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The Sepoy and the Raj the Indian Army, 1860-1940

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The Sepoy and the Raj the Indian Army, 1860-1940 THE SEPOY AND THE RAJ STUDIES IN MILITARY AND STRATEGIC HISTORY General Editor: Michael Dockrill, Reader in War Studies, King's College, London Published titles include: Nigel John Ashton EISENHOWER, MACMILLAN AND THE PROBLEM OF NASSER: Anglo-American Relations and Arab Nationalism, 1955-59 Peter Bell CHAMBERLAIN, GERMANY AND JAPAN, 1933-34 G. H. Bennett BRITISH FOREIGN POLICY DURING THE CURZON PERIOD, 1919-24 David Clayton IMPERIALISM REVISITED: Political and Economic Relations between Britain and China, 1950-54 John P. S. Gearson HAROLD MACMILLAN AND THE BERLIN WALL CRISIS, 1958-62 Kendrick Oliver KENNEDY, MACMILLAN AND THE NUCLEAR TEST-BAN DEBATE, 1961-63 Simon Trew BRITAIN, MIHAILOVIC AND THE CHETNIKS, 1941-42 Steven Weiss ALLIES IN CONFLICT: Anglo-American Strategic Negotiations, 1938-44 Studies in Military and Strategic History Series Standing Order ISBN 978-0-333-71046-3 (outside North America only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBN quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England The Sepoy and the Raj The Indian Army, 1860-1940 David Omissi Department of History and Centre for Indian Studies University of Hull ~ ~ in association with ~ PALGRAVEMACMILLAN ©David Omissi 1994 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WIP 9HE. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Published by MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world First edition 1994 Reprinted 1998 ISBN 978-0-333-72976-2 ISBN 978-1-349-14768-7 (eBook) DOl 10.1007/978-1-349-14768-7 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 99 98 In Memory of My Parents Truly, though our element is time, We are not suited to the long perspectives Open at each instant of our lives. They link us to our losses: worse, They show us what we have as it once was, Blindingly undiminished, just as though By acting differently, we could have kept it so. Philip Larkin ... ·····;,;:.:..,.:·""• ..... ~. ,. .. ... '} ~, ··....... "'f" "' •...' <( "'' ...... : (( ~ .:::· ~ 0-<- / ~, ~<c •. ··•·.. ·'"! ....... ~I' .._'" ( ., J ' ( v ~ _,-J' ~ r" p ""' ( st<UTAN .• ..,. I ........ ., \ )s I r I I'J "(' ...I ~ ~l"".. Q States and Provinces of the Indian Empire, 1909 Contents List of Tables ix List of Abbreviations X Glossan; of Indian and Military Terms xii Acknowlegements xvi Preface xviii 1 Recruiting Strategy 1 Mutiny and Manpower 3 In Search of the Martial Races 10 Colonial Doctrine and Colonial Strategy 23 Criticism and Consolidation 35 Conclusion 43 2 Enlisting Strategies 47 Leaving the Land 48 The Tangible Rewards 54 Incentive Structures 66 Conclusion 74 3 Fighting Spirit 76 Honour and Shame 77 Identities 84 Sahib, Sirdar, King 103 Conclusion 111 4 Dissent 113 From Depression to Desertion 114 Mutiny 131 Conclusion 150 5 Indian Officers and Indianization 153 Indian Officers before 1918 155 Indianization: the First Phase 163 Towards a National Army? 178 Conclusion 189 vii viii Contents 6 Military Power and Colonial Rule 192 The Police and the Army 194 Army Deployment 199 The Army in Action 214 Conclusion: The Sepoy and the Raj 232 Biographical Notes 243 Notes 249 Bibliography 295 Index 308 List of Tables 1.1 Ethnic composition of the Bengal Army, 1 April1858 7 1.2 Regional origin of Indian infantry battalions, 1862-1914 11 1.3 Madras Army officers by rank, 1862-1881 15 1.4 Class composition of the Indian Army, 1 January 1904 20 1.5 Ethnic composition of the Bombay infantry, 1903 22 1.6 Source of Indian Army recruits, 1905-14 23 1.7 Enlistment in the Indian Army by region, 1914-16 (combatants only) 39 3.1 Internal structure of Bengal Infantry regiments, 1864-97 89 4.1 Ratio of British to Indian troops in British India, 1794-1905 133 4.2 Indian Army mutinies, 1886-1930 136 5.1 Government of India scheme for complete Indianization in three stages, January 1922 171 5.2 Extent of Indianization, 1932 185 5.3 Religion of Indian Military Academy cadets, 1932-34 187 5.4 Number of candidates for the Indian Military Academy (entry by open competition only), 1932-38 188 6.1 British and Indian units assigned to internal security, 1905-21 210 6.2 Distribution of the Army in India, 1931 211 ix List of Abbreviations AD Army Department ADC Aide-de-Camp AG(I) Adjutant-General (India) ANZAC Australian and New Zealand Army Corps BEF British Expeditionary Force CAB Cabinet Office and Records, Public Record Office CIGS Chief of the Imperial General Staff CGSI Chief of the General Staff, India CID Committee of Imperial Defence CIH Central India Horse C-in-C Commander-in-Chief Cmd. Parliamentary Command Paper CNS Chief of the Naval Staff (First Sea Lord) co Commanding Officer DAAG Deputy Assistant Adjutant-General DAG Deputy Adjutant-General DCIGS Deputy Chief of the Imperial General Staff DCNS Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff DMOI Director of Military Operations and Intelligence PO Foreign Office and Records, Public Record Office FPD Foreign and Political Department, Government of India GI Government of India GOC General Officer Commanding GS General Staff HD Home Department, Government of India ICO Indian Commissioned Officer ICS Indian Civil Service IDC Imperial Defence College IMA Indian Military Academy IMR Indian Military Requirements Committee and Papers 10 India Office and Records KCO King's Commissioned Officer KGO King George's Own L/MIL Military Department and Records, India Office L/P&J Political and Judicial Department and Records, India Office X List of Abbreviations xi MD Military Department NCO Non-Commissioned Officer NWFP North West Frontier Province oc Officer Commanding OTC Officer Training Corps PRO Public Record Office QMG Quarter-Master General RA Royal Artillery RAF Royal Air Force SSI Secretary of State for India UP United Provinces (now Uttar Pradesh) uss Under-Secretary of State UTC University Training Corps VCIGS Vice-Chief of the Imperial General Staff vco Viceroy's Commissioned Officer wo War Office and Records, Public Record Office Glossary of Indian and Military Terms akali Originally a staunch follower of the Sikh Guru Gobind Singh; in the twentieth century, initially a volunteer to take over Sikh temples, later a member of the Shiromi Akali Dal. Aryan One belonging, to, or descended from, the ancient people who spoke the parent Aryan language (sometimes called Indo­ European) from which Sanskrit, Greek, Latin, Teutonic, Persian, Celtic and Slavonic (and their modern representatives) are derived; the language spoken by them, and its derivatives; one of those who invaded and conquered India around 1500 BC. From Sanskrit arya, 'of noble birth'. Arya Samaj Society of the Aryan People'. A movement for Hindu reform, established in 1875 by Dayandanda Saraswati. Assami A payment made, or debt incurred, by a silladar trooper upon receiving his uniform, weapons and horse from his regiment. babu A Hindu title of respect, equivalent to Mr or Esq; an Indian clerk or official who writes in English; often used slightingly by British of Hindus, especially Bengalis, with an superficial educa­ tion in English. bania A Hindu moneylender or merchant, especially of grain. batta A field allowance for soldiers. battalion A body of infantry, normally several hundred strong, composed of companies and forming part of a regiment. bhadralok 'Respectable people'. The higher literate castes of Bengal. blzalwa A pigmented substance used by dhobis to mark and iden­ tify their washing. Brahmin A member of the first varna, traditionally priests and scholars. From Sanskrit brahman, 'prayer' or 'praise'. caste Ascribed ritual status in the Indian, especially Hindu, social hierarchy. From Portuguese casta, 'race', and Latin castus, 'pure' or 'chaste'. company A body of infantry, usually of between one or two hun­ dred men, normally led by a captain, lieutenant or subedar, and forming part of a battalion. xii Glossary of Indian and Military Terms xiii Coorg A mountainous province of Southern India; a high-caste inhabitant of that province. dharma Personal duty or conduct appropriate to one's status; moral obligation; law. From Sanskrit 'decree' or 'custom'. dhobi An Indian washerman. doab A tongue of alluvium between two converging rivers. From Persian do, 'two', and ab, 'water'. Dogra An Anglo-Indian military term used to denote a high-caste inhabitant of Kangra (a Himalayan province). Dravidian Pertaining to the non-Aryan people of India, or to their languages. durbar The court, public audience or levee of a ruler. Dusserah An annual Hindu festival, lasting nine nights or ten days in the month of Jaistha (September-October). fa twa A decree in accordance with Muslim law. furlough A permit or licence given to a soldier to be absent from duty for a stated time. Cf.
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