j, . 1. N. v. E . .s ~ :bt~H--. • • (PtUCF, 34 Naye Paise.

SUPPLEMENT TO PART II

/oF THE ANDHRA PRADESH GAZETTE

. PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY

HYDERABAD, THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 1960 I • . . ..

. • . - Mineral Resources of the ·ceded Districts . . · ·of • Andhra Pradesh I , Pdf N · V :8 . S. ]) utf MINERAL.RESOURCES OF THE CEDED DISTRICTS . OF ANDHRA PRADESH ·and ';i?m ~W:lft·~~,·~"'nd Hindri flow tll e1 ga.~~ - Penncru or Po ito Sdllt -south. .- • · ,.,.... . BY Climate and Rainfall.-The maximum summer tempera­ N. V. B. S. DUTT, M. sc., ture in May rises to 114"F. at some places ·as Kumoo I Geologist, Geological Survey of India. where the wi::J.ter temperature 4rops as low as 44" F. at night. The range is considerably less in the elevated forested . INTRODUCTION .regions than elsewhere . · The average annual rainfall varies from 20 to SO inches Out of a total area of 27,400 square miles in the Ceded the mountainous regions receiving more rain than the districts of Andhra Pradesh, about a half has been geologi­ plain. In the Kumool district, the south-west monsoon cally surveyed, using modem maps on 1 incll to 1 mile scale. gives more rain west of the Nallamalas than on. the east, Some. important mineral investigations· hav~ also been while it feeds the Cuddapah ~strict more uniformly. -carried out. This paper presents a review of the known The north-east monsoon is more beneficial in the eastern mineral resources and their industrial possibilities in the part of the Cuddapah and Kumool districts· than on the area so far ~rveyed. The author is highly thankful to west. The annual rainfall increases from south to north in Dr. A., K. Dey,, S~perintending qeologist, and to J:?r. the Nallamalas and the western plain, while in the eastern M. S. Krishnan, Duector, Geologtcal Su!Vey of lnd1a, portion the increase of rainfall is from north to south. for kindly permitting him to Wr!te _up this a~count of the ·Periodically the rai1lfall is precariously low or unseasonal, mineral resources of the Ceded distncts of Andhra Pradesh especially in the western districts, causing drought and and for going through his manuscript. His thanks are famine conditions. . due to Mr.' M. S. Venkatram, Superintending Geologist, for liis valuable suggestions. Soil and cultivation.-Either poorly developed black cotton soil or light red soil supporting mainly dry crops i1 ' found in the area. irrigation by tanks and wells is quite GENERAL characteristic of the area, and intensive cultivation can bo , promoted b' repair of old water sources and by construction The area and its 6oundaries.~The mineral map shows of new ones. Canal irrigation can also be planned to the location of the five Ceded districts of the former the best advantage of the region. · Madras State, namely, Anantapur, Bellary, Chittoor, Cuddapah and Kumool, popularly known as the Raya­ Forests.-Considering the rapid decrease of forest wealth laseema or the country ruled by the famous King Krishna­ in the hill tracts in recent years, it appears that the forests devil Raya of Hampi Vijayanagar. With the fo~ation can be protected only by strict enforcement of Forest Laws of Andhra State in October 1953, the western maJor part and by stepping up of afforestation and planned cutting. of the Bellary district has merged with Mysore, and the . . three eastern taluks have been included in the Anantapur Communications.-Rail and road communications stand · and Kurnool districts. 'I'he new State of Andhra Pradesh in need of considerable improvement. A rail connection came in to existence on the first of November 1956, when between Broad gauge ana Metre gauge lines in the middle States all over India wer ~ reorganised. · part of the Cuddapah and Kurnool districts has long been felt necessary. Certain direct road links such as the one Topography and drainage.-The Nallamala is the main joWng Kumool (15"50': 70" 3') with Markapur (IS" mountain ran11e running across the Kurnool and Cuddapah 44': 79' 16') through Mantrala Kanama have been neg­ districts. · The_ Erramala bills on the west and the Veli­ lected. On some of the existing main roads there are no lcondas on the east.enclose the Kunderu and the Cumbum bridges over important streams, as at Jammalamadugu plains respectively. South of Cuddapah, the NallaJDalas (14° ~1': 78' 23') or Owk (Avuku) (15" 13': 78" 7'); · merge with the Palkonda (Palakonda :j:) or, Sesbachalam · "hills and extend into the Chittoor district. The rest of the GEOLOGY area is a flat plain, studded with isolated ridges. and cl?Sters The rock ' formations of the Ceded districts of hills belonging to the Eastern Ghats. The highest are metamorphosed sedimentary and igneous rocks of the peaks ~re (I) Manti Konda (.c,.:3,009) on the Nallamalas, Arch~ean era and unfossiliferous sedimentary rocks of · (2) point 2230'on . the Erramalas, (3) Penchala Konda the Cuddapah and Kumool formations together with their (.c,.3,626) on the Velikondas and (4) Tellarallapet (43,776) associated intrusive and effusive igneous rocks. The on the Palakondas. following table shows the geological sequence of rock formations arranged in the order of antiquity after The Penner (Pennerut) river flows across the Anantapur King: · and Cuddapah districts with its t~ib~tar!es, the Kunderu and Sagileru from the Kurnool d1stnct m the north and Correct name not used on the topographical sheet. the Chitravati, Papaghni and Cheyyeru from the ~outh. t Cunent spelling on the topographical sheet. "The smaller streams, namely, Gundlakamma, Swamamukhi t Popular name of Niduzuwi (14' 39•: 78' 30').

(Nandyal Purple shaly limestones. Kundair •• { Purple calcareous shaly fialls• (Kunderu*) lKoil~ntla grey limestones and flags. Paniam (Pancm) Pinnacled quartzites. { Plateau quartzites. • rI' Kumool Auk (Avuku) purple shales, I Grey calcareous flags. ' JaiDilllllamadugu Greenish ~ey, purple, whitish and grey ·l Narji (Nirjit) { massive limestones with flag beds towards the base. ' Banganapall~ quartzites and sandstones with basal c:oo~ome.rates. ' I . . StJP. D -1 r 1 1 Unconformity Srisailam quartzites. fKistn'a (Krishnat) ' ' Kolamnala red and purple slaty shales. { Irlakonda (Irla Konda) quartzites. Traps and associated mineral-bearing veins • Cumbum purple and grey slates and shales. Cuddapah .. j Nallamalai · Bairenkonda quartzites.. · I , (Na~amala*J• Tadpatri (Pullampet in the east) purple and grey. I Cheyair (Cheyyeru*) slaty shales. I Pulivendla (Nagari in the east) quartzites. I Papaghni Vempalle (Vaimpalli) limestones and shales. L Gulcheru (Guvvalacheruvu) quartzites. Unco!lformity r .. .. · Dolerite dykes. . l Felsites, pegmatites and quartz veins. Bellary granite •. Archaean .. J Pegmatites and quartz veins. i · Champi_on and Peninsular gneisses. , . I · {Phyllites and banded ferruginous. quartzites, chlorite- ·1 Dharwar .. • • schists and limestones. · l ' Epidiorite, hornblende-schlsts and granulites. ' The Archaeans.-The Arcbceans are exposed in the occurring as tightly folded elongated; synclinal bands Anantapor district excluding Tadpatri taluk, in the Chlttoor - amidst gneisses. dis!rict excepting a few outliers of Cuddapab in the · - east~rn part, in Rayachoti taluk of the Cuddapah district Of the granites and granitoid gneisse~, the youngest and in the western third of Kurnool roughly demarcated is the Bellary g>:anite, whlch stands out in rocky wilderness by the Kurnool-Gooty (Guttit) road. with castle-like masses and fantastic tors. The rock is The oldest Archrean rocks of the area belong to the more or less porphyritic, consisting of predominating Dharwar system, and are made up of basic' igneous in- felspar, quartz, mica and hornblende with accessory rusive and effusive rocks and hlghly-alter~d sediments, epidote. . . '

~ Correct name not used on the topographical sheet. • Current spelling on the topographical sheet Glossary of Telugu words- Ada vi= Forest Nalla=Grey, black Eru=River Tello= White Choli-Kalamu= Winter Palo= Milky white Kaliama, Kanuma=Pass Uru= Village Entla-Katamu=SUIIliJier . Petu= Plateau Kontla=Hill .Vana=Rain Rnfla=Stony Mala= Mountam Erra=Red • The Purana group.-The Puranas consisting of the feet thlck, and consist of two . bands Kurnool district, westofthe Nallamala Range..- Quartzites IS a truck ~c:quence ~f -predo~ating. shales, intercalated constitute the parallel· ridges and easterly-sloping plateaus beds of Siliceous limestones, mtrusiVe igneous rocks and· traps form some of the flat-topped ridges, whlle shales, fel!llginous chert and jasper beds. Towards the top of slates and limestones being less resistant weather into the thls stage, the well-cleaved shales weather into • needles • · plain. The Papaghni series is exposed along the western and limestones with much segregated chert often assume margin of the basin; the basal Gulcheru quartzites form fantastic shapes. The commonest trap rock is a dark steep cliffs overlying the crystalline rocks. · The Gulcherus coarse-grained, basic dolerite, weathering sometimes consist essentially of altered sandstone and grits with spheroidally but more often in massive cubes· some of U!e pebble ,bands and intercalations of argillaceous beds types appr_oach basalt in texture. They ar~ remarkably of variable thlckn.:ss. The Vempalle limestones are fine fresh, unlike_ the much-altered volcanic types of the- grained, siliceous and magnesian, frequently intercalated Dharwar. · with chert and often associated with ferruginous shales, especially near the base. They weather to a peculiar The Nallam~lai (~allamala) seri~, somewhat uncon­ oolitic structure. Sills of lava flows occur in the Vempalles, formable to the Cheyaus (Che~erus), IS exposed principally especially at the top of the series. m ~e Nallamala a~d the Velik~nda ranges in the eastern The Cheyair (Cheyyeiu) series apart from its occurrence porno~ of the b~~n.' The Batrenkonda stage comprises as outliers in the Kalabasti hills jn the Chlttoor district, ql;lart:r:t~es, qu~rtzltic s~ndstones_ and banded quartzites extends from the Tirupati hills in the south-east to the With gnts and mtercalations of thln _layers of purple shales Tungabhadra · river in nortb~west and overlies the and ~haly sandst?nes. The· quartzites are either massive Papaghnis with doubtful unconformity. Irr the north-. or tl;lln-bed~ed, VItreous or su~vitreous and mostly fine to western area traversed by the Penneru, the Puli­ medmm-gram_ed. The: quartzites and· sandstones are at vendla stage consisting of qua,rtzites, sandstones, grits, places ferrugmous. With . hrematite filling the interstices llags, pebbly beds and conglomerates, is comparatiilely between the quartz grams. The Cumbum slaty shale • thin, whereas the corresponding Nagari quartzites in the with intercalations of thln-bedded cleaved quartzites is the iouthern area trav_ersed by the Cheyyeru are 1.000 to 1,500 most extensively developed subdivision of the Cuddapah 3

system. It varies from fine, silvery talcose beds to coarse are mostly buff, grey, brown ot purple, finely laminated earthy clay-slates of different shades qf colour and these are and fine-grain~. They are siliceous towards the top. occasionally foliated and schistose. They are extensively impregnated with quartz, and are associated with patches The Paniam quartzites constitute the flat tops of ridgeS -of igneous rocks at some places. and plateaus to the west of the Kunderu plain. The Irlakonda (Irla Konda) quartzites, the lower member Th~ Plat_eau quartzites are slightly pinkish, medium­ -of the Kistna (Krishna) series extend over. a large area in· gra.med, Imperfectly banded and current-bedded, while · . eluding the lrlakonda plateau overlying the Cumbums. The the Pinnacled quartzites are whitish or speckled with .Kolanmala stage, well. displayed in the valley of that name, limonitic matter, medium to coarse-grained and saccbar- -consists of red and purple earthy or sandy, shales and oidal in texture. · -slates, intercalated with thick bands of quartzites, some of In the Kunderu plain, the series. named after it is ·them being ferruginous. The Sri~ailam quartzites form whe~e the plateau on which is situated the famous shnne, higher exposed, the Koilkuntla 'limestones forming the lower :than the Irla Konda. · stage occur mostly along the western margin and also along the eastern in ~e southern half of the plain. Tbe The Cuddapahs dip at moderate angles in the western uppermost stage of the Nandyal shaly limestones crop out part of the basin, while in the east~rn part they display in the eastern half. The Koilkuntla limestones are grey 'Steep dips on the! Nallamala central ridge and inversion massive or tlaggy and the flag beds differ from the Narjis -of the beds in the .Velikondas. The Cuddapahs suffered in possessing rather imperfec~ sometimes wavy, planes of from a great number of faults and the lower Cuddapahs bedding and in being toug'her. The Nandyal purple were more affected by these. ·As will be seen later, many calcareous shaly Bags pass upward into the shaly limestones -of these faults traversing the Cuddapa,hs presumably through a bed of purple or light greenish grey hard -occurred towards theo close ·of the trap intrusions and massive limestones, formed channels for mineralising fluids which penetrated . "the Cuddapah rocks. There are no younger rocks in the Ceded districts than The Bangan~palle quartzites and sandstones, the basal the Kurnools, leaving 'apart the few upper Gondwana -stage of the Kurnool system, are exposed along the western shales of the eastern part of the Chittoor district, laterites, margin of the Kurnool outcrop overlying older rocks. gravel beds and alluvium. Unlike the Cuddapahs, the . They are massive, jointed and current"bedded. A thin Kurnools are either horizontal or gently undulated and impersistent bed of conglomerate containing various suffered only a few faults which, however, are no t mineralized. types of pebbles and occasionally diamonds 1occurs at the :base of the Banganapalles. · MINERAL DEPOSITS. The Jammalamadugu series into which the Banganapalles -conformably pass upward, comprise the Narji (Nirji) The distribution of mineral deposits according to districts massive limestones and calcareous flags and the Auk is given in Table I. '(A vuku) shales. The massive limestone~ carry flags ' towards the base and show great leteral variation in In the following pages, all the known mineral occurrence~ -composition. The grey cryptocrystalline massive lime­ are shown according to the geological horizons in which stones weathering into benches are the most prevalent they occur, and their mode of occurrence and origin are while the greenish grey, purple and whitish varieties usually explained. The larger deposits' are indicated by capital occurring as thin beds below the former attain great force letters and the economically unimportant occurrences are in Dhone (Dronachalam) taluk, Kurnool district. The given In italics. The estimated reserves are given where -calcareous flags approach the massive limestones in com­ available as also the chemical analyses. The uses of · position near their base, and they become increasingly minerals and their industrial possibilities have been dis· argillac•,ous mwards the top. They thin down considera· cussed. Glossary of some Telugu words· pertaining to

TABLE I •.

Distrib~tion .of ~i'neral dep~sits according to districts. Anantapur. Chittoor. Cuddapah. · Kurnool. .Asbestos. .... ASBESTOS .... 'BARY!ES Barytes. BARYTES BARITES CALCAREOES TUFA. ·Calc tufa Calc tufa CALC TUFA Copper Copper· ·Corundum* CorUndum ..... Diamond Diamond Diamond Galena Galena .Galena Gold Gold Gold Iron*. Iron . Iron IRON· . . .- ...... Magnesite Mica. Manganese QUAR12. QUARTZ QUARTZ QUARTZ Red oxide· RED OXIDE RED OXIDE "Saline etllorescence SALINE EFFLORE- .gaJine Etllorescence SALINE EFFLORE- SCENCE SCENCE 'Serpentin~ • "•lo. SERPTENTINE Serpentine :STEATITE Steatite Steatite* STEATITE White clays WHITE CL'A YS WHITE CLAYS YELLOW OCHRE YELLOW OCHRE oc~~low re / LIMESTONE for cement. LIMESTONE for ceinen1. SLATE • Economic value of the deposits is 'not l

AsBBSTOS Distribuiian.-Aimost all the barytes deposits of the · Asbest~s commonly occurs in two' forms, Ceded districts occur either as fillings in fault fissures or !IS­ replacement .veins in the Vempalle limestones or shale~r namely fibrous serpentine, chrysotile, 3 MgO. 2Si0 2· 2H 0 and amphibole variety, · tremolite, Ca0.3M~O. in associated traps, the l;ugest deposits in the Cuddapah 4Si0 :z, the latter being !ess. flexible than the former. <>_w!Dg district occurring in ·and adjacent to traps. . Some of the­ to its remarkable fieXJbility and low heat-conduCUVIty, deposits are as large as 30 feet but the thickness of veins. · the short-fibre asbestos is greatly consumed in the manu­ which are- always irregular is less than seven feet. Over 90 ·per cent of barytes is off-coloured. Barytes may be­ facture of asbestos-cement products such as ro~fing cements shingles, corrugated and fiat sheets and p1pes, associated with quartz but rarely with .calcite. Silicifica­ and in 'fireproof paints, while asbestos of fibre length tion and deposition of barytes have taken place largely in regions which have suffered from faults presumably­ 3/8 inch and over is _often mix~ with so~e cott~n and following the igneous intrusions; mineralising solutions. used \fl fireproof_fabnc~, Its .. high electn~ _resistance enable's its usage m the msulatmg field by mJXJng 15 per not only filled up the fault fissures but also pem:trated the- cent of the longer grade fibre with 85 per cent magnesia, country rocks by replacement. · ·and its acid-r~sisting qualities render it well suited for the In gneisses there is an unimportant vein of coloured. filtering of acids. · . barytes at Bairagikbandriga (13" 40': 79° 44') it. Kalahasti. 1 Distribution.-The chrysotile asbestos deposits occur taluk, Chittoor district. . ~ in the Vempalle limestones of the Cuddapah district and are .being worked only .in Pulivendla taluk. Here, all the The deposits in the Vempalles and associated traps_ are­ listed below~ All the deposits are replacement veins in. important deposi~ are confined at the ~~nta_ct of the limestones unless 'otherwise stated. · intrusive .traps w1th t~e. Vempalle _dololllltic. lim~stones, the latter being serpent1msed for several feet m thickness. 4nantapur district- The asbestos zone lies within three feet of the trap and the cross-fibre veins are 30-40 feet in length and up to seven . Anantapur taluk-Venkatampalle (14° 48': 77° 50')•. inches in thickness, though generally less than an inch. Gooty (Gutti) taluk-Chintalacheruvu. (15" Q·~ Subsequent to the .trap intrusions into the dolomitic 77" 46') limestones, siliceous emanations from the trap magma acting on the dolomites first formed serpentine and_ calcite Konapuram (15° 1': 77" 49')~ • and later developed chrysotile unde/ p_ressure along cracks KONDAMPALLE (15" 3': 77" 47') or KRISH­ In the serpentine zone. The length of fibre is from 0.1· TIPADU (15" 4': 77" 47')-In shale also, close to a hidden. to 0.3 inch. trap. Thickness apparently large. The asbestos occurrences in the Velll.palle lime$tones Tadpatri 'taluk-;-Boppepalle (14" 41': 77° 58')­ of the Ceded districts are the following:- Both qualities. A11011tapu~ ·district- Chandana (i~· 5': 77" 49'). 1 Dharmavaram taluk-Sivapuram (14" 23': 77" 22") Dosaleru (14° 47': 77" 55')-Along fault. Indefinite-· In the Archaeans. width. Reddish. Fair qi.Jantity. · 1 , . Tadpatri taluk-ChalavelfiU/a (14" 45': 77° 58') Ellutla (14" 40': 77" 55')-0ne foot wide. Slightly­ . Mallagundla (14" 38': 78" 2'). stained . Goddumarri (14° 36': 78° 1') or Daditota R.F~ Cuddppah district- (14° 36': 77" 59'). In shales also; Upto three feet Cuddapah taluk-Chimalapenta (14° 26': 78" 36')­ thick. Far away from rail-head. . Kamalapuram sub-taluk-Rajupalem (14" 26': 78° Kummanamala (14° 43': 77° 57'). 31'). . Lakshumpalle (15" 7: 77o' 50')-Near trap. Aggre­ . Pulivendla taluk-BRXHMANAPALLE (14"25': 78° 12'), gate thickness 10 feet. . CHINNAKUDALA (14° 27': 78° 9'), Errapalle(l4° 29': 78° . Madugupalie (14° 43': 77° 54')-In shale Jllso• 33') 'IPPATLA (14° 26': 78° 11'), LINGALA (14"30': Inferior quality. Badly situated for transport. 78" '7'), Lepatanutala (14° 30': .78° 6'), RAMANUTLA­ PALLE (14° 28': 78" 9'), Tallapalle-Velamvaripal!e (14°. MUTSSUKOTA (W 51': 77° 53')-Alongfault. 20': 78° 24'), Vempalle (14" 23': 78° 28'). · In shale also. Two veins 20-30 feet thick. Goo~ In the 7-mile zone, between Lingala and Rrahmanapalle, quality. Several thousand tons. . the best developed portions are near Brahmanapalle and NERIJAMUPALLE(W 33': 78° !')-Very close: Chi.nilakudala, where for a length of 1-1/2 miles at each, to trap. Up to three feet thick. Fair quality. the estimated reserves are 2,56,000 tons. ~ Obalapuram (14° 47': 77o 55')-In shale also. · Future.-The asbestos of Pulivendla taluk, Cuddapah Up · ro one foot thick. district being mostly of short-fibre type is admirably Rangarajukunta (14° 43': 77" 57'). ' . suited for use in manufacturing asbestos-cement; ·in which Sanjivapuram (14° 49': 77° 55')-In shale also- it forms 15 per cent or more by weight. Some asbeStos Prospecting needed. · can be used in fire-proof paints. Tabjula (14" 54': 77° 50')-Along fault, near­ BARY'FES trap. Several feet wide and over 100 yards long. Asso- Barytes BaSO 4, is mainly used for the pro- ciated with calcite. · · duction ~f a non-poisonous white paint pigment, called Turkapalle (14" 57': 77" 48'). !tbopone, and gr~und. barytes serves as ~n extender in Kadiri taluk-Mudigubba (14° 21': 77" 59')­ white paints and, like lithopone, as a filler m heavy paper Details not known. and cards, enamels and glazes, rubber, plastics, textiles and leather. The 'off-coloqr' barytes is used for dark­ .Cuddapah .district-'- coloured paints. For manufacture of barium chemicals, barytes should contain 90-95 per cent barium sulphate Kothagangireddipalle-:.Details not known. with not more than one per cent of ferric oxide. Owing to its high specific gravity (4.5), barytes is used for weighing Cuddapah Taluk-CHIMALAPENTA (14" 26': muds poured ~to oilwe~ to hold. back gru, during borir.g 78" 36') or TUMMALURU and Extension R.F.-IB operations until the casmgs are 1!1Serted. ., shale and trap also. Pit one mile _north needs prcapecting. · Kotturu (14° 24': 78° 30')-Producing thiee Po//e-Village. ~tlnoro-Asbestos varieties. • , , chlnirt>-Sman Maddimadugu (14" 21': 78° 47'). 5

Mittamidapalle (14• 26': 78" 44'--In shdc also uATTIMANIKONDA (IS" 32': 78" 14") Purtty Stained, can be improved. along fault. In trap also. Fairly regular one. Poor to ' Nandimaildahm (14" 24': 78" 32'). . gaol! qualny. Gutupalle tiS' 26': 78' 3')-Aiong fault also. Polatala . (14" 22': 78" 41')-ln shale also. Majority of poor quality Transport difficult. · HUSSAlNPURAM (15" 14': 71" SO') or Tumma/u(u (t4• 28': 78" 34'). BHAVIPADU (15" 15': 77" 50')-Upto 30 feeL lrrcgu· Uppalapal/e (14" 26': 78" 32'). Jar and sinuous course. Good quality. ' . Kamalapuram sub-taluk-Kadarivaripa//e (14" 26': Hussainpuram (15" 27': 78" 3')-Impcrsistenl.. 78" 31') Apparently good. Not prospected. Rajupalem (14" 26': 78" 31')-Near trap. Nearly Kamalapuram (IS" 21': 77" 56'). aeven feet thick. Associated with calcite and full of Karanapikunta (15" 21': 77" 55'). · inclusions. Kochcheruvu (15" 19': 77" 52'). Tangedupalle (14" 23': 78" 29')-'-Upto three feet Kolumalapalle -(15" 29': 78" 8')-Partly along. thick. Fair to poor quality. In patta land. fault. Fairly good quality. · Pulivendla taluk-Bakkannagaripalle (14" 20': 78" Komururukottala (15" '26': 78" S')-Partly along 22~losc to trap contact. Up to six feet thick. Good fault. Some good. to fair quality. ' Kottapalle {15" 23': 78" 3')-ln shale also. Partly Bcstavaripalle (14" 23': 78" 15')-In trap. One good. foot ihick. Discontinuous. Ma1kapuram R.S. (15" 21': 77" 59')-Fair ·' Elamvaripalle (14" 24':. 78" 14'). quality. Gondipalle (14" 22': 78" ~1'). , Musalayyacheruvu·(l5" 30'; 78" 4') or Mudda• lppatla (14" 26'; 78" ll~In trap also. Upto varam (IS" 30'; 78" 6')-PartJy along fault. 4-l/2 feet -thick. Fair quality. . · Nagamal/akunta (15" 25': 78" 1'). Karnapapayapalle '(14" .32': 78" 5')-Upto six Nal/ameka/apal/e (IS" 8'; 77" 47'). feet thick. Further prospecting necessary. Narayanapuram (IS" 10'; 77" 47'). - KOTTAPALLE (14" 22': 78" 22')-In Dayalkona Papasanikottala (15" 28': 78" 5')-Partly · along In trap. Upto seven feet thick. Good quality. fault. In shale also. Fairly good quality. Midipenta (14" 20'; 78" 19')-Upfo one foof Peddapaya (15' 10': 77" 50'). thick. Discontinuous. Fair quality. · RAHIMANPURAM (15" 24': 78" 3'J-:Region NANDIPALLE (14" 23'; 78" 25')-ln trap. Upto ·faulted and intruded by trap. Good quality. three feet thick. Fair Gargeyapuram)• Vel ula (14" 22': 78" 16') (1 ~ 47 : 78 9')-Aiong fa~lt. p · • , o Uyyalavada (IS" 38 : 78" S')--m Yaparlapadu Vempalle (14 23 : 78_ 28')-ln trap. On~ foot . (IS• 39': 78" 0')-Near tr_ap. Could not be located nl thick. situ. · VEMULA (14" 22': 78".19')-In Muggurayakona The Pulivendla and Bairenkonda quartzites and tho Between traps. Cumbum slaty shales are traversed by veins of barytes Venkatapuram (14" 24': 78" 13')-Upto one foot· at a few places mentioned below. Most of these veins thick. In patta land. are of no economic value, only the veins near Chenna• Razampeta taluk-Razampeta (14" If; 19" 39')- kesavapuram, Chinna Ahobilam, Janapalacheruvu ·and Details not known. - Mamillapalle contain small workable quantities. In the Pulivendlas- Kurnool district- . Anantapur district- Dhone (Drona_chalam) taluk...:.Ambapuram (IS" 23'1 Gooty (Gutti) taluk-Konapuram (15° 1': 77" 49') 78" 6'). · Kurnool district- BALAPALAPALLE (15" 28'; 78" 7') or BETAM­ CHERLA '115"_27'; 78" 9')-Partly along faults. Usually Nandyal taluk-Gani (15" 40': 78" 19'). very good. . · · ln. the Bairenkondas-- · BOY ANAFALLE (15" 9': 77• 50')-ln shale also. ·. Cuddapah district- Highly stained. Proddafur taluk-Bhakarapuram (14" 53': ~3• 3!1') · Boyarn:pa/le (IS" 33': 78" 3'). · , Kumool district- Bugganipalle R.S. (15" 29': 18" 2')-Poor quality. Sirve1 taluk-Bachepalle· (15" 5'; 78" 37'). BUKKAPURAM (15" 23'; 78" 2')-Variable Chinna Ahobilam (15" 8': 78" 41'). width. Good quality. Tallalingamdinne (15" 12': 78' 36'). Chandrapalle (15" 13': 77" 49')-Along fault. In trap also. · At 1,850 feet contour. In the Cumbums­ Chinna Malkapuram (15" 22': 77" 59')-Aiong Cuddafah district- fault. Poor quality. Badvel taluk-Chennakesavapuram (14" s2•: 78~ . Dharmavaram (I 5" 12':. 17" 53!), 58"), ERRAGU~TA (15" Z:3': 7~" ~6'1-Fairly good, Mamillapalle (lS" 6': 78" 58'). 1 Associated lfith quartz. •Correct name not llScd on to pographioal sheet. 6 and less than 0.5 per cent magnesia. Lime-wash Krrnool district - distempers are made by adding ochres, blues, etc., to the Cumbum taluk-Cwnbwn (ISO 35': 79" 7'). lime; A solution of casein, trisodi urn phosphate and a Guntapalle (15" 14': 78" 57'). little formaldehyde are also added with advantage.· Hy· draulic lime that will set under water is a hydrated lime Janapalacberuvu (15° 29': 79" 10'), with more than 10 per cent silica. High grade 'lime • Kattiarallapalle (15" 18': 78• 58'). or calcium carbonate with less than 2 per cent silica and - Kondakzmta (x) (15• 24': 79• 5'). alumina and very httle iron is used as flux in glass, in enamels and glazes, and in the manufacture of chemicals , Markapur ta1uk-Pichchaiguntlapalle (15" 46': like calcium carbide, bleaching powder and insecticides. 79" 25'). . lt is also used for liming soils, dressing animal skins and • Nandyal taiuk!-Chelima (15' 27': 1~· 42') or water softening, to correct ·soil acidity :_~nd to improve Basavapuram (15" 25': 78" 38'). tilth. Distribution.-Calcareous tufa occurs in the Dharwar A thin insignificant-vein of barytes occurs in trap intru~ive traps and phyllites, in the Archaean gneisses, in the Vem­ Into the Tadpatri shales near Racherla· ( 15" 14': 77" 57'), palle Naiji and Koilkuntla limestones and in the Tadpatri, Dhone (Dronachalam) taluk, and the small occurrence at Cumbum and Nandyal calcareous shales. The occurrence Kondapuram (14" 47": 78° 11°) in Jammalamadugu taluk, of tufa is listed in Table 2. Tufa is formed in soil over· Cuddapah district, may probably be in the same rocks. lying the calcareous rocks or in shale~ interbedded with But since barytes is not known to occur in the Tadpatris them by the deposition of the carbonate leached out of the elsewhere, the occurrence in the Vempalle limestones may rocks. Hydrothermal waters emanating from intrusive be due to the derivation of the sulphateion in barytes traps are believed to have been responsible for the forma­ from the limestones as suggested by A.L. Coulson. tion of a deposit in the Vempalles at Kochcheruvu. Springs draining regions of the calcareous rocks deposit tufa at the Future.-Th~ barytes from the Ceded districts is chiefly out-lets layer after layer enclosing blocks of stone, leaves, utilised in the paint industry in northern India and to a etc. Such deposits are called • travertine' deposits. · certain extent in oil well drilling in India and adjacent countries. · Stained material, classed as low grade, is Tbe thickness and quality of the deposit depend on the generally utilised in oil well drilling. There is scope for calcium carbonate content of the rocks from which it is· research in improving this material so that better price derived and the amoim·t of percolation taking place in may be obtained. The establishment of a local paint them. Table 3 gives ·the analyses of some deposits. The industry will create a local market. Barytes is the chief deposits are larger in the limestone formations than in the ingredient of cheap paints which must possess good opacity. calcareous'· shales and are fully developed on the top A cheap oxide paint may be made with five per cent red 2-6 feet of the rock or soil, the material ncar the surface oxide .of iron available m the Ceded districts and 95 per being compact and purer than below, cent of barytes: The manufacture of lithopone, which is Future.-Some of th" deposits, such as those at Palkur, a calcined, co-precipitated mixture of 70 per cent barytes and 30 per cent zinc sulphide, is said to require proper Nandavaram and Rama Tirtham near Panem R. S. (15" supervision and expert advice. The barium chemicals 30': 78" 20') and the one at Kona Rameswaraswami near may also be manufactured in the Ceded districts.* Rayalachcruvu R.S. (15" 3': 77" 49') contain over 52 CALCAREOUS TlJFA. per cent lime. The high grade limestone at Palkur i~ Good limes for building purposes contain useful in glass, enamels and glazes, and in chemical · 94 per cent of calcium oxide, some calcium carbonate, indus~ries m·~ntioned above.•• • BuggO-spring, Kona-The course of a stream in hilly region. The bead of a lltlla. cut along vertical jcints. Chtlima-A smaU pit excavated in stream course for dr;J>king water. Kunta-Pond. Clumnu-Tank; Muggurayi-Barytcs. Pedda-Big, Dirlne--'-Lowly earthen elevation usually forming the site of a vlllagr. Penta-Halling place for carts in theforesl. ••Gu/larayi-Travertine de):osit. Kankar~Hard calcareous tufa. Morumu, Moru..'II-Earthy or powdery calcarec>ns tufa,. Sunnamu-Lime. TAIIIJ! 2. Calcareous Tufa Deposits, In the limestones. - In the ealcar~u• sba/e•. In tlw Archaeans. Vempal/es Narjis (Nirjis) Koilkuntlas Tadpatrl.• (I) (2) (3) (4) (5) . AniJJitapur district- Anantapur district, Tadpatri Anantapur district, Tadpdtri Kumool district, Dhone Anantapur dh.trict, TadpaJrl taluk. taluk. (Dronachalam) taluk, taluk, Chi/lavaripa/le (14" 38': Kri.•hnapuram (IS" 36': 77° S4'), 78" 3 '), Daditota (14" 36': 77" KONA RAMESWARA· Chinnapappuru (14° s6•: 77' 59'). . SWAMI (IS• 9': 77• 55') 52') to Pasaluru (14" !7': /llantapur taluk, travertine deposit. Over n· 52'). Kamalapuram 30C,OOO tons. (14• 53': n• 32')­ Kurnoo~ taluk, Cumbumz Jo,ooo tons. Karakala (Is• 38': 78" 7') ' Gooty (Gulli) taluk KurnooJ district, Dhone Kurhool district, Bangana­ Yarakuru (15° 41'': 78° 11}. Kurnool distri~r, Cumbum PAM!DI R.S.(I4• 57': (Dronachalam) taluk. polle toluk taluk. 77° 34 ~ :)-160,(K)()tons. Kaipa (IS• 17': 78" 19') Nandikotkur taluk. Ankalammapalle OS' Chittoor distrirt Bngganipalle (IS• 23': white powdery tufa. 13 ': 78° 53 'l 20,000 tom 77° 53). NANDAVARAM (15" Chintalapal/e !IS" 44': Baireni (15"26': 78' SO'. - Kalahasti ta/uk Katur Chinna Malkapuram (15' 23' 78• 17 ') white pow 78o 11"), travcrtinl!' tieposit in (13° 42.: 79"48') 22': n• sq•l. White dcry tufa. 142,000 tons. De~anuru (15° 44 .. : 78° quartzite. 1.600 tons powdery • tufa. Does Dose not viritfy at 1300' 16 ). Janapalocheruvu os• Srtnrvasaouram not vilrifyat 1200"C, c. Ja/a~a11uru (~s· 42': 78" 20'), 29': 79" 9') 30,000 tdr.s. (13° 43': 1~· 49'). PALKUR (15° 25': 18' KhaJlpet OS 43': 78" 18') Sanjivaraopeta (15" 17'1 1s·•. 78" 54') 20,000 Ions. 7

Calcar«Jru Tufo lhpo:rit•. In the limestotru. In tat ttJlctll't!DIU slul/Jo._ In the .h:halans. Yempal/ts Nar~u (Nirji8) &>i."kuntltu TDL/ptl/lls. (I} (2) (3) (4) (S) l'u/lln .ta/u4 Koc:hcheru\'U (IS• 19': 77• While poWdery !Ufa. Rol/apadu (IS• 44": 78° Markapur ta/uk- Small Oddcmalakurta . 52'). White powdery . 665,000 tons. Does not 22'. \ patches at many placct (13" 22': 17" 22'). tufa. 20,000 tons. Vitrity at 1200• C. Nandya/ taluk Bogt"Swaram Gudi (I S• Nandyah rlrutllmi ta/uk Malkapuram R.S. (IS• 36': 78" 25')-67,500 tons. Cherulnmur 21': 77• 59'). White Pendlapuram (15° 21': Kurnool distrl~t. (13•10': 79° 32") powdery tufa. Highly 78° 16'). Whit.o powdery Chcnnakkapalle (IS• Nandyal taluk refractory. tufa. 40':78"20')28,800toos. Gani(l5° 40': 78• 1!1"). Periked(l5•23 ': 71"S2') Rama Tirtham (!5° 27': 78° 17')-86,000 tons. Gad/vtmula (15'41':78° SiT>"tl ta/uk Koilkuntla ta/uk, 26'). C:hagalamarri (14" ss•: Ahdullapuram (IS• 0': Gani (15" 40': 78" 1!1' ). 78' ?S')-10.~00 tOni. 78• 7')-12.000 tons. Manchalakatra (15° 41 ': Ttikya/n(l5"3 ': 78"6')- 78° 21'), '2,000 tons. · Pasaravayi (15° 39~: 78• 29'). Ramabhadrapalle (IS• 5': 78" 14')-8,000 ton.. Kurn!"1ol taluk Dandanapuram (15° 51': 78"1 '). Ka1/uru(IS" 49': 78' 2'). Nanutru(IS0 43': 78' 5') Nandikntkur taluk Bijinivemula (15° 56': 78° 15'). Malya'a (15° 53': 78• 15' Nandya/taluk BOGESWARAM GUJ:I tl'l0 36J:78°7.S'J- Traver· tine c.!eoositi:J quartritt'. ·261,000 tons.

CoPPER Kurnool taluk, and at Gani (15° 40': 78• 19'), Gumman· ( ~onda (15" 39-: 78° 18) and Pai~a¥ala (15" 37': 78" 2~·) Copper occurs in nature in native state or as. bright ~n Nandyal taluk. A quartz vem m trap associated with green malachite, CuCOJ. Cu (OH)2, blue. azu~te, 2Cu the Tadpatris at Kommamarri (15" 12': 77" 52') and a • Cu (OH) , tarnished bra::s-yell'!w chalcopynte,~u2S. barytes vein traversing the Vempalles at Ramapuram co3 2 , (15• 17': 77" 52') hoth in Dhone (Dronachalam) .taluk Fe2S3 lead-grey, metallic chalc~c1te, Cu:S, tarms~ed greenish or bluish, iridescent, pmchbeck brol¥!1 bo~mte, carry stains of malachlte. Quartz veins crossing th~ , Cumbum slaty shales carry traces of copper-ores at Chlnne­ eu3FeS3 etc. It is known to rna~ from the earliest t1m.es. It finds various uses, such as m aiiO:fS 3:nd utensils, varipalle (15° 24': 79• 9') in Cumbum taluk and at Gajjel~ electrical wires and apparatus and chemJcal mdustry. Konda (15" 45': 79• 24') in Markapur taluk of Kurnool and at Jangamrajupalle (14" 4C'>': 78" 54') in Bad vel taluk Distcibution.-Most of the occurrences of copper-ore of Cuddapah. Details of the occurrence at Mudjgubba in the Ceded districts are .insignificant. . In the Cu~dapah (14" 21': 77• 59'). in Kadiri taluk, Anantapur district are district, traces· of .Il!a!achite are seen m. the,. Puli~end,J.a not known. The copper-ore occurrences in the Arch;eans quartzites in the VICimty of Vemp~Ile (14 ~3 . ~8 28 ). originat~d during a post-Dharwar magmatic period, while In the Kurnool district, c;~uartz vems carrymg thm films those in the Cuddapahs appear to be !!enetically relat~d or tiny needles of mal~ch1te. cut, acro~s t,he. Archae.1n cry­ to the trap intrm;ions with wb.ich they are clo J1eserve8 per cent. per cent. per cent. per cent. (in tons.) (1) (2) (3) (4} (5) (6)

Jn the /imestones­ (Vempalles) . ·

Kumool district­ . \ 1·30 0·69 53·50. Bugganipalle · · 1•02 Chinna Malkapuram 2·39 \·99 4·42 47·53 1·95 0·92 Periked .. · 1·51 52·63 {Narjis)- .Anantapur district­ Kona Rameswarnswami .. 2.-6& 1.62 trace 53.03 Exceeds 300.000 8

Si01 R20J MgO CaO Reserve8. per cent. percent. per cent; percent. (in tons). . (3) (4) (5) (6) (1) (2) Kumool distrlct­ 5·53 2·60 .trace 50•68 12,000 Abdullapuram 5•54 2'41 trace 50•47 2,000 Itik'yala . . · 1•80 1·20 1·43 • 52·37 142,000 Nandavaram {0·88 0·70 2·01 53·24 653,400 Pa1kur .. 5·92 0·88 ·o·65 50·94 12,000 3·05 1·40 trace 52·71 8,000 Ramabhadrapalle 0·70 0·43 53·40 . 86,000 Rama Tirtham 2·36 In tire calcoreous shales..:... (Tadpatns') / Anantapur distrlct­ .., 4·06 2·10 trace 51·0~ Cbinnapappuru 3·10 trace. 50·5 Large Pasaluru • • 4·38 (Cumbums) Kurnool dislrfct­ 9·50 2·60 1·33 47·55 20,000 Ankalammapalle 2·28 2·20 1·33 51·18 1,600 Baircni .. 9·72 4·03 0·23 .46·74 30,000 Janapalacheruvu 1·50 1·26 48·00 . 20,000 Sanjivaraopeta 8·96 (Nandyals) . 1·77 I 50•12 10,900 Chagalamam 4•10 2·~0 stones. The rest with flaws not sUitable for gem cutting ,CORUNDUM find extensive use as abrasive, for diamond cutting, l!iass cutting, diamond dri~g and for dies for drawing wire. Corundum, A20J, ranks next ~ diamon~ among minerals in' hardness, and i~ largely us~ ~or abrastv;: wheels Distributi6n.-The Ceded districtS l:over portions of. made by the incorporatiOn of a bmdmg material such the ancient Golkonda and Bijapur kingdoms, celebrated as 'shellac, with crushed corundum. for dia1nonds. Past workings for,diamonds occur in the Anantapur, Cuddapah and Kurnool districts. Distribution.-In the Anan~pur dist~~t, corundum occurs associated with ultra-baste f!r syemu~ r.o~ks at the • In the gneissic plain of Gooty (Gutti) taluk, Anantapur following places, but the econmruc potentlalittes .of the district, and Pattikond11 taluk, Kumool district, diamonds deposits are not known. · . . have been obtained from the follnwing places: Anantapur taluk-Atmakuru (14" 39': 77" 22'). Anantapur district- .' Danduvarapali.i-(14" 39': 77" 42'). Gooty (Gutti) tal.uk-Bodasanipal!e (15" I': 77• Padamatiyaleru-(14" 30': 77" 22'). 26'}. Pasalur-{14" 39': 77" 40'). • Ganjikuma (5.1' 77• 23'). . Reddipalli-(14" 43': 77" 41'). · Konganapalle-(15" 11': 77" 33')-Mote than one Siddaramapuram-(14" 41': 77" 40'). large and valuable· stone have been' obtained during the Tbimmapuram-{14" 42': 77" 23'). last 17 years. · Dharmavaram taluk-M_uddulachcruvu-(14" 26': 77" Lattavaranz-(14" 55': 77" 16'}. 22'). Mulaka/apenta-(!'5° 12': 77" 31'}. Motaruchintarlapalle-(14" 14': 77" 24'). Pedda Hoturu-(15" 0': 77" 18'). c;;yapuram-{!4° 23': 77" 21'), . · Wajra Karur-(15" 1': 77" 23')-Even now yields Hindupur . ta1uk-Parigi (13". ~4': 77" 28'). Said to occasional diamonds after l'ains. · have yielded large qwmhtJcs for export. Kurnool districi- Kalyandrug taluk-Manirevu-(14" 36': · 77° 18'}. Pattikonda ta1uk-Gade Anantapuram Nutimadugu-(14" 29': 77" 20'}. , Girigatla-'-(15" 18': 71° 33'). Obalapuram (14" 37': 77" 18'), .. Jonnagiri-(15" 14': 71° 35') .. Palavenkatapuram_.::(l4" 33': 77" 20'). ' Kadamaguntla-(15° 16':. 71° 40). Pagadrapi-(15°'16': 77° 36'). In the Chittoordistrict, ':ery sm.all quantities ofcorundum Peravali-(15° 17': 77° 30'}. are enclosed in the mtca-schtst at Yerracheruvupalle (13° 24': 79" 2') in Chittoor ta1uk, _fo;med pro~ably Tuggali-(15" 18': -77" 33'). through metamorphism of a . pr:-extstmg a1ummf!US Upparapa//e-(15" 13'-: 71° 37'). sedi~ent or as a result of crystallisation of excess alumma In a basic igneous rock. , Tlie source-rock of the diamonds here has been thought to be eithe~ altered dolerites 9~ epidote-bearing pegmatites, or a posstble former extensiOn of the diamondiferous DIAMOND. Banganapalle conglomerates. Th~ Wajra· Karur epi· diorite, when prospected by an experienced miner, did not· Diamond, the transparent c.rystal form of. carbon,· often reveal a trace of diamond. Some of the dolerite dykes witb tints of yellow, grey, green or blue,. IS the ~ardest are considered to be comtemporaneous w1th the Cuddapab known mineral substance. It has a spcctfic gravity of traps, but from the trap exposures n!) diamond 3·52 and refractive index of 2·42. The flawless, blue, ·has bee!'- re~orted. so far. T~ere is !'-0 trace of conglo­ cotourles~ or green, ·well formed crystals are valued as gem merate m thl!' regton, thf gne1sses bemg covered by thin 9

IIOi1. On the oltler band; abundant debris of p'egmatite Mogili Penta (16" 4': 78" 38')-In tl c 1 ::11 is found with old diamond workings and Mr. P. Venkayya (Krishna). • is said to have possessed a piece of pegmatite with diamond. Muravakonda (16" 1': 78" .16')-In the Kistna In the Cuddapah district, the · Penneru gravels (Krishna). . . . between Chennur (14" 34': 78" 49'"j and Dor­ Satanikota (15" S5'; 78" 13')-In the Tunga- lampalle {Obalampalle)* (14" 33': 78" 50') in Cuddapah bhadra. • taluk and at Kottakolaknnta (Kottagullagunta)*(14° 51': 78° 26') '- Jammalamadugu taluk are reported to have Nandyal. taluk-Poluru (15" 32': 78" 26')-In the yielded diamonds. The old workings north . of the Kunderu. Penneru near Kanuparti (14° l4': 78° 49') are said to Diamonds, probably washed down from the nearby · have been reworked and abandoned in 1830. Banganapalle conglomerate, have been reported from The reported occurrences or sites of old workings. in the Allahabad (15" 17': 78" 0'), Chanugondla (15? 21': ·n• Kurnoel district are listed below, They are either in the 42'), Peddapodilla (15" 17'; 77" 44') and Pyapalli (15° present stream gravels or in the Banganapalle conglo­ 14": 77" 45') in Dhone taluk. The diamond of the present merate which is the only diamond-bearing horizon in the gravels might have been derived partly from outcrops of Purana group•of rocks. Rock crystals might have been the Banganapalle conglomerate lying upstream. The mined at Basavapuram {15° 25': 78° 38') situated on the original source from which the diamond was transported . Cumbums as tihy pieces of the same are seen in dumps into the conglomerate must have been exposed to the · around. . , · . processes of weathering only in the Banganapalle age, In the Bangandpalle conglomerate-. being submerged under wat~r during the rest of the Cudda­ pah-Kumool era. Such might have been the case with Banganapalle sub-taluk-Banganapalle (15° 19': the pegtnatites of Gooty (Gutti) and Pattikonda referred 78., 15')-Diamonds are annually picked after raiiis. A to .above, under the following circumstances. The peg­ recent find was valued at Rs. 6,000 in Bombay. (Fig.!) matites, which are not far from the western border of the Dhone (Dronachalam} taluk -Balapuram (15° 3~': present extent of ·the sedimentarics, might have been 78• 5'). . submerged by the Cuddapah sea and later covered by Boyanapillle (15" 32': 78° 8'). thin Cuddapah sediments. At the end of the Cuddapah Dhone (Dronachatam) (15° 24': 77" 53') •. period, this region emerged from the sea and formed part Gattimanikonda (15~ 32': 78° i4'). of the land mass when the thin layers overlying the dia- Madavaram (15° 16': 77° 59') •.. . mondiferous rocks were eroded and denuded away. Later Muddavaram (15° 30':. 78° 6'),· they might have possibly contributed to the sediments of Mzmimadugu (15" 16': 77° 59'). the Banganapalle epoch. Thereafter the Kurnool sea ' Pendekallu (15" 32': 78° 4'). might have engulfed the diamondiferous rocks once again. 0 This is borne out by the fact that the Banganapalle stage is / Ramallakota (1S 34' : 78° 0}-Called previously exposed as a narrow belt in the western part of the Cuddapah Ravvala-kota or Diamonds-Fort; fine small diamonds are basin, thinning gradually towards the east and south, and picked up every year after the rains. . the Banganapalle sea must have occupied a far smaller · Repall!' and Virayapalle (15" 33': 78" 5')-Yielded area than the earlier Cuddapah basin or the latter Kurnool .fine diamonds upto 1/2 car{lt per ton of conglomerate. sea. Timmapuram {15° 32': 78" 3'). It is quite probable that the circumstances which helped Yambaye (15" 34': 78" 7'). , in the journeying of the diamonds from their sourpe rock Koilkuntla taluk-Ramavararil (15° 17': 78" 8')­ to the Banganapalle conglomerate might not have altered .Annual pickings near hamlets. substantially till the spreading of the vast sea of sedimen• tation of the Narji grey massive limestones. Therefore, Kurnool taluk-Devamada (15" 50': 78" 7'). it might be expected that the conglomerates associated . Komarolu (15" :k: 78" 10'). · with the basal layers of the Narjis as well as. those at the Puduru (15" 51': 78" contact of the Narjis with the Cuddapahs might also 9'). carcy diamonds. At Petnikota (15" 5' : 78"3') in Koilkuntla Nandyal taluk-Chennakkapalle (15" 40':. 78" 20' mluk, Kurnool district, where the Cuddapah-Narji contact is seen, a legend is current that people walking In the present gravel~ along the south-westerly path leading to Kondamayapalle (15°4' : 78"2') used to experience a change in their colour Kurnool taluk-Joharapuram (15" 49': 78". 4')­ to ~een at about three-quarter mile from Petnikota. This In the Tungabhadra. phenomenon might be due to light reflected by a green . Kalava (15" 37': 78" 12')--'In stream joining the gem. However, the author did not experience this change Kunderu. • ~ in colour when he visited the vlace in ·1948. He was told that it c~ased some years ago, Kannamadakala (15" 42': 78" 12')-In the Kun- deru. Future.-Diamonds are reported to be picked up every Kontalapadu (15" 39': 78" 9')-In the Kunderu· year after rains near Wajra Karur in the Anantapur district and near Ramallakota, Banganapalle and the • Lanjapolur (15" 46'; 78" 1')-In the Hindri river. hamlets of Ramavaram in the Kurnool district. All Stones of good shape and quality. 1 attempts at Wajra Karur to mine diamonds have failed Panchalingala (15" 52': 78" 2'rln the Tunga­ owing to doubts regarding the source rock. The possi­ bilities of diamond mining here could be considered when bluidra. some more light is thrown on the source rock by the Tandrapadu (15" 51': 78" 4')-In the T~ga­ systematic survey now being carried out in that area. In bhadra. the Kurnool district, the diamondiferous conglomerate Varakuru (15" 41': 78" 11')-In the Kunderu. forms a large patch south of Ramallakota in an east-west direction and between Banganapalle and Allahabad over Nandikotkur taluk-Bannuru (15° 44': 78" 14')- a length of 15 miles along the plateau edge where the In the Kunderu. · · hamlets ·of Ramavaram are situated. In recent years Devanuru (15" 44': 78" 16')-In the Kunderu. the conglomerate near Repalle and Virayapalle has yielded Gudipadu (15° 44': 78" 15')-In the Kunderu. only 1/2 carat of diamonds of fine quality per ton, while . ' Marugutti (16" 4': 78° 23')-In the Kistna only the lower slopes of the ridge near Banganapalle have '(Krishna). been pitted. The potentialities of the conglomerate near Ramallakota or in the Banganapalle area can be deter­ • Correct name not used on the topographical sheet. . mined only by detailed prospecting, but this il!.. likely to .

I· .SUP. D.-3. 10 prove a highly speculative venture. When systematic FuJure.-Detailed prospecting of the .gold occurrences or prospecting for diamonds is UIJdertaken, it is worthwhile Dharmavaram and Kangundi taluks men~ioned· above searching also the unconformable contact of the Narjis with · might reveal the presence of workable depostts. Some of the Cuddapalis and the congtomerate bands associated · the veins in the latter area contain 4 dwt. of gold 'with the Nalji basal beds, especially in areas not far froin . per ton of auriferous rock, and appear to be promising. the Tadpatri shale outcrops. In the Cuddapah district Free collection of alluvial gold from the Tungabhadra occurrences, diamonds appear to bo too sparsely distri• and the Kistna (Krishna) by poor people may be _per­ buted in the ullu~ium and conglomerate to make mitted. For modem dredging methods to be frwtful, .working remunerative now.1 at least 3 grains or 1/2 chinna of gold for cubic yard of - sand or gravel should be available over a large area.3 ; GOLD ,IRON Gold is used for bullion, gold leaf and thread, ' . in alloys and medicine, for decorating porcelain and glass, . Iron is the most extensively used of all •metals. and gilding less noble metals. It forms the framework of all modem industries. The · chief iron-ore .minerals are steel grey haematite (Fe 2"3 I Distrib"'tion.-{a) Vein gold.-In the Anantapur district, , with theoreticatly 70 per cent iron apd cherry red streak), , gold bearing quartz veins traversing the chlorite-schis~ iron-hlack magnetite (Fe 3 •"' with 72•4 per cent iron and ~0') of the Dharwar near Ramagiri (14" 18': 77" in black streak), yellowish-brown limonite. (Fe 2"3, H2", I Dharmavaram taluk were mined from 1909 to 1927 and with 60 per cent iron). and siderite Fe~Oa , with 48·3 per · J36,739 ozs. or gold were produced. Some gold was also cent iron, in brown and gray colours with white !ltreak). won from the veins in the chlorite-schists near Rama­ Pyrite (Fe s., with 46·6 per cent iron) is not utilised as a puram (14" 57': 77" 28') and Venkatampalle. (14" 56': source of iron because of its sulphur content, but is valuable 77" 22') in Gooty (Gutti) taluk. . as a source of sulphur in the manufacture of sl,llphuric Short, narrow discontinuous veins of blue or grey quartz acid. · some of which may be auriferous in depth, have been .Distribution.-In the Dharwars of the Anantapur and ·recorded at a few places in the schist belts of the Anantapur Chittoor districts, iron-ores occur associated with· ha~ district; ·' matite quartzites at the following places, unless otherwise Anantapur taluk-Aravakuru (14" 45': 77" 28')­ stated- Trace. Anantapur district- ' Talupuru (14" 42': 77" 28')-Trace. Rayadrug taluk-Kontanalialli* (14"' 43': 76" 53') Vepacherla (14" 34': 77" 26'). Chit,oor district- . The Kolar' schist belt which enters Kangundi taluk of Chittoor is likewise traversed by auriferous quartz veins Chittoor taluk...:....Ayirala (13" 23': 78" 59'). at the following places:- Naraharipeta (13" 6': 79" 8')-Magnetite quart· zite. Bisanattam (12" 51': 78" 16')­ Kalaliasti taluk-Sirasanambedu (13" 51': 79" 52') Average gold content. . 6-7 dwt.2 per short ---Generally low grade, but in places of good workable ton grade. About 30,000 tons of ore of 60 per cent iron is (2,000 lbs). said to have been quarried from .404. Chimi.apartikunta (12" 46': 78" 15') . . Average gold content in vein 5·84-Ci"42 Puttur taluk-Nevallaguntapalli (13" 30': 79~ 18'). 0•58 " In the Purana group of rocks ·of the Cuddapah and · (il') Chigaragunta old dumps .. " Kumool districts, iron-ores are segregated in ferruginous - (iii) Govulgunta " 1'44 · quartzites, sandstones and shales of the Pulivendla, Bairen· (iv) · Nandymadugu homblende- 1•74 konda and lrlakonda stages and in fault zones affecting shist ... .. th\: Cuddapalis, at the following places:- · Malappa Konda {12" 43': 78° 16") 3 to 4. In the Pulivendlas- south end .. Salachintanapalli (12" 50': 78" 16'). .. Cuddapah district- It is stated that generally dark grey quartz veins in the . Cuddapah taluk--Chabali (14" -30': 78" 36')- hornblende-schist carry more gold than white quartz In brecciated quartzite and shale. Partly hidden by a associated with chloritic and other schists. Auriferous layer of whitish quartzitic sandstone. Composition variable veins of blue quartz occur in the Dharwarian ferruginous and includes much red oxide, average of 9 samples quartzites and hornblende-schists near Palachchuru of good orc!'giving Fe at 63.26 per cent but the ore is·high (13" 53': 79" 49') in Kalaliasti taluk, and attempts to work in phosphorus (over 0·12 per cent). these have not been successful, the gold content being Chimalapenta (14" 26': 78" 36'). only upto 1·44 dwt. -per. short ton. . Kasireddi Kunta (13" 54': 79" 19')-Scattered Traces of gold occur in similar quartz veins lit Jonnagiri debris and pebbles of limonite. · · , (15" 14': .77" 35') in Pattikonda taluk of Kumool. These quartz veins are related to some post-Dharwar granitic Pagadalapalle (14" 27': 78" 38')-Poorer than at intrusions in ti)is w;ea. . Chabali. · (b) Alluvial gold.-The alluvials of the Tungabhadra Pendlimarri (14" 27': 78" 39~)-Specular ore in and the Kistna (Krishna) and of smaller streams in the quartz vein. . Dharwar are said to carry gold. Such occurrences indicate the presence of auriferous quartz veins upstream. Gold Kurnool district- specks weathering out from the mother rock are carried. Kumool. taluk--;Gondiparla (15" 50': 78" 4')­ .down by the streams into their present position in the In streaks and small lenses. In the Vempal!es also. alluvials._ In the Bairenkondas- 1Ravva or Vajramu-Diamond. Cuddapah and Kurnool districts: In the western Rati-Splultikamu-Rock crystal· or quartz crystai. ridges of the Nallamala range. . Streaks and lenses in the 1 1 Tola=.1 1/2 dwt.=30 chilmas=40 vals=!80 grains. ferruginous sandstones and quartzites. I dwt=2115 Tola=4 chinnas=Sl vals=24 grains. • Economic value of 11\e deposit is not indicated for Wjlnt of infor• a Banlffl!runu, Bangiuu-Gold.' , mation. 11 ' In the lrlakondas­ In fault zones- ' - J91rnool district- Kurnool district- Nandikotkur taluk-lndireswaram Gudem (ISO Dhone (Dronachalam) taluk-Gattimanlkonda (IS• 56': 79• 39')-Streaks and lenses of haematite in quart- ~:WM~ , !:ites. · • Gutupalle (!5° 26': 78° 3'). Nidemamidu Penta (16° 2': 78° 8')-Streaks and Kmnalapuram (15° 21': 77° 56'). lenses of haematite in quartzites. Muddavaram (15° 30': 78° 6'). . Sangameswaram (I6° I': 78° 20')-Streaks and lenses of haematite in -quartizites. · Papasanikottala (15° 28': 78° 5'). Markapur taluk-Inaparati Konda (~2, 395-I6° 0': RAMALLAK.OTA (IS• 34': 78° I') to :/9° 8')-Streaks and lenses of .ha~matite in quartzites. VELDURTI (!5° 33': 77" 56'). Reserves in. thousand "tons.

0 p (10 c.ft.·I ton) Si • • Fe s (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) '1 •.I395 540 :2. 2 miles east of Veldurti 8 :3_. Brahmagundam hill 866 II-66 60·83 trace I.34 -4. Ridge on Ramallakota-Boyanapalle road 240 23·24 52-42 trace I-76 :.5. Gani Ghattu Hill-West end 48 .. •6. Between No. 5 and ·I840 56 6 · 7. Gani Ghattu hill at Sarafarajapuram path 1 ·s. Hill north of ·I840 270 3·68 64•59 trace HI 9. I mile of S.E. of Ramallakota ISO 24•80 51•62 trace I·39 !10. 2 miles E.S.E. of Ramallakota I,SOO Total 3,7I4

In the last region. much siliceous material is forind Sa'ngameswaram (16°I ': 78°' 20') in Nandikotkur taluk associated' with the ore forming nearly ~0 per cent of and near Bainapalle (x) (IS•'12': 78° 37'), Garla (15° I/ total ore, which appears to have b~.en deposited by hydro- (78° 42'}, Kolamalapeta li4° 58': 78° 38'), Pachagundal~ thermal agency. . . • !-'ent_a (Is• IS' :78• 43') and Rudravaram (15° IS' :78° 36') • 1 n SlfVel taluk. They are also known to occur in the , Quartz veins carrying specular haenatite traverse the Nallamalas of the Cuddapah district. Quartzitic sandstones Cumbums at the following placeS in t~ Kurnool district:- with lenticles of h~ematite appear to have been worked for iron, and the product is said to have been largely used for Cumbum taluk-Janapalacheruvu (Is• 29': 79• 9')­ ploughs and other agricultural implements, but not suitable Associated with maJ:!ganese oxides and a little calcite. for tyres of wheels. ,

1 Markapur taluk-Devarajughatta (15° 48': 79° Hi'). Future.- The iron-ore deposits of the Ceded districts are

' too small to support a steel industry here. For smelting I Gajjalakonda (15° 45': 79° 24'). one ton of haematite ore with 60 per cent iron, about half a ton of hard coke recoverable from two-thirds of a ton of I The post-Kurnool fault zones being practically free coal is required. · In terms of volume, three wagons of from iron-ores, the origin of the latter appears to be post­ haematite ore would be reduced by coke available from . allamalai (Nallamala) but pre-Kurnool. The presence about eight wagons of coal. The sources of coal used in India for hard. coke production are those of the distant f haematite. needles in barytes and the ab1mdance of Jharia, Giridih, Raniganj and Bokaro fields in Bengal­ cherous material in barytes-bearing rocks point to the Bihar area. Further, for use as flux in smelting one ton o=on parentage of the iron oxides acd barytes, as 1oes (2,240 pounds) of pig iron about 900 pounds of limestone he associatioh of specular haematite with manganese with Jess than 6 per cent combined silica and alumina are xides, calcite and vein quartz, point to the derivation of required, and even where dolomite is used only high quality he latter group from a single source. · material with 5 to 6 per cent insolubles is preferred; From the • informatiqn availab_le, no large . deposits In or near the Nallamala range in Nandikotkur taluk of coking coal, h1gh grade bmestone and other mgridients f the Kurnool district, ferruginous laterite occurs in essential for smelting of the iron-ores have come to light in mall patches as ~tAre Penta (15° 59': 78° 4l') and Chitrala Andhra Pradesh. anda (16° 1': 78° 8'), and concentrations of pisolitic aterials form wide patches along streams as near Ananta- LEAD. uram (15° 51': 78• 39'), Bavapuram (15° 56': 78° 33'}, udyala (15• 53': 78° 33'), Erragudur (15° 50': 78° 32'), Lead is a strategic mineral, essential in the okavaram (15• 56': 78° 29'), Karivena (15° 51': 78° 33'}, manufacture of a=unition, etc. Cubic, grey, metallic allakalava (15° 50': 78° 36'), Tudicherla (15° 46': 78° galena, PbS, in which silver sulphide is almost always 7')and Vipanagandla (I5• 49': 78• 18'). Ferruginous present, is the most common ore of lead in India. · lags indicative of a former iron-smelting industry occur • ear Sandrapodn (15° 19': 78° 47') in Cum bum taluk, Distribution."-The lead-ore occurrences of the Ceded ear Galichennayyapalem (15° 37' :78° 35') and Nai·ay:.na­ districts given below are only of scientific interest, Galena· uram (15° 39': 78° 35') in Nandyal taluk, near Kapiles­ bearing quartz veins are associated with the Archaean aram (16° 0': 78" 21'), Marugutti (16° 4': 78° 23') and, or the Cumbum slaty shales. 12

QUARTZ In the Archaeons- Sand paper and • Flint ' · paper, coat~d with> Chittoor district- · • crushed quartz, is the cheapest of ail abrasJVe-coatedl Chittoor taluk-Voddavaripalle (13°·18': 78" 51')­ paper, and is widely used for wood, Ieathe!, bar~ rubber,, ln dolerite. plastics, felt, and rubbed paint and varrush finishes on· metals. Vein quartz with less ~an 0·02 to 0·0.5 per ~nt. . Kumool district- iron content is ground for use m ¥lass, ceram,cs, p~~s,. . Dhon~ (Dronachalam) taluk-Kollakonda (15" 2~'; etc. It is also used as metall~g~cal' flux, ''?r making. 77" 47'), hamlet of Chityala (W zs:: 77" 46')-1:fassJ~e ferro-silicon, silicates, refractones, and for {ll.IScellaneous. galena as irregular pockets in the siliceous fault nrecCJ.a sundry uses. Fragments of colourless quartz crystals 31re-· in granitic rocks. employed in maldng fus.ed quartz ware and phys1calc instruments, selected crystals '?f qua~ are employed in In the Cumbums­ cheap jewellery and for maldng .optical glass, and the most carefully selected ones, 4 inc~es long an~ 2. inches Cuddapah district- in diameter or large enough to g~ve one cubic mch oi Badvel taluk-Zangamrajupalle (14" 46': 78" untwinned, transparent flawless material, are used in radio 53')-Rare granules along planes of bedding and jointing. and telephone instruments. · · Cuddapah taluk-Nagasanipalle (14" 42': 78" 48')- Distributitm.-In all the four districts, many veins .ot· Sporadic specks and small granules. . · quartz, pure and milk _white o~ pink with ferruginous< Kumool district- . . · · stains traverse the schists, gne1sses or the Cuddapah­ eumbu'm taiuk-Giddalur (Is.• 23': 78" 56'}-Thin sednn'entaries-. They are prevalent, especially in tho' streaks. Associated. with an. igneous rock. weakly resistant rocks and along fault !Zones. In Cumbum• taluk, Kumool district, milk white quartz veins occur Nandyal taluk-Che/ima (15" 27': 78? 42')-¥assiv~ in the slaty shales of the Cumbums at Bhupanaguntla. galena in small pocket of vein qua~ near Dorasam B~aVJ. (!5° 24': 78° 50'), Gobarapalle (15° 18': 79° 2'), Idama­ In one instance, namely, 1-1/4. miles south o~ Chelii';la, kallu (15" 17'~ 79• 0'), Lingareddipalle (15° 23': 78• 59'), minute grains of galena occur m b~rytes,n:;soClated With Palugotlapalle (15" 29': 78° 58'), Tatireddipalle {15" 15' :c quartz, thus pointing to the genetic rel~tion of galena "79° 2') and Tripurapuram {15" 22': 78" 59'), within easy• with ba:rytes and quartz. Galena occurs m small pockets reach of the metalled roads. These may b~ workedl 'in trap sills in the yici!lity of Vempalle (14° 23': 78° 28') locally after finding their suitability in the manufacture or in the Cuddapah district. glass-ware, abrasives, etc. The quartz veins are of different: The ·occurrence at Chityala has been prospected and ages, the later ones being probabJy related to trap intru-- • abandoned in recent years. • sions. . · . Future.-Quartz veins scattered ail over the Archaeans~ MAGNESITE and the Cuddapahs can yield a large tonnage of pure silica. of the standard desi;ed ..in glass il;tdustry. The other­ Magnesite, MgC~·· o~rs. here and there essential requirements for a glass industry are 2-1/2 tons. associated with steatite workings m the Vempalle dolo­ of coal and 5-1/2 hundredweights or about 1/4 ton of soda, mitic limestones near Muddava:ram (15" 30': 78" 6') and per ton of glass produced, besides high grade limestone= Musalayyacheruvu (15" 30': 78° 4') in Dhone (Orona or 'lime' for harder glass, pure manganese dioxide as' chalam) taluk, Kurnool district. The v~s vary in thi~k­ decolouriser ahd 'borax for producing clear Optical glass; ness from 1 inch to 2 feet. The formation of magneSite and insulating glass. In Kalahasti taluk of the Chittoor­ might be due to the alteration of dolomite by hydrothermal district, earth soda effi.orescences are collected for making; emanations from trap magma. bangles and beads on a cottage scale. Experiments• should be conducted in the area and elsewhere to deter­ The use of magnesite in the manufacture of electrical mine the annual yield and cost of production of soda_ insulators is described under steatite. ' . . The area is favourably situated for transport, Renigunta• (13" 38': 79° 30'), the nearest railway station on the' MANGANESB Broad-gauge line, being 84 miles from Madras, the im-­ The only known. occurrences of manmneso- portant marketing· centre. • Flint' paper can be manu-· ores in the Ceded districts are those in the Puranas· near factured using as bond either glue or a· synthetic resin• Janapalacheruvu (15" 29': 79" 9') in Cumbum taluk of adhesive, at a site where cheap electric power is availabl~ the Kurnool district, and near the foot of the hill, 2 mi- of 1• les W.S.W. of Setti~nta (13" 51': 79• 24') and a mile fur- RED OCHRE AND OxiDE ther west in the Ctiddapah district. Near Janapalacheru- w stringers of manganese-ore, mostly wad (soft amorpho- Red. ochre is a clay permeated with red' us'mixtures of impure oxides of manganese, passing into ferric oxide and red oxide is a soft ferric oxide: psilomelane), some psilomelane (an impure hydrated oxide with little or no clay base. They have a permanent colour with 52 per cent manganese) and very little pyrolusite with a good covering power, and are employed in paints., (MnO, with 63 per cent manganese), associated with oilcloth, linoleum, paper, ceramics and rubber goods-· ·specul;r haematite, a little calcite and quartz' traverse the and as a pigment .in cement. The oxide pigments are· slaty shales. These occurrences, however, are 'not of eco- · widely used for painting exposed iron and steel works,, nomic value. Ncar Settigunta manganese-ore associated such. as the bodies of ships, bridges, railway coaches, etc.. with iron-ore occurs as impregnation in a Iateritised Distriliution.-In the Dha.rWars, red ochre or oxide· zone of fracture in quartzite. The occurrence is also app- deposits occur in ferruginous phyllites,adjacent to bands: arently of no economic importance. . of ferruginous quartzites at Velpumadugu (15° 3': 77" 12')• • ' . in Gooty (Gutti) taluk of the Anantapur district. , MICA On weathering, the ferruginous shale intercalations irr. Rnby mica . is reported from pegmatites traversing the Vempalles have 'given rise to red ochreous clays at, the Archaean gneisses at Sanapa (14° 37': 77° 28') and Rajupalem (14" 26': 78° 31') in -:Kamalapuram sub-taluk,. Siddaramapuram (14" 40': 77° 20') in Anantapur taluk Cuddapah district, and to deep red soil at Malkapuram­ Anantapur district, and at Kalavaguntla (13° 7': 79• 8') R.S. (ls• 21': 77• 59') in Dhone taluk, Kurnool district. in Chittoor taluk and Punuguchenukbandriga (13° 24': Deposits of cherry or purplish red oxide occur at some- 790 24') in Puttur taluk, Chittoor district. The occurrences places, associated with iron-ore concentrations in the: are of no economic importance&,. P·ulivendlas. • · · • SisaJnU-l.ead 8 Abhrakamu-Mica. 1 Pa/ugu-rayi--Quartz• • 13 ·.

Cuddapah district- Gundlakonda (ISO 29': 77• 39')-Uscd locally Cuddapah taluk-CHABALI (14° 30': 78° 36'). as baking soda. · Razampeta taluk-Erraguntlakota (13° 58': 79• I7'). . . Maddikera (Js• IS': 77• 25')-Uscd locally as Siddhavattam (Siddhavatam. 2) taluk-Mantapam- ·baking soda. palle (14• 19': 79~ 5'). SaDJtvarayanagun ·· d11 (ts• 38' •• 11• 36')-Uscd locally as baking soda. • Kurnoo/ district- Dhone (Dronachalam) taluk-Gutupalle (15° 26': In the Tadpatris- ·19' 3')-A few thous!llld tons. · Cuddapah district- Considerable qua~;tities of red oxide· occur with the iron- Jammalamadugu taluk-LAV ANURU (14~ 42': ores of the faulted zone from Veldurti (Is• 33': n•. 56') 78° 9')-Reh salts.· . . to. Ramallakota (15° 34': 78• I') in tl1e same taluk. Venkayyakalava (14° 43': 78° S')-Reh salts.· The large d~posits of red ~chre with associated white • Pulivendla taluk-Dondlavagu' (14° 29': 78° clay~ aiid yellow ochre at· Nandalur (I4° 16':79• 7'1 or I2')-Reh salts collected by washermen. Pat.uru (I4° 16': 79• 5') in Razampeta talu~, Cuddapab ' -district, occur in the Tadpatri shales. In the Cumbums- The occurrences of deep· red soil near Mahaxfandi · KurnoiJ/ district- (!5° 28': 78• 38') in Nandyal taluk and near. Stir.angapuran;~ Cumbum taluk-Scveral places in the eastern (!5° 20': 78° 37') in Sirvel taluk, along the western foot part .,f the taluk, from Komarolu (15° 16': 79° 0')' in the of the Nallamala range, .in the Kumool d.istnct, might be south to beyond Som.idevipalle (I~· 27': 79• 2') in the attributed to ferruginous· shale intercalations in the Bairen- . north. The annual aggregate yield from the different kondas. · · · · areas is roughly 800 tons. Pale. ochreous shales occur in the Cumbums to the wesl BADINENIPALLE (15° 17': 78• 58')-80 tona. of Doranala (Is• 54': 79• 6') and around Nallaguntla Brahmanapalle (Is• 15': 79• 0')-30 tons. ' {Is• 52': 78° 55') in Marlcapur ta!JJk, Kurnocl d.istrict. JU.SINEPAL~E (!5° l7': 79• 2')-160 tons.. • These may be used locally for colour washing. 1 • KATTIARALLAPALLB (!5° 18': 78° 58')-I80 At BetaD)cherla (Is• 27': 78° 9') in Dhone (Dronachalam) tons. . taluk, large deposits of red ochre occur in the Auk (A vuku) Kottapalle "(!5° I7': 79• 3'). shales. The association/ of these with white clays and yellow ochre, as in the case c;>f the ochres in the Tadpatris, Mal.ikepalle (Is• 16': 79• 3'). is probably due to selective leaching and deposition of Pitikayagulla Is• 29': 79• 8'). ferruginous matter. Pullare4d.ipalle (Is• 17': 79• I'), Future.-A paint industry in the Ceded diStri~s can SOMIDEVIPALLE"-3IO tons. ' 1 consume much of the red ochre and oxide. In commercial Tatiredd.ipalle (I5• I 5 : 79• 2'~ tons. pigments, the linseed oil absorption of raw siennas ·is 25-70 per cent, of raw umbers 44-53 per cent, and of red In ·the Narjis (Nirjis)­ oXides 14-28 per cent. Some red ochre and oxide can Cuddapah district •.:.. be utilised as pigment in cement and ceramic industry 3 • . CUddapah taluk-Paidikalva (\4° 3I ': 78° 39')- . Common salt. . · SALJ.NB EFFLORESCENCE · Jammalarnadugu taluk-Gundlakunta (14° 57': Reh salts · are used_ for the- manufacture of. 78°'25'). . . ' soda-ash and caustic soda, employed in washing . KONDASUNKESULA (!5° 3':78° I8')-90tona clothes and in ' glass and sod.ium chem.icals. Caustic annually. ' soda is used in the manufacture of dye-stuffs, .. refining of vegetable oils, soap, paper, textiles, . etc. Earth salt is Kumool district>- used by the poor in some places. . Koilkuntla taluk-285 tons annually*. Distribution.-Saline efflorescence takes place along · . Oullasingav~am (Is• 15': 78° to•}-35 \ons. · ' stream courses and in low-lying areas where the water­ LINGAMDINNE (ts• 5': 78° 17')-35 tons. table comes close to the surface in soils derived from the ·- MUKKAMALLA (IS• 10'1 78° 16')-120 tons. gneisses, calcareous slates of t~.e Ta.dpatri and C:umbum stages, limestones of the Naf)t {NtrJl) and Ko•lkuntla, VEMULAPADU (15•. !4': 78° I2')-95 .tons. , and from the Auk (Avuku) in'!iers ih the last. The occurr- (Fig. 2). ences are gt'ven below with estimated annual yield of some In the Koilkuntlas- • places. The' available analvses of a.-few important occurr­ .ences are given in Table No. 4. Kurnool1iistrict- . Banganapalle sub-taluk-Nandivargam (15° 2.5': In the Archaeans- · 78° 19'). •. Anantapur districi- Nilugondla (!5° 15': 78° 14')-25 tons annually. Anantapur and Penukonda taluks-Stretches. Timmapuram (Is• 24': 78° IS'), Vitlapuram (15° 2l ': 78° 19'). Chittoor district- . Nandyal taluk-Vaddagundla (!5° 31 ': 78° 23') . Kalahasti taluk-At several places north-east and Reh salts. east of K~lahasti (13• 45'; 79~ 45') and at Chiyyavaram Sirvel taluk-Tippanapalle (Is• 4': 78° 34'). (13°. 51': 79• 41 '). Regular annual yield from' discontinu-. ous patches, locally used for making bangles and beads. In Jhe Auks (A ~kus)- · . · , Kurnool district- Kurnool district-· , . SieVe! taluk-Chintakommadinne (!5° 4': 78° Pattikonda taluk-Davanakonda ·(!5° 32'! n• 32'). 3')-Used locally as bakinl?; soda. • During the last 7 or 8 years the saline efforeocence at Gulla~ 2 CoiTect name .not usec;l on the iopographical sheeL Singavaram and Vemulapadu bas been much less than in previous years. 3 Erra•u1da-Red Ochre. Erramotti-Deep red soil. • . I SU!'. D.-4.· i4

Lingamayapalle (!5° 12': 78° 35') N Narl!sapn- In the saline tracts, porosity of soils is low as evidenced ram (Is• 10': 78• 35'). · by slow recuperation in wells, probably on account of their calcareous nature. As the rate of percolation is In the Nandyals- I slow in such soils, salts appear to accumulate slowly in ' Cuddapah dtstrict- them. The source of salt~ must bet~ underlying rocks Cuddapah taluk-Chinnamachupalle (14° 32': which wer.e formed as marine sediments. In marshy areas 78° 43-')-Common salt. - · , the soil salts tend to move up aqd 'efllorescence over. th~ . Eguvapalle (14• 30': 78° 42')-Common salt. ground 'surface in hot weather. - . · Proddatur taluk-chennainarajupalle (14° 47': Future_: The annual yield and cost of recovery of reh 78° 36'). . . . salts in the Ceded Districts should be investigated in ditf. Gopavaram (14° 47': 78• 34'). 'erent areas, keeping in View their utility in chemical and ' Korrapadu (14° 49': 78• 35'). glass industries.** • TABLE 4.

Analysis of Saline Effiorescence ' \ Cuddapah Kurnool district. district: r------~------~------·------·------~ I • '\ Ban- Cumbum taluk. Koilakuntla taluk. · Jammala. gana­ ·r-----"~---...... madugu pnlle .l!! • · taluk. sub­ ;; taluk. .e. i 5 §< Konda­ Nilu­ .!; -:::!· sunkesula, gondla . ~ ~ (I) (2) . (3) (4) - (12) ' Total solid (water ll.116 3.22 soluble at 180° C). HC03 0.61 1.52 0.60 7.20. 1.53 trace irace trace 0.31 1.22 0•31 COa •• 0.30 .. . .. 0.30 Nil• so. 9.52 1.33 3.04 0.115 0.12 0.60 l.OI . 0.04 16.06 0.73 0.72 Cl .. 26.63 8.88 4.22 6.72 1.20 3.70 6.11 0.61 13.15 0.89 11.39 No3 trace. Nil. AI &Fe trace 0.02. 0.04 trace trace trace N(l. Ca 1.46 0.05 0.33 0.15 0.151 ~0.36 0.55 0.045 3.84 0.0~ 0.22 Mg 0.16 0.12 0.24 .0.004 0.06 0.20 0.003 0.11 0.10 0.08 K 0.22 0.32 0.49 trace 0.45 Na 18.02 7.4 3.81 2.61 ' 1.10 2.12 3.50 0.407 14.32 ·uo 7.21 •• Chavlti Uppu-saline efforescence. Mada Conical earthern structure for salt manufacture: Chavudu--Saline soil · Uppu-Salt. . .Kayya-llhallow flat basin for the evaporation of saline ,solution.

SERPENTINE Srn.>.TITB . Serpentine, · 3Mg0. 2Si02. 2H20, IS an ornamental. . Steatite, comp?sed ent!rel) ?f cryptocrysta- building stone, suitable for interior decoration. llme ta~c, 3Mg0. 4SIO~. H20. IS usea m ·ceramics, paint, Distribution.-Serpentine forms an enveloping zone cosmetics, ~il~s, electnc. porcelain, as lubricant, filler in around asbestos in all occurrences of the latter. Thin, · asbestos shingles, blocks and slabs, composition floorings irregular bands of serpentine with a little or no asbestos polishes, etc. ' ~ava_' steatite i~ Jalued for making high: occur also at the following localities in the VempaUes frequ~nc.y .~

. • IS • Anantapur district­ . The redoOCheous_cla_ys in th~ V~mpalles near Rajupalem Anantapur taluk...!.JULAKALA VA (14°50' :77° 48')-In tn the Cuddapah distnct con tam small pockets of white :disturbed zone. Good lava grade variety. Light grey. clays. · U.p to 18 inches thick. . In the Tadpatrl shale,s white clays formed as a result Karnapudi (14° 46': 77" 52')-In disturbed beds. of weathering, are exposed at the ground surface along :Second grade, several hundred tons. streams. The deposit at Balapuram is attributed to the Gooty (Gutti) taluk-Krishtipadu (15° 4': 77" 47'). action of hydrothermal solutions from the traps on shales · · Tadpatri taluk-Jangamreddipalle (14° 22': 77"55')­ :J11os~ of the clay deposi.ts of Razampeta taluk, Cuddapah 'Fatrly good bands· upto 1 foot thick. One 4 feet thic~ dtstnct, come under this group as given below, impure band. · Madugupalle (14" 43': 77" 54')-In distur~ zone. ' Anantapur district- •Greenish. Fairly good quality. Thin bands. · Tadpatri taluk-Balapuram (14" 47': 71° 59')- Nerijamupalle (14" 32': 78° 1')-Ciose to trap. Sporadic, vitrify at 1,300°-1,350" C. -Guu.i quality •. Cuddapah flistrict- TABJULA (14~54': 77° · 49')-Whitish, greenish. Razampeta taluk-ANANTARAZUPETA (14" 0'•

'Needs prosp'ecting. '• se'ttigtmta (13" 51'1 7.9" 24'). Pendakallu (15" 32' : 78" 4')-Green.. Excellent • T~llapaka (14" 1~': 79" 9~-With red clay. Fuses .quali\Y· ,at 1,160 C. ·. Kurnool taluk-Gadidemadugu (Gargeyapuram) (15° .. 47': 78" 9')-Close to traps. · Light greenish grey with Kurnool district- •streaks . of iron ore. . Nandyal taluk-Gani (15° 40': 78" 19')-Burns Yaparlapadu (15" 39': 78" 0')--<::lose to trap. light red. Vitrifies slightly at 1,200" C.' A few hundred tons. ' F~ture.-Steatite may be of use in various industries, mainly ceramic and paint industries. Manufacture of A few deposits of white clays occur in the Cumbums -electrical insulators from 'lava ' grade steatite, available at the following places:- .at some places in the Ceded districts is worth investigating. · In this process, steatite is .pulverized, lfllxed. with some Cuddapah district- plastic kaolin, and barium and magnesium carbonates, . Razampeta taluk-BHAKARAPETA (14~25':78"$7') -dry .pressed in metal dies, and fired to about 1;400" C. Fairly good. Vitrifies at 1,250° C. 112,000 tons. Magnesium carbonate or magnesite occurs associated with -steatite at some places in the Kurnoo1 district.' Obali (14" 17': 79" 14') or Singareddipalle (14• 18': 79" 15)-Some tve~. plastic, some slightly plastic Burns purplish grey. Vttnfies at 1,2so• C. 33,000 tons. WHITE.. CLAYS Plastic white clays vitrifying . between 1,250• C. .Kurnool district- :and 1,300• C. are useful in the manufacture of stoneware which except art ware· is always salt-glazed. · Cumbum 'taluk-Giddalur (15" 23': 78° 56')­ Highly plastic clays, in which felspar and mica occurring Fairly plastic. Burns brownish black .. · Fuses at 1,200" c. in finely divided form constitute 20 per pent and iron 84,000 tons. -oxides 1 per cent are ideal for the purpose. Although . . white burning ~lays are valuable in making some of·the Markapur taluk-CHINTAGINJALAPAYA (16° 'fine stol)eware bodi~s. the clays generally used in stoneware 14' I ?9" 31'), ~ocally cal_led _A~apalem-Appears to be manufacture get colo\Jred on .burning, imparting the . extenstve. Detailed exammatton ts necesSllry. . · usual colour to the stoneware. White cla:,;s with .low ·aurrapusala (15° S8'· 79• 14')-Small 1a f b fusi•;m' temperatures find qther uses as filler m paper and vitrifies at 1,250o C. \ ' P . s tc ut textiles, etc. Distribution·.-White clays occur in gnei;ses, formed by In the Auk (Avuku) shales of the Kurnool district white weathering of felspathic materials, at Nagalavaram (15° ClaYS are exposed in· gullies on hill slopes at the foUowing 49': 77" 59') and Peddapadu (15° 48': 77° 59') in Kurnool places: taluk, and at Kosanapalle (15° 31':. 77" 53') in Dhone ' Dhone (Dronachalam) taluk-Ambapuram (15" (Dronachalam) taluk, Kurnoo1 district. , 23': 78" 6') Burns Buff to grey. Fairly plastic. Vitrifies at. 1,300" ,C. 10,000 tons. I l!aehi~parayi-Steatite or potstooc. . . . ' . ' BETAMCHERLA {15°~7':78°9'}-Associated with YELLOW OCHRI! yellow ochre. Slightly plastic. Burns· buff. Vitrifies at ' 1,350° C. 337,000 tons. Y-ellow ochfe, ·a ·clay permeated by hydrated ferric­ Komm~arri (1,5° 12': 77" 52'). oxide, is extensively used, like red qchre, for paints, oi~ cloth, etc., and as pigment in cement, ceramics, etc. RAMALLAKOTA (15"34' :'78°0'}-Mixed half with . . . yellow oc~re. Non-plastic. 4 per cent grit. Bums white. Distributiof!.-Like the red ochre, yellow ochre deposits. Refractory at 1,350° C. _500,000 tons. · occur as po~kets 1ri the Vempalles of Cuddapah, and Auks. Koilkuntla taluk-Bechiraku. (x) (15° 3': 78° 1'). . . -(Avukus) of Kumool,. at localities given below. There Kolimigundla (15° 5': 78° 7'). are trivia} occurrences· ass?ciated with the Dharwar mag.·. 0 Kondamanayanipalle (15.8': 78°.3'). neiite quartzites at Chinnasamudram. (13. 5': 79° 5') in Chittoor taluk, in-a spate intercalation in the Bairenkondas; :- Korumanipalle (15° 0': 78° 7')._ · ~ or in the Cumbums near Siddhavattam (Siddhavatam) R.S, Mettupalle (15° 15': 78°. 7!), · {14" 26': 78° 55') in the Cuddapah district, and in the­ Kumool taluk-Puricherla (15° 44': 78° 8')­ Nandyals at Pasurutla (15° 47': 78° 41') in Kurno0 ; Mostly streaked with colours, Pockets of better qualily. taluk. In all the occurrences ferruginous material has Fairly plastic. Bums grey., Vitrifies at 1,350° C .. 30,000 tons. weathered to yellow limonite. Nandikotkur taluk-Bijinivemula (15° 56': 78° 15'), .. ., ~andyal taluk-Bollavaram. (15" ,39': 78° ~4:)-- , In the' Vempal{es-, Pure white. . Gunthem (15° 37': 78" 15'). . · ·cuddapah district- Kottala (X) (15" 39': 78° 16'); . Cuddapah taluk-MITTAMIDAPALLE (14°26'• . 78°44') . ' • PAIBAGALA. (15" 37': 78°22')-Plasticity poor. Little grit. Vitrifies at 1.350• C. 187,000 tons. - Nandimandalam (14° · 26': 78° 32'), ' Pangadi (15• 43': 713< 41 '). UPPALAPALLE (14• 26': 78° 32'). Rangaswami (f5" 37': 78°_19'). ' . Ya/appa Konda (15" 37': 78° 141 '). In the Auks (Avukus)- There are two large deposits in the. Nandyals- . K:umool district- / Cuddapah district-· · Cuddapah ialuk~RAMPATADU (14° 29' Dhone (Dronachalam) taluk-AMBAPURAM ' 78° 42'}-F\Ises at 1,160° C. 160,000 tons. (15.23': 78°6')-Associated... , w,ith white clays. 2 million tons. BETAMCHERLA (15° 27':. 78° 9')-Associatedi Kurnool district- . . with white and purple clays. 1.8 million tons; . Nandyal tal)lk-PRAEMA (15° 31' : 78° 37')­ .Bukkapurain (15• 36': 78• 5 ')-Soft. Highly plastic. Slightly grey. Vitrifies 'at, 1,350° C. 1,300,000 tons. Kortikunta (15°. 35': · 78° . 2 '). , Greyish clay. uccur .associated with the Upper Gond­ Krishnapuram (15" 36':78°·3')-Poor quality~ wana shales near ab-out Toidavuru (13° 6': 79' 47') in 67,500 tons. . , . Tiruttani taluk, Chittoor district. :>ituated under thick Nereducherla (15° 12': 77° '5') soil cover, the clays coul!l not be estimated. . Pullagummi (15° 37': 78° 2'). Future ...:..Jn Razampeta taluk of the Cuddapah district, . white clays suitable for stoneware occur close to the Broad­ RAMALLAKOTA (15°34':78°0')-With white- gauge railwaY. line, deposits in the order of importance clays. 350,000 tons. . , · being at Amintarazupeta, Chinna Orampadu, · Bhakara­ peta, 'Koduru, Nandalur and Chitvel. The- Hastavaram Kurp.ool taluk-Diguvapad~ (15° 46': 78° 11 'J. deposit, parts of which fuse at lo~er temperatures, .should Loddipalle (1~0 41': 78 .. 4'). · be mixed with highly refractory cllt ys such as those of Ramallakota before use. The probable reserves of these uYYALAVADA (W 38': 78° 5')-Poor deposits, excluding' the Hastavaram deposit; exceeds one quality. 375,000 tons. million tons. In the Kumool district, similar clays occur, in the '.order of importance, at Praema and· Betamcherla . Nandik?tkur taluk-Pangadi (15° 43': 78° 41 '). near the Metre-gauge railway and at Paibagala, Puricherla · Nandyal taluk-Paibagala (15° 37': ')g• 22'):- and Ambapuram. The Praema clays .are highly plastic, · Fine and soft. • , , · while the Puricherla clays have poor plasticity. The- ' probable reserves of ~ese deposits exceed 1~1£2 millio~ Pinnapuram (15° 36': 78°. 16')-Fme and soft. tons. With these available reserves and prqxuruty to rail t.-ansport, it should be possible to start manufacture of Rangaswami temple.' (15° 37': 78° 19'). ' stoneware, such a5 floor tiles, sewage pipes, potteries and obje~ts of art. Chemical stoneware is made by compounding Future.-The future of yellow ochre in the Ceded Districts small amounts of kaolin and felspar with various plastic iS the same as that of red ochre, namely in- paints a~d as. clays. In special types of stoneware, . silicon carbide is mixed with clay to improve the conductivity of the body pign;,ent jn cement and ceramics. The linseed oil absorp­ and resistance to temperature changes and to alkaline tJ."on _of yellow ochre in commercial pigments. is 29-49' and chemical solutions. In s9me cases, barium oxide is per cent.+. added to incre-dSe the resistance to the 11ttacks of basic ,l:hemicals. * · · · t Pachcha·Sudda-Yellowocbre. • Tella...sudda-Wbit~> clays. Sudda-Soft shale, cia Fig. 4.-Sculpture in Limestone, Chcnnakcswaraswmi temple, ' Pushpagiri (Rer. page 17, 20.) (PHOTO; N,V.ll,S. OUTT.)

Pig. S.-.'Cuddapah slab' quai'T)', Niduzuvvi (Nirji). (Ref. pa{!C 18.) (PHOTO: N.v .B.S. OUTT.)

~ Fi}r.-6.-Sculpture in quartzite, Sangameswaraswami Temple Aoimala (Ref. page 20.) (PHOTO : N.V.B.B. DUTT,) Fig. I.-Ancient Diamond workings (A.W.) on ridge west o( Banganapalli (Ref. page 9.) (PHOTO: N.V.B.S. Dun.)

Fig.2.-Conical Earthem Structures ('Mada-s,} for Salt Manufacture, Vemulapadu tRef. page 13.) · (PHOTO; N.v.B.S. DUTT.)

Fig. 3.- Structure for Tulasi, carved in trap, Ramallakota. (Ref. page 17 .) {PHOTO: N.v.B.S. DUTT.) 17

OR~ GENESIS In Table No. S an attempt has been made to indicate the mode' offormation- of minerals of economic importance

TABLB S, Economic minerals and their mode of oCCJITrenCt!, Geological conditions. In associated Fault /imue Replacements or in quartz SegregaJ/ons, secondary traps. fillings. •eilu. mrrirhmenJs, residual deposits. (l) <2> <3> I <4> (S) Nandyal calcareous shale and shaly .. Cal=us tufa, white clays and limestone. yellow ochre . Koilkuntla limestone .. Calcareous tufa Auk (Avuku) ferruginous shale Red ochre, whito clays and yellow ochre N.u:ii (Nirji) limestone Calcareous tufa Banganapalle diamondiferous con• Diamond glomerate. . Irlakonda (lrla Kanda) ferruginous Iron-ore quartzite. · - Cumbum calcareous shale •.• Bacytes, copper-ore, galena, CalcaieOus tufa and white c:l8,YI. iron-ore, mangaoCSCH)rc and quartz. ~onda ferruginous quart· .. Barytes and quartz. Iron-ore and red soJL zite and shale. · ' 'Tadpatri calcareous or ferrullinOns Bocytes, copper­ Copper-oiC and quartz. Calcareous tufa, rect ochre and shale. ore, galena and whitoclays. quartz, Pulivendla quartzites Bacytes, iron­ Barytes,copper-ore,iron-oiCand Iron-ore and red oxide. ore and quanz, quartz. Vempalle 'dolomitic limestone and Barytes and quartz ·no. Asbestos, barytes, copper-ore, CalcaieOus tufa, red ochre and ferruginous shale. iron-ore, magnesite, quartz,. yellow ochre. serpentine and steatite. Archaean gneiSses and .diamondi- Galena Copper-ore, mica and quartz,. Diamond, white clays and cal- ferous pegmatites· caieOus tufa. · .. Corundum, gnld, quartz and CalcaieOus tufa, iron-ore, red Dharwar ferruginob> quartzites steatite. o>

The igneous activity which accompanied some of the GRANITES GNEISSES AND TRAPs pre-Cuddapah earth. move~ents has prob!lbly b~en res­ ponsible for the d1amondiferous pegmautes, lDICa and. The Ceded districts abound in handsome types of corundum, quartz veins .carrying go~d, . copper-ores and ll;I~nites and gneis~es. Th~y are close-grained or porphy­ galena, while. the formatiOn of steatite IS due to hydro- . nuc, and occur m pleasmg shades of red, grey or white thermal solutions. \ · • and occasionally green. Because of regular jointing they . are readily quarried · and dressed. In the temple of All the mineral deposits of the. Puramt group, except for Ramallakota · in the Kurnool district, there is a beautifu] some calcareous tufa, red ochre, white clays· ~nd yellow structure full of images and designs in trap for Tulasi. ochre; are confined t<;> th:e C~daapahs ~d a~;soc1ated traps.. (Fig. 3). . . , Evidence of mineralisation IS found m all stages of·the . Cuddapahs excepting the Kistnas (Krishnas) which have ·. R9llers, gnndstones and mortars are extensively made not yet been completely mapped on a large scale,. as. well of thesr rocks. as in the associated traps. The faults traversmg the Ku'mools are free from mineral deposits. It is clear there­ LIMESTONES fore that· here the form~tion ?f the. primary ;mit;~erals 1 Massive limestones and dolomite, especiaily the whose origin may be ascribed either directly or mdii~ly (onner, and . the recrystallised types called marbles· are to ·an igneous source, was due to the trappean ac?VIty excellent building stones, the uniformly fine to medium and that the intrusion of the traps was post-Tadpatri and · grained varieties of good colours being ideal ornamental . doubtfully post-Cumbum but definitely pre-KurnooL and lithographic stones (Fig. 4). · The deposition of the. Kurnools on the eroded surface · They· find use as an ingredient of artificial stone, con­ of the Cuddapahs commenced in a narrow sea in the. crete aggregate, ballast, etc. The flagstones are extensively western part of the Cuddapah basin. The diamonds -in :quarried for flooring and ;oofing slabs. The most impor­ the basal Kurnool conglomerates (Banganapalle) were tant industrial use of limestone is in cement making. For derived presumably from the subaerial denudation of the Portland cement, the raw-mix should contain about 75 per adjoining Archaean rocks. . . · • cent calcium carbonate and 20 per cent silica, alumina and iron oxide all together, silica alone being not less than 10 The only mineral deposits common to the Cuddapahs per cent and the magnesia, alkalis and other ingredient:; and the Kurnools are those such as clays resulting fr'!m being less than 5 per cent, preferably less than 3. High · weathering of the rock types .through the natural· agenCies grade limestone or dolomite is used as fluxing stone in of water, heat and cold. the melting of iron. Still purer fonn of limestone finds

SUP, D.-So ' 18 • various uses in glass, ceramics and chemical industries, in . slabs in the Cuddapah and Kumool districts because they agriculture, tannery 'lllld water works. . can be easily split along their bedcjing planes (Fig.. 5). Distribution.-Of late, considerable attention has been - paid to the limestones of the Cuddapah and Kumool Flag beds associated with the lower bands of the Narji districts for use in cement manufacture. They form the (Nirji) massive limestones carry siliceous laminae and yield 'vempalle, Narji ~irji) ~nd Koilkuntla. stages and also tough slabs, superior in quality for roofing and flooring occur as intercalations m the Tadpatn, Cumbum and purposes to those from the calcareous flags. They are Nandyal 'shales. The massive limestones are quarried largely quarried along the railway line between Ranga­ for building purposes, rollers, tubs and road-me~!. The puram (15° 24': 78° 4') and Bugganipalle (15° 29': 78° chemical composition of the limestones is variabf11 within 12'J railway stations and also along the new road from -.the same formation both vertically and laterally depending Betamcherla to Banganapalle across ridges. The slabs are upon the sources from which they were derived. .Generally popularly known as ' Cuddapah slabs.' speaking the Vempalle ·limestones are dolomitic while .the Narjl (Nirji) and ~~ilkuntla lim:stones c~ntain mag;. Future.-Limestones suitable for cemeut-malcing are nesia in traces. The silica con.tent ts lower m the grey immense in the CuCJdapNellore district or from the Trichinopoly (Tiruchirapalli*) idea of chemical composition of the limestones. district of Madras State. · · The Narji (Nirji) ·calcareous flags and some of the Koilkuntla limestones are very extensively quarried for •Ccirrect name not used on tdpograpbical Shceta.

TABLB 6. · ·

Analyses of limestones JTOm Cuddapah and Kzmwol district8. I . SiO• R20j I CaO MgO' Number Reserves ( in mifllon .4reas - (Ai203+ 'of tons) to a depth of 40ft• · Fe203). samples. and remarks. • (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

Limestone Band in the Nandyals Kurnool district Sirve1 taluk- Erraguntla (15° 17': 78° 31'), 18.83 3.85 40.80 I 3.04 11 Greenish grey and pur- Jillella (15° 21': 78° 28'), Motakala- · pie bands. palle (15° 24': 78° 33'), Peruru 15.24 3.73 42.60 3.63 5 Greenish grey band (15° 16': 78° 32'). (2.01+1.72). only.

Koilkuntla Limestones

Crufdapah district Kamalapuram sub-taluk- Erragudipadu (14° 37': 78° 37') 24.14 2.35 39.59 0.24 1

~roddatur taluk- Ni)apuram (W 53': 78° 41'), Pedda.o ·-22.00 1.97 40.69 0.28 3 aettipaJ!e (W 46': 78° 31~).

Besides cement making, limestone also provides raw and Ramallakota, exhibiting the same pattern of work­ materials for asbestos-cement, artificial stone, concrete manship as the temples of Hampi, Vijayanagar, and those­ aggregate, etc. 1 of Ahobil~ {15° 8': 78° 41'), Mahanandi {15° 28': 78"'" 38') and other places in the•Ceded districts have all bee!lll QUARTZITES AND SANDSTONES • chiselled and carved out of quartzitic sandstones. (Fig.-6.) • Quartzites and sandstones are excellent building mate­ !fhe Paniam quartzites are not quite tough and suitab)e rials. They ·also find use in grindstones, mortars, shar- for intricate work. The Stambhagiriswami temple on th~ . pening stones, hones and scouring powder. Quartzite with quartzite plateau of Uppalapadu is therefore built of mas­ a maximum of two per cent iron and alumina is employed sive limestone. These rocks also form· the sculptured\ in the manu!acture of silica bricks bonded with Jess walls of Chennakeswaraswami temple on tb.y Pushpagiri" than two per cent lime and used in the open-hearth hili (fl. 756-14°36': 78°46') of the Bairankonda quartzites ilh furnace roofs. Quartzite and sandstone with a maximum Cuddapah tahsil (Figure 4). · · · , of one per cent, preferably less than 0·02 per 'cent iron, Future.~ome of the quartzites and sandstones of the­ is useful in glass making. ~allamala and th~ Palakonda Ranges and the Panialll'> pmnacled quartzites on the west of the Kurideru · Distribrltion.-Quartzites and sandstones form· five plain, on crushing and washing, may provide materialsc stages in the Cuddapahs and two in the Kumools. They for refractories and glass-making industry 2. · are quarried at several places mainly for building stone or road metal. and to a .Jess extent for making rollers, SLAms' mortars; and grinding stones. The great masterpieces · Slates are quarried largely · for school slate. A of rock sculpture enshrined in the immortal temples of compact ho~og~neous sericitic material ffllC from graphite; Animala (W 28': 78° 31'), Gandikota (W 49': 78° 17'), and non oJUdes 1s useful for electrical insulation purposes. 1. Banda, Gadde. A natural stone bench separated Nara-rayi.-Tough flaggy limestone with ill-developed"> along joints. cleavage. · Bilamu-rayi, Biluku-rayi.-Bilim:i. stone or massive lime- stone. · Pindi-rayi.-Whitish massive limestone: Chappata, Napa-rayi.-Limestone slab. Pora.-A layer, as in limestone slabs. Chintapum-rayi.-Limestone with intermixtures· of purple Sudda-biluku, Sudda-c~attu Sudda-rayi.-Bulf argillaceous: ' and greenish grey. f!;.gs, shale. . . . Kaki-rayi.-Thin grey calcareous flag. . \ • 2. Yerra-rayi.-Red stone or quartZite. Kavu-rayi.-Purple massive limestone. Konda.-Massive rock or hill. \ lsuka, TUFva.-sand. • Nal/a-biluku-rayi.-Grey massive limestone, Tuvva-rayi,-Sandstone. 21

The ~aste materia! at the quarries finds usc in paints,in FutUTe.-At present ov~r 90 per cent of the slates quarried - makmg slate pencils, as aggregate for concrete, ct..:. go waste.. Use ?f machinery, proper quarrying methods DistTil>utlon.-Siatcs have 'been formed by compaction caref~ prepara~10n and organisation of industry UC: and local metamorphism of fine clay sediments during essenual to ounmusc waste. The samples tested showed t~e post-Cud~apah earth movements. In the Kurnool that they . w~re suttable for use as electrical insulators. d~st~tct, there ts a band of commercially workable slate such as SWitch boards. The waste material may be utilised Mt~tn the ~mb,ums extending from near Chin na Obana­ as stated above. • yantpallc (15 33 : 79o II') in Cumbum taluk to Malla­ ' • peta (15° 49': 79° 23') in Markapur taluk, at the north-cast extremity of the slate belt, about 24 miles long and two INTEGRATED MINERAL INDUSTRY IN TI1B miles wide. Nayudipalle (15° 44': 79° 19') and Peddaya­ CEDED DISTRICTS. chav::ram (15" 46': 79° 20') arc important localitie' in the belt. Individual bands of- slates good enough for the The industrial uses of minerals and their utilisation in manufacture of slates rarely exceed ten feet in length future local industries have been stated under individual Quality \'aries from- band to band and somcttmes eve~ minerals, in the preceding pages. Industries which are within the-same band along strike. , definitely possible and those which need further inve5tiga­ Fairly good workable state bands also occur ·in the neighbourhood of Gurraplisala (15° 58': 79° 14') and in tion, based on the raw materials available in the Ceded the Ganap_avaram R.F. area in Markapur taluk. districts, are indicated below:- Definite possibilities. A val/able Taw mateTials. · (1) (2) . Cement and allied industries- Portland cement, coloured Limestones, shales or clays, asbestos, red ochre or oxide, cement, fireproof cement, asbestos cement products, . steatite, y.ellow ~hre. - artificial stone. Electric in~ulators Steatite, magnesite, slate. Limo-wash distempers Calc-tufa, red och~e or oxide, yellow ochre. Lithopone and paint industry-White, red, umber, yellow, Barytes, slate, red ochre or oxide, yellow ochre, vein _ grey paints, fireproof paint. . • quartz, asbestos, steatite. 1 Vein quartz Sand or Oint-paper . . I ' Stoneware manufacture- White clays Floor tiles, sewage pipes, potteries, objects of art for enamels and glazes: barytes, calc-tufa, red ochre or oxide, y~llow ochre. Possibilities to be investigated­ Chemical-Industry- Barytes, calc-tufa, satin~ effiorescence, vein quartz. Barium compounds, sodium compounds, calcium carbide, bleaching powder, insecticides, silicates, etc. Glass Industry - •• Quartzite and sandstone, vein quartz, . barytes, calc-tufa. earth soda. • Grinding wheels Corundum. Prospecting for diamond may be started in some selected The foregoing account of the mineral wealth of tho areas, but it will be a highly speculative venture. Ceded districts is by no means complete, still about 14 000 • square miles of the area rem;tining to be mapped on 'ono inch to one mile scale, but the lines upon which mineral Detailed prospecting of the gold occurrences is necessary industries in the Ceded districts can be developed havo before commencing gold mining. Frain available analyses, been outlined. · . one or two occurrences in Kangundi taluk o( the Chittoor An understandinjl of the mode of occurrenCe and origin district appear to be promising. 1 Collection of alluvial gold may be encouraged. .- , ' of the mineral deposits of an area is of great help in the search for mineral deposits. It is seen that most minerals Earth-S1lts m:ty b~ e,{ploited o:t cottag= industry scale. occur more particularly with certain geological formations. Some idea of the geological formations still to be surveyed The present slate industry should be orgarused on a on the modern one inch to one mile maps in each dinrict well-coordinated scientific . basis. can be had from the following table. TABLB 7. Areas remaining to be mapped on I inch= 1 mile. •• DistTict Total area Remaining area Geological formations '(in sa. miles). ( in sq. miles). (3) . . (4) (1) (2) Dharwar and Archaean cryslallines. • Anantapur 7,837 5,653 5,931 2,911 · Dharwar, Archaean crystallines and Chcy- Chittoor yair (Cheyyeru) oeries. 5.923 . 3,489 Dharwar, Archaean crystallines, Ch~yyair CUddapab (C~eyyeru) and Nallamakli (J'!allamala) sencs . <>,275 1,809 - . Nalla_maiat fNallamata) and Kistna (Krishna) Kumoo!' sencs. • Patoka- Slate. ••At the close of tho field-season t9S3-S4. SuP. D.--6. 22

MINERAL PRODUCTION value) ~r mica, 5·9 per cent (7.0 per cent by value) of manganese-ore •and. 6-5 per cent (6.8 per cent by value) of The annual production of minerals in. the different distric~s of c!Iromite produced in India. Mining of graphite. kyanite and the forincr Andhra State and their values, together with corrcs­ iron-orcs also starred here. The total value of mint-rals, .ponding figures for the whole of India, is g:ven in table 8 below, excluding the building stones and salt, produced in the former and a summarised statement of these in table 9• for comparative Andhro State till '954• comes to Rs. '7·oo.oo;ooo. 0£ this the t study: Tne dis~cr-wisc annual mineral production figures for share of the Ceded distric,". is 11 ·5 per cent. The greater sbar'e T dangana .area .could ·not be given as they were not readily of ,the coastal districts is accounted for by manganese-ore and available. It would be seen from the data that dur'.ng the period mica, whose total value alone exceeds Rs. 14.8o,oo,ooo. It is . •946 to 1954. the Ceded distncts, ;.,hich are the· sole producer pertinent to point out here, d1at the proportion of manganese­ 'c[ chrysotile .;bestos in India, contributed 8z per cent bv ore a~d mica produced in ·the former Andbra State to the total value of this mineral, though small in output, besides 99·5 Indian output has dwindled from 100 per cent and 33 per cent ' per cent of barytes, 52.1 per cent (•7-

TABLE 8. Comparative statement showing quantity a~d valueD/ minerals produce{/ in the former Andhra State and their respective . figures for the whole of India. . 1892 1893 1894 1895 Minerals --~ Quantity Valu~ Quanrit.Y ' Value Quantity Vatu~ Quantity Vnlut (Tons) (R.s) (Tons) (Rs) (Tons) (R,r) (Tons) (R.s) (I) (2) (1) (2) (I) (2) (I) (2) Gow- ·. ' Chittoor (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) MANGANESJi-<:>RE- Visakhapatuam 674 (h) 4,583 3,130 (b) 21,284 11,4!0 (b) 77,588 15,816 (b)' 1,07,549 India .. MICA- Nell ore .. (a) .(a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (ai (a)

1896 1897 1898 1899 Jlineral•. Quantity· Valu~ Quantity Value Qualltity Value Quantity Value (Tons) (R.s) (Tons) (R.s) (Tons). (Rs) (Tons) (Rs) . (I) (2) (I) (2) (I) (2) (I) (2)

GoLD- Cbittoor ,. (a) (a) (a) (a) . 2,S5~ oz. 1,64,895 (a) 18,915 ' India (a) 2,40,40,410 (a) '2,57,61,(!75

MANGANESE-

MIC4- Nell ore \a) (a) 3,264 3,17,745 3,206 3,24,420 7,071 3,90,52.5 cwt. (c) cwt. (c) Cf'l.(c) (ndla 11,608 10,68,510 .10,947 . 8,28,350. 22,599 1J ,OO,S!!Il cwt. (c) cwt. (c), CWI. (t);

,... 1$00 1901 1902 190} Min~rall. I Quanti!} Value Quantity Value Quantify Value Quantily Vatue · (Tonsi (R.s.) (Tons) (lis.) (Tons) (R.s.) · (Tom) (/Is.; (I) 12) (I) . (2) (I) (2) (I) (2) GoU>- • Chittoor ~~) 255 .. .. India (a) _ 2,S3, n ,;)6()

MANGA~.ORE- I Visdk~ apawm 92,458 d) 8,41,368 76,463 (e) 7,49,337 68,17J (f) 7,83,967 63,452 (1.') 7,36;043 India 1,27,814 II,E

MJC"A- Nellott 19,517 6,96,075 4,421 2,53,125 3,155 2,89,800 3,330 2;71.7?8 cwt. (c) cwt. (c) cwt. (c) cw:. (c) (h) 33,175 16,43,310 16,298 10,50,510 ,20,412 13,13,910 21,548 12,94.455 Iadia cwt. (c) owt. (c) ... cwt. (c) C\Yt. (c) 23 TABLB 8.-<'.dnld. , C omparallv~ ~tatement showing quantity and l'OI~t v} minerals prodM~d in tlr~ former Anclhro Stau ond thrir . respecti~ figures for the whole oj lndia-contd.

1904 190~ 1906 1907 Minerals --, Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantit)' Value Quantll)l 11altoe \Tans) (.Rs.) (Tons) (R,·.) tTons) (Rs.) (Tons) (Rs.) (I) (2) (I) (2) (I) (2) (I) (2) l'IAMON~ Anantapur (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) (a) \U) (a) Ii.urnoul (a) . (a) (a) (a) .(o) (a) (a) (n)

MANGANE~..ORE­ Visakhapatnam 53,602 (i) 5,59,471 63,789 (i) 6,65,808 1,11,501 (i) 11,63,72~ 1,36,169 (II 14,21,264 India :·/ 1,50,190 21,36,645 2,47,427 39,40,440 5,71,495 1,31,17,4S5 9,02,291 2,04.29,940 MICA- I ' Nellore 4,840 cwt. (k) 4,42,134 8,220cwt. (m) 6,36,228 24,420 c\\1. (o) ·14,54,211 15,865 cwt. (q) 10,28,052 Jndia 22,164 cwt. II) 16,62,300 25,641 cwt. (n)l9,42,306- 52,543 cwt. (p) 39,01)~8 52,203 cwt. (r) 45,H8,644 I

J90R 1909 1910 ,.... 1911 Quantity ,Value. Quantiiy Val~ Quantity Value Quantity Value· (Ton.s) (Rs.) (Tons) (Rs. (Tons\ (Rs.) (7ims)) (Rs.) (I) (2) (I) (2) (I) (2) 0) (2) ' CORUNDUM­ NeiJor< (a) (a) (al (a\

0IAMONDs­ AnantapUI (a) (a) (a) (a) " (a) (a) (a) (a) · Kurnool (a) (o) 111.37 carats. 705 (x) 5.5 carats. 195 (xl 8.7~ cara". 4S India 147.35 carats, 16,335 77,74 carats. 8,850 52.96 carats. 8,670

\'IJCA­ Nellore ' 11,249 cwt. (•) 7,20,496 (u) 8,948 cwl. (v) 6,63,047 (lll3,586 cwt. h•l 2.56,578 (u) 7,462 cwt. 3.87,780 ' , India 53,543 cwt. (1) 3_8,55,096 32,903 cwt. (w)22,50,565 22,699 cwt. (zl 15,08,349 3~,896 cwt. 10,58,280 . SAMl\ltSKITE­ Nellore 24 c•t. 1,335 Indio '

STI!ATITI!­ Kumo,l / .. 20 1,200 166 3,315 "R Ne1IC\re 315 126 5,100 . 1,515 Total 2H 292 8,415 India 244 16,620 920 30,390

1912 1913. 1914 1915 . Minerals ,...... , ...... , ,.... Quantil)l Value. ·Quantity Vt:'ue Quanlity Value Quantity Valup (Tons) (&)_ (Tons) ( {( .I (Tans) (Rs.) (Tons) (Rs.) (I) (2) (I) (2) (I) (2) (I) (2)

ol..ORUNDUM­ (a) (a) Nellorc (a) (a)

D!A.MOND$- 1 . . (a) Ia) (ll) 1\.nantapur (uJ . (a) (a) lal (a) 37 carar.. 33(l (a) Ia) (a) K•trco'll 19.17 carats. 165 (a) 6,165 t't5.70 carat<. 2t>,865 India 27.74 carats. GAR''ET­ 4 Nellon: ") CWI, lndia .

GoLD­ 4,27.48~ 11,019 oz. 6,47,910" 19,873 oz. 12,44,385 23,870 V4 AwmiBPUr 7,269 0"/. 15,1~860 5,90,554•92oz. 34,0,77,090 5,95, 761.11 3.43, 78,755 6,07 388,07 ~.50,75,985 6,16,728.24 3,55,47,690 India oz. oz. oz. / 24

TABLE 8.-

1916 • 1917 i918 '1919 Mlnetall Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity. Value Quantity Yalu• (Tons) (R.r.) (Tons), (R.r.) (Tons), • (R.r.) (Tons). .(R.r.) (I) (2) (I) (7) (I) (2) (I) (2) BNRYTES­ Kurnool 2,724 44,21$ 2,590' U,61S India GoLD­ Anantapur 22,37) 14,21,835 20,529 13,05,990 17,831 10,08,285 11,018 . 6,16,934 - oz. oz. oz. oz. India . . 5,98,369.69 3,45,45,345 5,74,293.01 3,33,28,335 5,36,118.32 3,09,02,280 5,07,260.56 2,44,68,639' oz. oz. oz. oz. MANGANESI!.ORE­ Visakbapatnam 2,155 • 43,395 1,682 27,960 2,230 50,130 2,778 58,041 ' India .. fi,45,204 2,13,00,390 5,90,8~3 2,25,16,200 5,11,953 2,22,26,025 5,37,995 1,77,82,793 MIC.O.­ Ncllore . . 15,675 CWI. 4,34,175 6,050 6,85,770 6,544.7 4,61,593 8,320.6 cwt.(u) cwl.(u) cwt. India .. 43,399.8 cwl. 16,38,660 40,907.6 21,24,072 54,710.3 23,79,517 45,783.7 cwl. cwt.. cwt. SAMARSKITI!­ Ncllore 671b. 30 .1.5 cwt. 67 India {_; St

1920 1921 1922 1923 Mintrab Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Valu~ (Tons) (Rs.) (Tons) (R.r.) (Tons) (R.r.). (Tons) (R.r.) (I) • (2) (1) (2) (I) (2) (I) (2) ARYU:S­ Kurooo( 678 15,528 1,457 47,603 1,742 41,500 1,603 22,749' India GC'LD­ Anantapur . . 13,645 oz. 8,03,535 IO,I08oz. 7,21,359 8,388 oz. 6,08,673 1,519 oz. 1,01;01(> India .• 4,99,067.61 . 2,73,31,158 4,32,722.59 3,07,58,627 4,38,015.04 2.78,63,654 4,22,306.56 2,55,39,638 oz. oz. oz. oz. MANGANESE-oRe­ VisaJcbapalnam 7,386 2,78,820 . 16,593 4,04,460 7,845 . 1,57,875 22,524 8,19,750 lodia 7,36,439 3,58,60,720 6,79,286 2,30,56,020 4,74,401 1,37,31,420 6,95,055 3,32,39,76().

MICA­ \ ' Krtshna 83 cwt. 2,701 8 cwt. 499 .. Nellore 11,160.8 cwt. 5,60,979 4,297 cwl. 2,05,149 1,246.2 CWI. 89,254 . 8,671 cwt. 3,14,70} Total . • 11,243•8 cwt. 5,63,680 4,305 CWI. 2,05,598 India 46,952.5 cwt. 23,50,775 32,488 CWI. 15,93,566 31,87s·i cwt. 12.,o2,·7·04 33• 855 •2 .. cwt. SAMARSKITE­ ' Nellore 2.5 cwl. 101 India SLATE-· Ku.noo1 . 213 345 108 210 J 13 225 IJPia 52,218•5 J. 73,093 39,785 1,66,009 13,2~J 1.95,190 :ST ..Tm!­ 32 . Ncllorc 2,864 40-5 S.S66 70•4 3,969 7' ' 4,417 India 3,853'4 1,07,555 8,049'() 1,02187 4,753•5 62,651 7,023•5 81,558 25

TAJII.E 8.--a>ntd. ' Comparative stattment sfwwillg quantity and value ofminerals prod~ced in the form.,- Andhra Siate and their respect/VI! figures for thr . . whole of. lndia-contd. . · 1924 1925 1926 Minerals 1927 , Quantity Value- Qu/Jntity Value Quantity Value Quantity Vaiu• (Tons) (Rs.) (Tons) (Rs.) (Tons) (Rs.) (Tons)'. (Rs.) {!) (2) (I) (2) (I) . " (2) (I) (2) . AsBESTOs- Cuddapab 13.5 5,400 16.0 4,796 18.4 5,529 22.0 6,604 India .. , 125.3 18,826 58.4 10,529 67.7 13,554 / JlARYnS- • Kurnooi 783 11,341 580 7,760 350 1,400 851 5,550 India 2,303 31,341 1,450 17,660 2,311 9,244 1,719 9,890 CoPPER- ., Nellore 4 160 10 400 India 20,949 46,68,304 16,882 45,13,605 GOLD- 4\.nantapur .. 3,646 oz. 2,38,603 288 oz. 16,517 930 oz.. 53,219 2,395 oz. 1,37,320 India . 3,96,35 1.1 oz. 2,54,01,316 3,93,875.1oz. 2,22,57,562 3,84,158.5oz. 2,17,64,783 3,84,272.5oz. 2,18,00,629 MANGANESE-DRE- Kurnool .. 390 11,926 . 6 173 Visakhapatnam 31,8111 6,53,71S 26,909 7,87,360 21,698 S,00,3,43 3t:9n 7,55,572 Total 32.201 6,6S,641 26,915 7,87;533 ' India 8,03,006 3;78,07,291 8,39,461 3,48,~,026 IO,i4,928 3,47,10,784 . 11,29,3S3 3,81,12,776 MICA- 10,908 cwt, Nello~ .. - 4,97,307 14,378 cwt. 5,91,390 11,271 cwt. ' 5,98,532 9,265 cwt. 5,93,374. India 40,908 cwt. · 20,58,917 45,990 cwt. 21,99,516 41,924 cwt. 22,19,367 42,614 cwt. 24,52,0S5 SLATE- Kurnool 8 IS India 13,400 1,90,9S6

STEATI1E- Kumool 4 245 4 244 3 210 Nellore-. 108 6,S38 82 5,724 65 2,411 87 3,917 Total .. 112 6,783 86' S,968 68. 2,621 India ' 3,073 71,337 8,526 2,01;086 . 9,674 I,S0,260 5,0S3 ),04,732

1928 1929 1930 1931 Mineral:~ ' Quantity Value Quantity Value Qualllity Value Quantity Value ·(To'IS) (Rs.) (Tons) (Rs.) · (Tons) (Rs.) (Tons) (Rs.) (I) (2) (l) (2) (I) (2) ' (I) (2)

-~'iBESTOs- Cuddapab '8.5 1,27S 88.4 3,160 33.2 1,190. India .. IS6.5 21,73S 318.4 16,160 6.Q 70

B•RYTES- Cuddapab 1,335 8,150 '620 4,610 ' 802 5,151 S,633 4z:s18 4,158 Kurnfol .. 33,490 5,493 42,240 Tota - ' 3,?50 ·, . 22,739 6,797 49,S62 Jndia .. .. 3,096 19,610 5,654 43,206 "'fANGANESE-DRE- Kuntool so Sl3 Visakhapatnam 29,094 6,Hi,772 24,533 3,17,781 ' 13,213 1,52,361 5,389 63:045 .... 13,263 1,52,874 Total 9,94,279 2,10,51,802 8,29,946 1,62,03,186 India .. 9,78,449 3,11,04,093 5,37,844 98,13,879 MICA- 8,838 . 4,77,328 10,085 S,45,854 11,177 6,40,014 6,893 N~llore 3,41,094 cwt.l cwt. cwt. cwt. 53,23f 26,59,759 52,727. 26,68,986 India 45,1 2 24.10,499 38,963 20,37,634' cwt. cwt. cwt. cwt.

$TEATITE- 17 176 35 1,910 Nell ore 49 2,331 .so 1,000 i S,539 .1,30;070 7,217 2,76,483 6,857 2,06,08f. 5,135 1,21,508 I lndiq • 1932 1933' 1934 . 1935 Minera;s r- Quantity Value Quantity Value QuantiiY Value Quantity, Value (Tons) . (Rs.) (Tons) (Rs.) (Tons) (Rs.) (Tons) (Rs.) (I) (2) (I) (2) (I) (2) (I) (2)

~SBES10S- 5.4 1,620 27 1,267 Cuddapah 9,000 ·' 25.4 4,140 62.7 India 90.0 4,567

IARYTES- 1,726 216- 1,045 100 6i5 Anantapur 116 1,359 18,535 3,974 29,810 2,536 25,'222 3,GZG ZO:soo Cuddapah 6,2!3 1,354 8,592 b2J. 4,.5Y6· 9Jo Kurnool 949 5,560 .. 2,424 26,474 5,544 40,447 3,29 30,443 4,562 26,060 . Total 2,957 29,37l 5,651 41,517 3,813 3~.265 5,493 In dill .. 34,!1S4 / SUP.D •..:...7. 26

TAlliE 8.-contd. quantity and value pfmi'V!~alspro1ucetf in the former A.ndhra State and their respective fig~resfor th~ · whole of ln(ia.,....contd. · . . · .1932-contd. 1933-cO~td. • 1934-contd. 1935-contd. . Minerals ,..--___...______._ QuantitY Value 'Quantity Value ·Quantity . Value Quantity Value (Tons) (Rs.) ·(Tons)· (]Is.) (Tons) , (Rs.) (Tons) · (Rs.) (1) (2) (1) (2) (1) (2), (I) (2) CoPPER­ Nellore . ' 365 6,900 India 1,76,0?1 46,57,964. MANGANESE-QRI>­ Kumool ... 300 1,649 Visakhapatnam • .8,049 >42,148 16,698' 98,540 20,145. 1,61,316• IS,S85 1,47,883 Total 16,998 1,00,189 India 2,12,604 . . 18,62,293 2,18,307 16,38,174 4,06,3.06 51,75;239 6,41,483 1,02,45,838

8,318 cwi. 3,82,056 7,932 cwt. 3,97,462 9,114 cwt. 3,67,642. 9,452 cwt. 3,87,378 32,713 14,35,401 41,075 : 16,82,045 55,706 20,76,599 65,430 25,52,612 cwt. cwt•• cwt. cwt. STBA'l'ITB­ Anantapilr 260 2,150 • Nellore •• 30 1,650 26 390 25 238 Total ' 285 2,388 tlndia , •• 17,048 1,82,964 •• 9,375 1,70,239 12,596 1,91,663 • 1936 1937 1938 1939 Minerals I ..., Quantity falue Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value (Tons) (Rs.) (Tons) (Rs.) (Tons) (Rs.) (Tons) (Rs;) (1) . • (2) (I) (2) (1) (2) ' en (2) AsoESIOS­ Cuddapah .. ~ ·33.9 30,000 • India 56.5 100.45 6,022 88,7 262.3 41,948 Bi.aYTES-\ ' Cuddapah. 4,609 11,762 15,405 1,46,720 7,732 26,252 7,899 49,453 Kumool 314 2,324 130 1,150 200 1,800 716 6,444 Total <4,923 14,086 15;§3!! 1,47,870-­ 7,932 28,052 8,615. 55,897 India 5,114 16,049 15,689 '1,49,260 8,075 29,312 ~,255 .. 60,842

KYANIIE-:­ Nellore 7 33 India 13,964 2,89,526

MANGANESJ!-QRB­ Kumool 200 " 5,626 Visakbapatnam 15,258 1,61,~2 20,509 6,00,096 31,809 1o,3o,stit .34,640 5,11:840 Total 20,709 6,05,722 India 813,442 1,49,88,545 10,51,594 4,30,49,955 967,929 3,98,42,264 ~.j63 1,82,59,154

MICA­ I Nellore 13,609 cwt. 4,99,290 15,647 cwt.. 6,48,075 22,201 clvt. 5,81,921 ,22,429 cwt. 8,S3,488 India 99,143 ~wt. 32,52,350 1,33,440 cwt. 39,50,281 1,60,144 cwt. 42,04,633 1,54,685 cwt. 51,80,934

STEATITE- '. Anantapur 40 600 13 195 Guntur, •• 74 .. \ 7,128 4,755 7,985 .19,115 Ncllote 2,612 27· 1,080 32 • 1,280 70 1,120. Total 114 3,212 40 1,275 7,160. 6,035 8,055 20,895 India 9,968 1,56,983 13,040 1,55,221 18,_590 1,68,580- . 22,259 2,03,841

~940 1941 . 19~ 1943 Minerals ----~------­Quantity Value Quantl"ty Value Quantity Value Quantity ·Value (Rs.) (Tons) • (Rs.). (Tons) (Tons) (Rs.) (Tons) (Rs.) (I) (2) (I) (2). (I) (2) (1) (2) • Asoesros­ Cuddapab ... 31.25• 28,000 .. 29 25,0811 '60 96,060 33 291.70 41,794 50,325 Indh, 365.85 45,329 506.55 1,16,757 .894.55 6.8,966

AJtY11!S­ Anantapur 5,302 (j) 42,416 7,635 (j) 30,540 4,184 (j) 32,472 5,47.2 9,507 66,549 69)63 · Cuddapab . 13,060 (j) 59,424 . 4,665 36,062 2,472 24,666 K.uroool •• 2,931 26,379 1,450 (j) 13,050 !,!55 11;550 Tota\ 17 740 1;35,344 22,145 1,03,l)J4 10,004 80,084 1:894 9J.,929 \. lnd.ia •• 18,778 143,449: 23,467 1,13,405 il,l56 90,!44 8860 1 15,889 27

TABLE 8.-<:ontd.- Comparative statement :/rowing quantity a/ld value ofminerals produced in the former Andh•a State and theirr.specti>'C figures for tho • whole of lndia~ntd, 1940-contd. 1941-<:0ntd. 1942-<:0ntd. 1943-contd. Minerals QuQ/Itity ICalue QUa/ltity Value QuQIIt/ty Vallie I Quantity Value (Tons) (Rs.) (Tons) (Rs.) (Tons) (Rs.) (Tons) (RS.). (I) (2) (I) (2) (!) (2) (I) (2) <:tmoMITE- Krishna 170 3,400 525 •10,500 500 10,000 India 11,935 3,32,871 14,415 4,10,004 10,227 2,97,126 -CoPPER-· Nell ore ...... 26 392 India ' 3,59,189 61,80,492 -GYPSUM- ' ' Nell ore .. '193 3,910 India '· 82,2.67 2,72,650

'MANGANEsE-oRE- \ Vi'lakbapatnam "29,536 (a) ' !4,565 (a) 3,065 (a} 7,704 ' (a) India 8,68,918 (a) 7,91,141 (a) 1,51,269 (a) 5,95,366 I (a) 'MICA- . Nellore ' •. 26,688 (a) 15,121 (a) 18,344 (a) 20,271 (a) cwt. (u)i cwt. (U) cwt. (u) cwt. (u) • India 140,295 (a) 1,84,484 (a) 1,85,342 (a) 159,581 (a) cwt. cwt. cwt. cwt. ·

'STEATITE- Anantapur 365 9,1~ ' Guntur • IO,SOS 2,086 Kumoo1 ll,S01 · 19,it8 Ne!lore 9 144 •iO'< 1,407 - 10,817 2,230 t3.i66 28,343 Total 9,59,109 16,436 India 29,709 2,66,167 26,151 7,48,916 44,611 4,2s:772

1944 1945 . 1946 1947 Minerals Qumutry Value Quantity Value QIIIJntity Value Quantity Value (Tons) (Rs.) (Tons)l (Rs.) (Tons) (Rs.) (Tons) (Rr.) (2) (!) (2) (I) • (!) (2) (I) (2) ..AseESTos- 4,717 18 20,044 Cuddapah 58 85,759 38 ... 820 78,383 307 48,040 'i6o t:S;3 94 India .. 583 1,21,805 IBARYTES- ' . 9,603 89,251 - 12,664 . 1,38,579' 13,S39 1,59,340 Anantapur 2,984 27,684 - .. 6,508 71,970 9,408 2,77,186 12,140 1,81,696 6,131 1,20,697 Cuddapab .. 3,692 42,948 4,070 44,055 4,555 47,820 Kumool· ... 4,075 45,599 13,567 1,45,253 22,703 ,4,09,385 28,874 3,64,330 24,225 3,27,857 Total 1,79,358 ' 24,655 4,26,946 ' 29,091 3,68,680 24,310 3,29,551 India 15,299 <(..'HROMI'I1!- 500 10,000 274 6,850 !53 6,380 Krishna .. • 3,90,168 io,445 3,63,862 24,201 6,91,850 34,717 9,97,639 India 18;686 'MANGANll&EoORE- Visakhapatnam 3,203 (a) 7,71,471' (a) 3,70,980 (~) 2,52,916 s5,2i.os1 4,5i,o34 96,40,563 India MICA- 54 \ 3,941 186 14,487 Kri!'bna: cwt. cwt: 1!,929 (a) 17,316 (a) 14,124 6,85,294 13,604 6,83,262 Nellore .. cwt. (u) cwt. (u) ••. cwt. cwt. . 3 (a) Visakhapatnam .. 6wt. 14-,181 '6,89,235 13,79(1 6,97,749 Total cwt. cwt. 1,39,392 '·(a) 1,28,313 (a) 1,30,363 1,60,34,984 1,36,308 1,81,84,020 India cwt. cwt. cwt. cwt.

~ >Oc:.tt.E- .... 1,919 9,845 2,385 12,558 · Kurnool .. , 8,701 1,72,437 11,397 • • 2,00,153 India .... 'SLA"TE- 477 .. ~ . 9,540 Kurnool ,, ... .. ' 13,752 5,60,524 India ' .. STEATITE- 202 6,060 148 5,760 69 4,200 284 8,135 Anantap\lr .. 243 4,744- 182 ' 3,190 180 3,600 222 4,440 Kurnool 943 . 563 5,000 7 1,050' 24 '·249 Nellore 11,854 354 ·9,893 7,800 1,069 11,515 452 20,652 Total 21,392- 4,61,429 221su 5,61,577. 22,369 6,94,221 ' 10 02,~19 fndla 28

TABLE 8• ...:...0ntd. ' Comparqtlve statement showing quantity and value of minerals produced in the former Andhra State and their respective figures t~r the • . whole of lndia-contd. 1948 1949 1950 1951 Mineral• Quantity Value Quantity Value Qutmtity Value ·Quantity Value (Tons) (Rs.) (Tons) (liS.) (Tons) (Rs.) (Tons) (Rs.) (1) .(2) (I) (2) (1) (2) (1) Asi!ESTOs­ Cuddapah ...... 76 75,575 119 1,53,700 13'6 1,78,634: India 82 8,819 146 89,825 208 1,80,802 518 2,38,762 ' BARYTES­ Anantapur 10,882 1,16,897 9,739 86,933 3,194 29,971 2,302 22,093- Cuddapah .10,775 2,19,866 8,745 1,44,589 6,152 1, 73,303 6,542 2,56,871 Kurnool :.: . 1,486 23,166 2,612 . 57,737 2,602 37,875 1,627 32~23- Total 23,043 . 3,49,829 21,096 2,89,259 11,948 2,41,149 10,471 3,10,987 India 23,14~ 3,59,929 21,118 2,90,579 11,963 2,41,749 C•LCtTB• Anantapur .. . 595 3,455 India. ' 1,380 24,550> CimoMITE- · Krishna :. 1,727 1,03,640 5,142 2,07,320 3,961 1,43,785 4,372 1,20,901} India 22,555 7,05,963 19,416 6,25,306 16,729 5,69,095 16,702 9,13,087' GRAPHITE­ East Godavari .. 40 (a) India 1,135 1,24,519 KYANITI!- Neltore 84 ·3,360 38 1,900 14 14,000 446 22,300> India 12,605 5,68,1,82 i9,949 15,23,443 . 35,488 32,93,983 42,501 . 58,56,626- MANGANE!E-QRE­ Visakhapatnam 11,359 2,42,416 21,339 14,72,391 3J~755 32,40,480 63,355 87,42,990. India 5,25,876 1,78,49,25~ 6,45,825 4;45,61,925 8,82,929 8,47,61,184 . 12,92,375 17,83,47,75(); MICA- Krishna •• 106 cwt. 17,140 50 12,476 ,, cwt. NeUore 21,730 cwt. 10,58,914 16,944 8,59,175 19,134 26,92,165 19,492 32,05,617 cwt. cwt. cwt. Visakhapatnam .. 30 (a) cwt: Total -21,836' cwt. 10,76,054 16,994 8,71,651 19,164 cwt. . cwt. ·India 1,51,273 cwt. 1,86,13,901 1,51,709 cwt. 1,85,48,525' . 1,62,447 2,55,23,158 2,01,438.5 2,92,49,878; cwt. cwt. 0CHRE­ ' Kumool 765 7,650 486 '4,860 630 3;937 670 . 4,020. India 10,557 2,86,809 5,971 1,13,933 11,987 1,81,440 1(,292 1,34,05(). SLATE­ Kumool ' 2,593 8,680- India ... 20,323 ' . 9,76,320 .. STEATITE­ Anantapur 244 6;110 555 10,181 164 4,574, 320 7,150> Kurnool 50 1,250 505 . 28,760 Nellote 30 1,800 14 ' 2,800 Total 274 7,910 214 . 5,824 -839. 38,710. India 18,096 12,05,582 21,195 10,91,411 25,485 5,48,381 33,647 13,39,268-

' ' 1952 1953 1954 • Minerals Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value (Tons) (Rs.) (TonS)( (Rs.) (Tons) (R.<, (I) (2) (1) (2) (I) {2) AsBESTos­ 1 . Cuddapah 241 4,12,066 / 258.11 . 5,04,735 121.9 1,88,011' India.\ ... 865 4,93,429 718.14 5,55,233 389 2,28,734- BARYTES­ 292 Anantapur 2,508 1,418 13,729 1,155 11,822: Cuddapah 6,744 2,51,542 7,094' 89,630 12,313 1,88,619 Kumool 2,994 52,620 888 22,211 4,815 10,030 60;938- Total 3,06,679 9,400 1,25,570 18,283 2,61,379- India · .. 18,792 2,61,3791 CALCITE­ Anantapur ·· •• 1,160 5,500 1,599 12,216 2,284 3,582 42,903' 27,408- India 2,587 38,120 5,029 41,728- CHINA CLAY- Andhra •.• (a) . (a) 2,213 11,0~5 3,246° 14,875- India 94,422 19,82,190 1,46,144' 25,20,084- CimOMITE- Krisbna - • ,218 58,343 1,385 44,718 35,187 . 18,36,753 ' .. India 64,770 25,29,782 45.507 13,59,607 OOLD­ Chittoor - ID5oz 23,78& India 2,39,168,2 5,62,06,81,4- 29

TABLE 8.--colltd•

. Comparative stot~mtJIIt 8howilrg quantity and valu~ ofmilrerals produc~ In th~ formu llndhra State and th~lr - re•pective figures for /M whok of /ndio--Q)ntd. • 1952-contd• 195~ntd. 1954--contd. Minerals. Quantity Valu~ Quantity, Val" Quantity Va/uo (ToM) (Rs,) (ToM) (RJ.) (Tons) (RJ.) (1) (2) (I) (2) (1) (2)

GRAPIDTE- West Godavari 157. 15,700 70 7,000 100 10,000 Visalihapatnam 100 10,000 Total 200 20,000 India \ 2,881 3,13,498 767 69,092 1,479 1,36,561 IRON-oRE Chittoor 2,962 11,850 28,742 2,40,678 20,036 80,144 Cuddapah 5,791 78,178 15,267 2,22,705 6,625 67,797 Krishna ... 1,67,173 11,44,205 Kumool 7,560 37,800 32,535 1,12,520 54,838 1,75,718 Total 16,313 1,27,828 76,544 5,75,903 2,48,672 14,67,864 India 39,25,511 2,68,33,315 38,54,865 . 2,80,90,695 43,08,273 2,89,36,036 KYANITE- Nell ore 1,729 86,475 1,525 78,386 32. 1,625 India,. .. .-~ •• 26,882 63,16,876 15,374 23,66,004 42,330 87,80,362 MANOANESI!-oaE- Srikakulam t .. ' 1,15,617 1, 77,47,209 2,16,837 3,36,09,735 58,494 81,30,666 Vi.akhapatnam ., 2,187 3,38,985 Total 2,19,024 3,39,48, 720 -India .. 14,62,264 22,44,57,524 19,02,238 29,48,46,890 14,13,847 19,54,17,452 MICA- NeD ore 12,966 21,59,319 13,993 22,08,000 11,496 23,01,406 . (cwt.) (cwt.) India •. ' 1,52,209 2,20,60,906 1,28,492 1, 76,84,3~0 1,03,381 1,55,91,884 (cwt.) (cwt,) .

OcHRE- ' Kurnool ~.on 27,749 44,490 90,031 54,:J.67 2,26,836 India .. 17,600 3,04,929 59,631 2,80,156 75,506 5,47,1~9 SALT- Andhra (a) (a) 2,88,860 47,36,751 1,62,867 ·26,30,000 I India .. 31,65,037 5,83,02,092 25,16,725' 4,25,64,000 • STEATITE- Anantapur .. 298 10,740 90 4,000 128 4,810 Kumool .,. 289 15,545 180 3,594 594 11,~78 Nellore ' 14 1,740 . ·Total 601 . 28,025 270 7,594 722 16,788 India .. 20,772 7;64,224 29,135 16,78,277 42,326 13,28,191

(a) Information not available. (b) Approximate at Rs. 6.8 per ton. / (c}.E•port figures. (d} Approximate at Rs. 9.1 per ton. (h) At £ 5.44 per ton. (I) At £ 5.00 per ton. (p) At £ 4.9$ per ton. (e) Approximate at Rs. 9.8 per ton. (I) At Rs. 10-7-0 per ton. (m) At £ 5.16 per ton. (q) At £ 4.32 per ton. t/) Approximate at Rs. 11.5 per ton. U> Estimated. (n) At £ 5.05 per ton. (r) At £ 5.86 per ton. (g) Approximate at Rs. 11.6 per ton. (k} _At £ 6.09 per ton. (o) AI £ 3.97 per t11n. (•) At £ 4.27 per toil. • (•) At£ 4.94 per ton. (x) Value of 2.5 carats In 1910 and 5'15. (I) At £ 4.80 per ton. . (w) At £ 4.56 per ton. carats in 1911 recovered at Bangana. ( u) Including small quantities produced in the (y) At £ 4.77 per ton. ' palle, not returned. ' districts of Madras State, (z) At ,; 4.43 per ton. • Value of· 509 tons not available. • Including 36,435 tons of whit<' clay. • including 3,193 tons of white clay. • Exdudiug 2,00,551 tons produced by small-scale unli~ensed producen. 1 Tho northern part of the Visakhapatnam district was constituted into the Srikakulam district. The manganese-ore productior. in the Visakhapatnam district.tilli9Sl was from this northern part. • SUP. D.-8. 30 TABLB 9. Summarised comparative statement showing quantity and value oj minerals produced in the former Andhra State and their respective figures for the whole of India.* . Minerals* Total figures li{l 1954. Average figures for 1946-!4. · Output (tons) Value (Rs.) · Output (Ions) Value (Rs.) (I) (2) (3) (4) (5) AsBESTos- Cuddapah 1,460•75 18,83,551 107.72 1,70,307 India ... 8,322•55 24,92,198 377 2,06,560 BARYJU- 85,325 8,08,631 6,131.7 64,652 Anantapur ~· .. Cuddapah .... 173,681 25,44,261 8,515.1 . 1,80,757 Kurnool . 71,217 8,78,406 2,849.9 42,049 Total 330,223 42,31,298 17,496.6 2,87,459 India 354,454 44,51,322 (a) 17,590•9 2,88,344 (h) CALCITE- Anantapur 5,63& 48,579 1,409.5(b) 12,145(h) India 12,678 1,47,301 3,144.5(b) 36,825(b) CinNA CLAY- Andhra .. Over 5,459 Over 25,940 · 2,729.5(c) 1~,970(c) India 240,566 45,02,274 120,283(c) 22,51,137(c) CHRoMJTE- " .. Krishna 19,927 7,25,836 2,025.8 76,882 ' India 3 45,492 1,20,23,113 • 31,087.1 11,36,565 CoPPER- _, Nellore .. ., 405 7,852 DIAMONDs- Kumool .. 191.79 carats. 1,440 India ,.. 421.49 cts. 66,885 GoiD- '· ~antapur ... 182,315 oz. 1,13,37,251 tloor .. Over 2,959 oi. 2,07,845 • 105 oz.(/) _23,780(/) Total .. 185,274 oz. 1,15,45,096 -I . . India ... 9,372,898.24 oz. 58,77,57,735 GRAPHITO- East Godavari 367 32,700(d) 109(e) 10,900(e) Visakhapatnam 100 {0,000 . 100(/) IO,OW (f) Total 467 2,700(d) • India 6,262 6,43,670 1,565.5(e) 1,60,918{e GYPSUM- Nellore .. . 193 3,910 IRoN-oRE- Chittoor .. I •• • 51,740 3,32,672 17,246.7(e) • 1,10,891(e) Cuddapah 27,683 3,68,680. 9,227.7(1 1,22,893(e) Krishna 167,163 11,44,205 167,173( ) 11,44,205(/) Kumool .. 94,933 3,26,038 31,644.3(e) 1,08,679(e) Total 341,529 21,71,595 113,843(e) 7 ,23,865(e) India 12,088,649 8,38,60,046 4,029,549. 1(e) 2,79,53,349(e) KYANITE- Nell ore 3,875 1,95,479 552.6(g~ 27,921(g) India 209,093 2,89.95,002 27,875.6(g 41,00, 782(g) MANGANESE-OR&- Kurnool •• "-... 946 19,887 Srikakulam 2,351,198 10,32,05,064(h) 57,864 81,31,765 Visakhapatoam 2,187 3,38,985 Total 2,354,331 10,35,63,936(h) India 38,276,436 1,96,94,77,968(h) 981,033.8· 11,72,67,069 MICA- Krishna .. , 487 cwt. 51,244 Nell ore 670,356.2 .. 4,44.75,426 (h) 15,942.6 cwt. 17,61,461 ' Visakhapatnam 33 .. (i) . Total 670,876.2 .. 4,45,26,670(h) India 4,278,226 35,15,48,486(h) 146,402.3 2,01,65,736 OCHRE- .. .. Kumool .. Over 110,723 Ovc:r .3,87,478 12,302.6 43,053 lpdia 212,642 22,25,636 23,626.9 2,47,293 . SAMARSKITE .. Nellore 103.6 cwt. 4,668 SLATE- Kumool 3,512 19;015 STEATITE- Anantapur 3,180 83,790 . 239;1 6,556 Guntur 25,921 26,616 Kumool 16,232.85 1,97,490 224.4. 7,685 Nellore 2,300.6 1,02,623 69 . 1,260 Total 47,634.45 4,10,519 532.5 15,501 India 600,706.2. 1,66,51.988 25,964.1 10,72,487 Total value 16,97,50,000 or Rs. 17 crores approximately. • ·The figure<; for India relate to !he same perioo of production as for Andhra. These include a1so figures for the intervening sho.rt pericds when there was no production in Andhra. (a) Value of 509 tons from Jaipur not awilable. (b) Average for 4 years from 1951. (c) Average for 2 years from 1953. (d) Value of 40 tons not available (e) AYerage for 3 years from 1952 (f) Started production in 1954. ·. (g). Average for 7 years from 1948. (h) Approximate. (iJ Information not available. 31

LIST OF ~CBS. l. Balasundaram, M. s. (1943-44) •• 'Some Iron-ore deposits in the Cuddapah district· published by the Government of Madras, Development ' Department in G.O. No. 4380, dated .12th October 1944 .. :2. Balasundaram, M. S. {1944-45) .• 'Progress Report for the field-season {Cuddapah district) • published by the Government of Madras-{.2149/ 1st June 1946) • .3. Balasundaram, M. S. (1944-45) ...... 'A Note on the Calcareous Flags near Kurnool Town • published by the Government of Madras-{980/6tb March 1946). . 4. Balasundaram, M. S. & Jacob, Dr. K. {1943-44) ' Slates of Cumbum and Markapur, Kurnool district published by the· Government of.Madras-{2147J2nd Jl.lne 1945). :5. Coulson, A. L. {1933) ' Barytes in the Ceded districts of Madras Presidency,' ' Mem. G.S.I., Vol. 64, pt. 1. . -6. Coulson, A. L. {1933) ' Asbestos in 1he Ceded districts of Madras Presidency. Mem. G.S.I., Vol. 64, pt. 2. . 7. Dutt, N. V. B. S. (1948-49) ' Progress Report for the field-season {Kurnool district) ,' published by the Governmc:nt of Madras-{4314/27th October 1950). :8:' Dutt, N . .Y. B. S. (1949-50) • Ptogress Report for the field-season {Kurnool and Cudda­ pah districts)', published by the Government of Madras -{3776j29th August 1952). ·9. Dutt, N . .Y. B. S. {1950-51). ... • Progress Report for the .field-season {Kurnool and • Cuddapah districts)', published by the Government of l Madras-{5033/22nd November 1952). 10. Dutt, N. V. B. S. (1951-52) .-.. • Report on the Detailed Examinati6n of Limestones useful for Cement Manufacture in the Northern Part of Kurnool district', published by the Government of Madras-{3037j30th June 1953). 11. Dutt, N. V.IB. S. (1951-52) • Progress Report for the field-season {Cuddapah disti ct),' published by the Government of Madras-{3336/18th July 1953.) · . '12. Dutt, N .. V. B. S. (1953) .• • Ancient Diamond• Mining. in Andhra and its Future •• Indian Minerals, Vol. VII, No. 3, July 1953 {pp. 138- .150). 13. Dutt, N. V. B.S. (1955) ·Geomorphological Features of the Purana Rocks in Andhra State, National Geographical Journal of India. Vol. 1, Pt. 2, December 1955. 114. Diltt, N. V. B.S. (1957) 'Andhra Pradesapu Khanija Sampada,' Sangraha Andhra Vijnana Koshamu, Vol. I, published by Sangraha Andhra Vijnana Kosha Samiti, Vidyanagar, Hyderabad Deccan. ".15. Ghosh, Dr._P. K. (1952) •• ' Directory of Indian Mines and Metals '. 16. Gopalakrishnamah Chetty, N. (1886) •A Manual of the Kurnool district in the Presidency of Madras, Government Press, Madras. '17. King, W. (1872) ' ·.. • On the Kadapah and Karnul formations in the Madras Presidency', Mem. G.S.I., Vol. 8, pt. 1. 18. Krishnan, Dr. M. S. (1951) '• Mineral Resources of Madras', Mem. G.S.I., Yo!. 80. 19. Krishnan, Dr. M.S. & Venkatram, M.S.' {1940-41) · • Report on Asbestos an~ Barytes in the Pulivendla taluk. Cuddapah district '. published by the Government of Madras-{l8/3rd January 1942). , :20. Krishnan, Dr, M. S. & Balasundaram, M. S. {1943-44).. ' Iron-ore deposits near Ramallakota, Kurnool district, published by . the Government of Madras-{3408/7th August 1944) .. '21. Krishnaswamy, S. {1949-50) • A Note on the Gold occurrences in the southern ex­ tensions of the Kolar Schist Belt ', published by the Government of Madras-{314/22nd January 1951). _ 22. Mahadevan, Dr. C. (1940) •• , • .Mineral Resources of Andhra Desa ', Andhra University · Series: No. 22. · . :23. Murthy, N. G. K. _!1949-50) • Progress Report for the field-season (Chittoor district)', published by the Government of Madras-{733/26th February 1952). · · 24. Murthy, N. G~ K. {1950-51) • Progress Report for the field-season (Chittoor district)," published by the Government of Madras-{1654/16th April 1952). 25. Thiagarjaan, R· (1944-45) • Certainic CeramRaw Materials in Kavali and Kandukur taluks, Nellore district, and Razampeta taluk. Cutldapah .- district ', published by the Government of Madras­ (2148/lst June 1946).

' ' 32

L1S1 OF Ri!FBRBNCBS-cont. ' · 26. 'lbiilgarlijan, R. (1945-46) · • • • Survey of Ceramic Ra~ Materials in Cuddapah and! Kurnool districts, pubijshed by the Governme_nt of Madras---(4838/llth bctober 1947). , · 27. Thiagarajan. R. (1946-47) .. • Survey ·of Ceramic' Raw Materials in Cuddapah and. . . -. Kurnool districts ', published by, the Government of Madras-{440/12th March 1949). , ;~ 28. Venkatesh, V. (1947-48) •• • A Report'on Some Limestone Occurrences in the Kumooll and Nandikotkur taluks, Kumool district', published. by the Gov,:mment of Madras-(5222/27th Octo~ 1949). 29. Venkatesh, V. (1948-49) •• • A Report on limestones near Betamcherla, Kumoot district', published by the Government of Madras­ (4507/llth November 1950). 30•. Venkatram, M. S. (1945-46) •• • • • A Note on the Limestone occurrences near Betamcherla. Kurnool district ', published by the Government of ,. Madras-(2719/23rd June 1947). 31. Venkatram, M. S. & Balasundaram, M. s. (1941....-.42). • Mapping of the Vempalle Limestone Belt and Associated! • . Rocks East of the Papaghni river up to Cuddapah ', · published by the GQIIernment of Madras-{3389/5tlb March 1943). I 32, Venkayya, P. (1946) •• • World's Unknown Parent Rock of Diamond' (Krisln). (Bezwada), Speciat No. quoted by Dr. M. S. KrishnaDJ (18, pa~e 12). · -. .· Unpublished reports of Dr. B. C. Roy (1942-43),and Messrs. K. Balu (i948-49). N. V. B.S. Dutt (1947-48), 'r. Madhu- - ·sudanaRao (1950-54), N. G. K. Murthy(1951-54), J. Narayanamurthy (1948-49), A K. Roy (1945-47), C. K. R. Sastry . "" (1950.,.54),8. Srikantan (1947-49), R. Thiagarajan (1947-48), D. Venkataramanan (1953-54), V. Venkatesh (1946-49). and M.S. Venkatram (1945-46 and 1953-54). ·

2nd August~ 1957. N. v· B. s. Durr; Geologist: Geo/ogic,al Survey of India.

"PRINTED BY THE ASSISTANT DIRECTOR, GOVERNMENT PRESS, KURNOOL AND PUBLISHED BY TJ:.IE DIRECTOR, ANDHRA PRADESH GOVER,NMENT PRESS, HYDERABAD". ~

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• r.:q 0 INDEX A ASBESTOS M IAANGAWc:SE I? 8• BARv:rE& Q QUARTZ Ct CAL~AREO!JS TUFA Ro RED OXIDE OR OCilRE Cp COPPER · Ss 'SALINE SOIL .Cll CQ_RUNDUM Sp ,SERPENTINE D DIAMOND . St STEATITE G GOLQ ) IRON ClYo WHITEYELLOW CLAYs OCHRE L .LEAD-SILVER ORE ""' LIMESTONE FOR CEMENT r-,,c.-~---i~~~~~~C5~i~~;~~~~r,~~~~~~~~2~t~7{'---:n Mg MAGNESITE Sl ·SLATE SCALE 10 S 0 r.l 20 30 , 40 J.llLES A

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