL ACQUISITION OF SHARES

NAME OF NUMBER OF SHARES IN EACH COMPANY COMPANIIES

Oceanic Bank Plc 1,076,220,421-

First Bank of Nigeria Plc 275,795,139

Union Bank Plc 64,218,000

Zenith Bank Plc 10,280,000

United Bank for Africa Plc 93,750,000

Access Bank Plc 352,500

Fidelity Bank Plc 12,500

Guarantee Trust Bank Plc (GTB) 110,000

Source: The Source, Vol. 26(15), February 01, 2010, p. 23. 184 IDOSR JOURNAL OF BANKING, ECONOMICS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 3(1): 172-193, 2018.

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Information from EFCC charge sheet impeachment of the first female speaker showed that the said loans were granted of House of Representatives in Nigeria in without adequate security against 2007. accepted practice and thereby committed theft since the President assumed office an offence contrary to section 15(l)(a) of in May 6th, 2010 [30]. There have also the failed Banks (Recovery of Debts and been reports of several top officials of Financial malpractices in Banks Act 1994, Jonathan's administration accused of laws of the federation of Nigeria. looting or misusing public funds; being Also, Chief Onyema Ugochukwu, the spared of prosecution [31]. Indeed, Aminu former People's Democratic Party Tambuwal, former speaker of the Federal governorship candidate for in house of representatives, an arm of April, 2007 general elections and former Nigeria's bi-cameral legislature and of the chairman of the Development same political party (People's Democratic Commission (NDDC) was charged before a Party) with president before he defected Federal High Court, for corrupt to All Progressive Congress (APC) in 2013 practices. According to Isa, Chief famously and publicly accused Jonathan Ugochukwu was accused of corrupt of consistently displaying a "body handling of about 10.2 billion while language" that encourages corruption serving as the chairman of the NDDC. The [32]. charges accused Chief Ugochukwu of Mr. Tambuwal said the president's inflating contract value and making false penchant for duplicating committees to statement in respect of N9.3 billion investigate corruption cases, rather than allegedly trapped in the distressed directing law enforcement agencies to SocieteGeneral Bank of Nigeria, inflating probe them, showed Jonathan was less of a contract value for the construction of committed to curbing abuse of position. a road in Umuahi from N250,260 million By the action of setting up different to N880 million. Chief Ugochukwu was committees for straight forward cases, the also on the second count accused of president's body language doesn't tend to inflating contracts value for the support the fight against corruption". construction of a road in from [33]. N180 million to N462 million. In the third In another assessment from a public count, the former chairman of (NDDC) official which further underscores the was accused of furnishing of false level of corruption under Jonathan's statement in respect of N9.3 billion administration, Governor Adams O claimed to have been trapped in Soceite shiomhole of in Jonathan's General Bank of Nigeria, but which sum south-south geo-political zone has also was said to have been disbursed by the lamented his surprise that no one is in jail former chairman of NDDC while in office. over corruption in Nigeria. According to gathered that the former minister of him, "instance of corruption practices health Prof. Grange and the deputy were abound, yet no one was being held also on trial for stealing over M30.000, answerable" [34]. The several cases of 000 from the ministry's unspent funds corruption acts under Jonathan further from the 2007 budget. Even though the are well elaborated upon by [35] thus: minister and his deputy lost their jobs, Currently in the present Senator lyabo Obasanjo Bello dramatized regime of President Godluck her case out of the court and eventually Jonathan, corruption went free. appears to have been Also former speaker House of institutionalized. A Representatives, Hon. Patricia Etteh and whopping sum of twenty her deputy speaker, Hon Babangida billion dollars is alleged to Nguroje were involved in the M628.8 have been missing. The million contract scandal that led to the stories of both fuel and

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kerosene subsidy are not Diepreiye Alamieyesigha, former head of anything to behold. It the Bank of North, Shettima Bulama and smears of corruption and some others. In response to this action, rottenness. The aviation the U.S Mission in Nigeria expressed its bullet proof saga remains disappointment at the granting of such unresolved. The shell pardons, describing it as a setback in the Malabu story is a macabre war on corruption [37]. Similiary, dance. The response of the Transperancy International urged the regime to corruption is to president to rescind the pardon: imprison those exposing This decision undermines corruption. The impunity in anti-corruption effects in corruption extended to the Nigeria and encourages punishment of those who impunity. If the government fight corruption... [36]. is serious about uprooting The several cases highlighted by Amaechi, public corruption, sanctions a governor in the South-south region against those who betray where the President originated from is a the public trust should be summary of several controversial cases in strengthened, not relaxed... which accusations and counter President Jonathan should. accusations of corrupt acts have dogged show that he is committed to the Jonathan administration. The fighting corruption and accusations against Jonathan of endorsee efforts of law supporting corrupt practices is not only enforcement agencies to end done by the Nigeria Indigenes as the impunity for corrupt assessment of his administration and officials... Nigeria's EFCC verdicts of corrupt acts has taken an has prosecuted and international dimension with several convicted, a number of high reports and opinions accusing the profile corrupt individuals government of doing little to fight since its inception in 2003, but corruption in the polity. most of C f them have escaped To start with, the United States effective sanctions (TI, 2013). Government in March 2003 condemned The activities of the EFCC under the the action of President Jonathan in period under review led to positive granting presidential pardon to persons changes in international Corruption who were once convicted of corrupt acts Perception Index after 2004, Paris Club following prosecution by the EFCC. It was debt forgiveness, massive foreign observed that the National Council of financial grants and flattering States headed by the President had commendations. This positive change granted pardon to a former Governor of after 2004 went back to its former level as Jonathan's home state of Bayelsa. illustrated below.

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TABLE 4: NIGERIA'S POSITION IN TRANSPERENCY INTERNATIONAL CORRUPTION PERCEPTION INDEX YEAR POSITION 1999 98/99 2000 90/90 2001 90/91 2002 101/102 2003 132/133 2004 144/145 2005 152/158 2006 142/179 2007 147/180 2008 121/180 2009 130/180 2010 121/180 2012 54th 2013 34/177 2014 15/174 2016 28/2016 Source: Transparency International Corruption Perception Index: 1999-2016

In reality however, the achievement of the were convicted by the EFCC for corruption EFCC under Nuhu Ribadu was far from and money laundering offences in 2005 perfect. But after his exit as EFCC boss in and 2007 respectively. December, 2007, the EFCC could neither Yaradua/Jonathan Administration individually nor jointly with ICPC solve The election of President Umaru Musa Nigeria's corruption problems. As a Yaradua raised hopes that the war against matter of fact, only few of the persons corruption would be re-energized and convicted through the efforts of the EFCC strengthened. The president himself were actually guilty of corruption. Most promised to take the fight against were individuals engaged in cyber fraud, corruption to a new height, vowing to run advance fee fraud (locally known as 419) a clean government based on the rule of and money laundering activities, offences law: that were said to be easier to investigate If the Federal Government is and prosecute, and are usually to take action against any perpetrated by people with little or no person for any act of political influence. corruption which has been Therefore, even though a large number of determined, without doubt, top public officials, including a handful of the government will act As it former governors, have been charged by stands, I assure you that the the EFCC for corrupt practices, only two Federal Government has senior public officials were convicted by zero tolerance for the EFCC for using their positions to corruption. But also in the enrich themselves when Obasanjo left process, the rule of law and office in 2007. The two were Mr, Tafa due process must be Balogun, former head of the Nigeria Police followed. (The Punch, 2007) Force, and Mr.DSP Alamieseigha, former Similarly, while receiving the visiting governor of , both of whom World Bank Vice President for Africa, Mrs.

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Oby Ezekwesili, the president assured the resist this subversion world that he will not seek to and build ownership instrumentalize the anti-corruption around the anti- agencies. In his words: corruption effort. I have given all the [38] institutions a free hand, I In a similar tone, one senior civil servant have told them I won't in the presidency described the interfere, because I am president's frequent talk about Human strongly in support of the Rights as a smoke screen for protecting fight against corruption. No some of the president's friends especially hurdle has been put on their the former governors who are guilty of paths. The only thing I made corruption. very clear is that they must There are at least three main reasons for follow the rule of law and this pessimistic view of Nigeria's anti- due process. (The Punch, corruption campaign under the Yaradua 2008). administration. The first one was the But the question now is to what extent perception that prosecutions of top public were these promises kept? How did the officials like the implementation of anti-corruption war fare under Yara'dua. several other government policies, were The more widely held view was that the stalling after Yaradua took over. It was in Yara'dua administration presided over a this light that President Yaradua was dramatic lull in the tempo of Nigeria's derisively nick-named Baba -go -slow by anti-corruption campaign. This view is sections of the Nigerian press. This was voiced by many donor organizations, the first reason for the negative Nigeria Civil Society groups, including perception of the campaign against transparency in Nigeria, the local arm of corruption under Yaradua, but documents the global corruption watchdog and obtained from the offices of the EFCC and highly placed sources in government, the ICPC showed that the arrest and including some within the anti-corruption investigation of individuals and officials agencies. suspected of corruption did not cease. For example, TitiOgunseye of the Civil The trial of officials and individuals Liberties Organization, was of the opinion investigated or charged to court by the that: anti-corruption agencies during the Events since May Obasanjo administration (notably former 2007, particularly governors) continued. recent events According to statistics published by the relating to the EFCC EFCC on May, 1, 2010, the number of high indicate that the profile cases being prosecuted in the fledging anti- courts by EFCC were only 10 in May, 1, corruption crusade 2008. However, two years later, the handed over to the number has increased to 50. Within the Yaradua same time frame, the EFCC added a total administration is of 100 new convictions, bringing the total facing a reversal of to 400, while also recovering some the worst kind. The illegally acquired funds in excess to $3.5 challenge before the billion [39]. Nigerian people is to

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TABLE 5: NAMES ON THE EFCC LIST FOR CORRUPT PRACTICES S/N Names Amount 1 Chief , Ex, chairman, Nigeria Ports Ml 00 billion Authority 2 SaminuTuraki, Ex-Gov, N36 bilIlion 3 Patrick Fernandez, Indian business man N32 billion 4 Tom Isogholi, Mohammed Buba Ml 5 billion 5 Buba&Mike Okoli, Transcorp Plc N7.7 billion 6 Keny Martins, Police Equipment Fund M6 billion 7 Rasheed Lodoja, Ex-Gov of N 5. N5.6 billion

8 Roland lyayi, Ex. Managing Director of FAAN N 5.6 billion 9 Babalola Borishade, EX. -Minister of Aviation N 5.6 billion 10 Elder George, Australian Business man N 5.6 billion 11 Chirnaroke Nnamani, Senators Ex-Gov. Enugu State N 5.3 billion

12 I Senator Nicholas Ugbane and 9 members of I House of N5.2 billion Reps

13 , Ex-Gov. Abia State M4. 7 billion 14 Nyesom Wike, Chief of Staff to River State Governor M3.6 billion

15 Four Senior Zenith Bank Managers N1.5 billion 16 Michael Botmang, Ex-Acting Gov. N636 Million

17 MolkatMutfwang and 3 others ^4250 Million 18 Femi Fani Kayode, Ex- Minister of aviation Ml 80 Million 19 , Ex-Gov of N43 Million 20 , Ex-Gov of Adamawa W3 Million 21 Dr. Albert Ikomi retired permanent secretary Ml 7. 5 Million

22 Dr. Yuguda Manu, Chairman Taraba St. Civil Service N10 Million Commission 23 lyabo Obasanjo, Senator and daughter of Ex-president M10 million Obasanjo

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24 , Ex-Gov of Plateau state Amount not stated

Source: Nigerian Tribune, July, 10, 2009.

Other corrupt cases charged to court among political officials include: S/N Names Amount 1 Abdulahi Adamu, Ex-Gov. of Nasarawa &18 others N15 billion 2 , EX. Gov. N15 billion 3 Chief Onyerna Ugochukwu, Former Chairman (NDDC) N10.2 billion 4 Hamrnan Bello Hammed, Past Controller General of the N2.5 billion Nig. Customs Services and 5 others 5 Olusegun Agagu, younger brother to former Gov. Ondo N25 billion State 6 Chief Femi Agagu, younger brother N40 I to former Gov. N 40billion 7 Sunday Ehindero, Former IG Police N2.5billion 8 Former Speaker House of Rep. Dimeji Bankole N9 billion Sources:(a) The Nation, Feb. 27, 2011 (b) Daily Sun, June 8, 2007 (c) Champion's Newspaper, Online Editor, June 10, 2011.

One major problem with the list that EFCC made desperate efforts to prosecute raised public concern was that in Mr. Ibori. These efforts came to naught compiling the list, the EFCC had under Yaradua, when Mr. Ibori was deliberately excluded the names of some released on bail and even went on to well-connected people who had also been secure one legal victory after the other accused of embezzlement, some of which against the EFCC. Few months after the were also standing trial. One of them is emergence of President Jonathan, Mr. James Ibori, the former governor of Delta Ibori was declared wanted by the EFCC state who was accused of stealing over and subsequently arrested in Dubai. N10 billion. During Ribadu's tenure, the

SUMMARY This research work tried to examine The Marxian Theory of the post-colonial leadership and political corruption, under African states was used as the theoretical the Fourth Republic (2007-2014). The framework in order to buttress the points. findings validated our hypotheses which The data used for this study were include: collected from secondary sources such as 1. That the action of Nigerian leaders textbooks, magazines, newspaper, encouraged corruption in Nigeria between journals, internet materials and 2007-2014. government publications. 2. That the anti-corruption measures adopted in Nigeria have been ineffective in curbing corruption in Nigeria. CONCLUSION Arising from findings of the study, we measures adopted in Nigeria are were able to validate that the action of ineffective in curbing corruption under Nigerian leaders encourages corruption in Yar'adua/ Jonathan's administration. the country. Secondly, the anti-corruption RECOMMENDATIONS This study makes the following 1. The immunity clause given to the recommendations: president, vice president, governor and deputy governor as stated in section 308

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www.idosr.org Eleje of the 1999 constitution should be 4. The prosecuting agencies should be expunged. well funded and equipped. 2. The anti-graft agencies should be de- 5. Government workers should be paid politicized. The agencies should be well and when due to avoid greed. made autonomous to enable them 6. Any political leader found to be corrupt operate effectively. should be executed. 3. Special anti-corruption court 7. Quality and well nurtured citizens should be created for easy should be incorporated into the prosecution of criminal offences. leadership class especially from the civil service. REFERENCES 1. Achebe, C. (1984). The Trouble with 9. Altas, S. H. (1986) The Nigeria. Enugu: Heinemann Sociology of Corruption: The Educational Publishers. Nature, Function, Causes and 2. Ademolekun K.O. (1983), The Prevention of Corruption. Nigeria financial system, London: Singapore. HoongFatt Press. Macrnillian Publisher. 10. Amuwo, K. (2005) The Peripheral 3. Adekeye, F. (2003). "30 Most State: Critical Perspectives on the Corrupt Public Institutions in Structure and Role of the Public Nigeria." Newswatch, December 22. Bureaucracy. 4. Amaechi, R. (2014). "Nigeria: The 11. Bello-Imam I.E. (2005). The war 2015 Question- The Metaphor of Against Corruption in Nigeria. Change and the Politics of 2015, Problems and Prospects. : "lecture delivered at the Second College Press & Publishers. conference of people's Media 12. Chemers, M.M (2002). "Cognitive, Limited by the Governor, River Social and Emotional Intelligence of State and Chairman Nigeria Transformational Leadership: Governors' Forum, Abuja, March. Efficacy and Effectiveness" in R.E. 5. Amujiri, B.A. (2003). "The Riggio, S.E. Murphy, 8 F.J. Phenomenon of corruption in Pirozzolo (eds), Multiple Nigeria: Implications for Public intelligences and leadership. Accountability" in E.O. Ezeani (ed), Mahwah New Jersey: Lawrence Public Accountability Perspective Eribaum Associates. and Issues. Enugu: Academic 13. Dahida, D.P. & Akangbe, O.M. Publishing co. (2013). Corruption as a Bane for 6. Ameh, C. G. (2014, May 10). Hillary Under-Development in Nigeria. Clinton accuses Jonathan's California: Center for Social Justice government of squandering oil and Human Development, money, aiding corruption. Daily 14. Daily Times (1966, January 16). Post. Retrieved March 15, The Editorial Column-Dudley, B. J 2014, from (1973) Instability and Political http://dailypost.ng/2014/05/10/hi Order: Politics and Crisis in Nigeria, llary-clinton-accuses-jonathans- Ibadan, Ibadan University Press. government-squandering-oil- 15. Champion's Newspaper, Online money-aiding-corruption. Editor, June 10, 2011. 7. Adekeye, F. (2003). "30 Most 16. Eze, N. (2002) Leadership Corrupt Public Institutions in Psychology in National Nigeria/' Newswatch, December 22. Development. Paper presented at 8. Aiyede, R. E. (2006) "The Role of the National Conference on the INEC, ICPC and EFCC in Combating Challenges of Democratization in Political Corruption" in Money, Nigeria organized by the Faculty of Politics and Corruption in Nigeria. Social Sciences, University of , Abuja: Garkida Press. July 2002.

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