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Saleha works as a teacher. After she got married, she was ex- 6RFLDO DQG +HDOWK 6XUYH\ ,:,6+ ZKLFK FRYHUHG DOO WKH posed to her husband’s abuse. Her husband used to beat her JRYHUQRUDWHV RI ,UDT LQFOXGLQJ WKH .XUGLVK JRYHUQRUDWHV in the house, the street, and in her workplace in front of her $FFRUGLQJ WR WKH UHVXOWV RI WKH VXUYH\ SHU FHQW RI JLUOV colleagues. Every time her husband beat her, Saleha would DJHGȂUHSRUWHGWKH\KDGEHHQH[SRVHGWRYLROHQFHRU take the children and go to her parents’ house and stay there KXPLOLDWLRQE\DIDPLO\PHPEHULQWKHSDVWPRQWK$PRQJ for a while. Her husband would come to return her and, a few PDUULHG ZRPHQ DJHG Ȃ \HDUV SHU FHQW KDG EHHQ days later, he would start beating her again. (Saleha, 43 VXEMHFW WR HPRWLRQDO YLROHQFH E\ WKHLU VSRXVHV ZLWKLQ WKH years old, Baghdad) SUHYLRXV\HDUSHUFHQWWRSK\VLFDOYLROHQFHDQGSHU FHQWWRVH[XDOYLROHQFH0RUHRYHUSHUFHQWRIZRPHQUH- 0DQ\ DFWLYLVWV DJUHH WKDW IDPLO\EDVHG YLROHQFH KDV ULVHQ SRUWHGWKDWKXVEDQGVDUHDOZD\VRUVRPHWLPHVWKHVRXUFHRI GUDPDWLFDOO\LQUHFHQW\HDUVLQFRQQHFWLRQZLWKWKHFRQȵLFW YLROHQFHDJDLQVWZRPHQIROORZHGE\IDWKHUV SHUFHQW 0DNLQJ PDWWHUV ZRUVH WKH PRVW UHFHQW ZDYH RI GLVSODFH- :KHQDVNHGDERXWWKHSODFHVZKHUHZRPHQDUHPRVWYXOQHU- PHQW DQG ORVV DQG DFFRPSDQ\LQJ HFRQRPLF KDUGVKLS KDV DEOHWRYLROHQFHWKHKRPHWRSSHGWKHOLVWRIPRVWOLNHO\SODF- LQFUHDVHGWKHYXOQHUDELOLW\RIGLVSODFHGZRPHQWRGRPHVWLF HV SHUFHQW IROORZHGE\WKHVWUHHWDQGSXEOLFSODFHV YLROHQFH %HWZHHQ )HEUXDU\ DQG 0D\ 05*ȇV SDUW- Leyla’s husband assaults her and hits her. He incites the chil- QHU RUJDQL]DWLRQ $68'$ REWDLQHG GHWDLOV RI FDV- GUHQWRJLYHKHUNQLYHVRUȴUHWREXUQDQGNLOOKHUVHOIVRWKH\ HV RI GRPHVWLF YLROHQFH DFURVV VHYHQ ,UDTL FLWLHV 2XW can get rid of her. She is asking for divorce for the safety of RI WKH FDVHV RI GRPHVWLF YLROHQFH LQ ZKLFK WKH LGHQ- her children and to protect them from their father. (Leyla, 38 WLW\ RI WKH SHUSHWUDWRU ZDV GLVFORVHG FDVHV WKH years old, Kirkuk) KXVEDQG ZDV E\ IDU WKH PRVW FRPPRQ SHUSHWUDWRU RI YLROHQFH UHSUHVHQWLQJ SHU FHQW RI FDVHV IROORZHG E\ 7KH PRVW FRPSUHKHQVLYH UHFHQW VWDWLVWLFV RQ IDPLO\EDVHG WKH EURWKHU SHU FHQW WKH IDWKHU SHU FHQW DQG RWKHU YLROHQFH DUH SURYLGHG E\ WKH ,UDT :RPHQ ,QWHJUDWHG SHUSHWUDWRUV )LJXUH 7KH/RVW:RPHQRI,UDT)DPLO\EDVHGYLROHQFHGXULQJDUPHGFRQȵLFW

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7KHW\SHVRIYLROHQFHUHSRUWHGLQFOXGHGQXPHURXV Yusra’s husband is temperamental and threatens IRUPVRISK\VLFDOYHUEDOHPRWLRQDOHFRQRPLFDQG to kill her. He gives her screwdrivers or the gas tank VH[XDODEXVH$68'$ȇVUHVHDUFKHUVDOVRXQFRYHUHG in order to kill herself, and hits her and insults her QXPHURXVFDVHVRIIRUFHGDQGHDUO\PDUULDJHȆKRQ- in front of her children. Her children are suffering RXUȇYLROHQFHDQG)*0 WKHVHSDUWLFXODUIRUPVRI from psychological problems because of this. (Yus- YLROHQFH DUH GLVFXVVHG VHSDUDWHO\ LQ VXEVHTXHQW ra, 38 years old, Kirkuk) FKDSWHUV Amal’s husband wanted to discipline her for leav- 7KH PRVW FRPPRQ IRUP RI GRPHVWLF YLROHQFH UH- ing the house without his permission. He beat her SRUWHGZDVYHUEDORUHPRWLRQDODEXVHZKLFK severely and chained her hands to the fan in their ZRPHQH[SHULHQFHG SHUFHQWRIDOOFDVHV 7KH room then left her chained there for several hours. GRPLQDQWIRUPVRIYHUEDODEXVHZHUHLQVXOWVDQG He started beating her while she was hanging from KXPLOLDWLRQZKLFKVRPHWLPHVWRRNSODFHLQIURQW the fan. She begged him to stop, but he did not lis- RIWKHZRPDQȇVUHODWLYHVRUSHHUV7KUHDWVZHUHDQ- ten. (Amal, 28 years old, Baghdad) RWKHUIRUPRIYHUEDORUHPRWLRQDODEXVH7KHVHLQ- FOXGHGWKHWKUHDWRINLOOLQJGLYRUFHRUWDNLQJDZD\ ,Q FDVHV SHU FHQW ZRPHQ ZHUH IRUFLEO\ WKHFKLOGUHQ WKURZQRXWRIWKHLUKRPHV

Hibah suffers from all types of violence from her Najla suffered from her husband’s beating, abuse, husband on a daily basis. He doesn’t even call her insults, and violence for 10 years. Her husband by her name, but instead calls her ‘animal’. On top used to beat her in front of her children and throw of this, he doesn’t work. She is in a poor psychologi- her outside of the house at night in her sleeping cal state. (Hibah, 30 years old, Baghdad) gown. She would stay at the neighbours’ place until the morning and then go to the hospital for medi- $ WRWDO RI ZRPHQ UHSRUWHG EHLQJ VXEMHFWHG cal treatment. (Najla, 32 years old, Baghdad) WR SK\VLFDO YLROHQFH UHSUHVHQWLQJ SHU FHQW RI DOOFDVHV&DVHVRISK\VLFDODEXVHPRVWFRPPRQO\ $ ODUJH QXPEHU RI FDVHV ZHUH FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ D LQYROYHG EHDWLQJ VRPHWLPHV LQYROYLQJ WKH XVH RI FRPELQDWLRQ RI ERWK SK\VLFDO DQG YHUEDO DEXVH KRXVHKROG REMHFWV WR VWULNH WKH YLFWLP ,Q VHYHQ FDVHVSHUFHQW FDVHVZRPHQZKRZHUHSUHJQDQWZHUHEHDWHQVH- YHUHO\OHDGLQJWRWHUPLQDWLRQRIWKHSUHJQDQF\ Lamya’s husband beats her with any kitchen uten- sils he lays his hands on. She has been bearing his Sana’s husband beat her and burned her by throw- mistreatment, insults and beating for seven years ing a boiling teapot at her. Her body was burned on a daily basis. Now, he is threatening to take an- and she was moved to the hospital. (Sana, 26 years other wife. (Lamya, 34 years old, Baghdad) old, Baghdad)

,Q DGGLWLRQ $68'$ȇV UHVHDUFKHUV XQFRYHUHG Maisa has been exposed to beating at her husband’s FDVHVRIVH[XDODEXVHLQFOXGLQJYLRODWLRQVVXFKDV hands since the beginning of their marriage. Her PDULWDOUDSHLQFHVWVH[XDOKDUDVVPHQWDQGHYHQ husband used to hold her head and hair and beat IRUFHGSURVWLWXWLRQ her against the wall. On top of that, he isolated her inside the house like a prisoner and prevented her Hind’s husband considers her as an enemy. When from any sort of communication with her family. he comes back home, he has sex with her and then (Maisa, 30 years old, Baghdad) starts to hit her as much as he can for no reason. She wants a divorce, but her family doesn’t allow ,Q DGGLWLRQ FDVHV RI GRPHVWLF YLROHQFH SHU that. (Hind, 24 years old, Mosul) FHQW LQYROYHGSUHYHQWLQJWKHZRPDQRUJLUOIURP FRPSOHWLQJKHUHGXFDWLRQZKLOHDIXUWKHUFDVHV Muna was exposed to harassment from her un- SHUFHQW LQYROYHGSUHYHQWLQJWKHZRPDQIURP cle. When her father found out, he threw the uncle ZRUNLQJ (DUO\ ZLWKGUDZDO IURP HGXFDWLRQ ZDV D out of the house and rebuked her. He forced her FRPPRQVFHQDULRLQFDVHVRIIRUFHGRUHDUO\PDU- to leave her studies and took away her freedom. ULDJH GLVFXVVHG ODWHU EXW LQ RWKHU FDVHV VLVWHUV (Muna, 16 years old, Basra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ȇV Abir is suffering from her brothers’ mistreatment. HDUQLQJVRURWKHUSURSHUW\ZDVUHSRUWHGLQFDV- They prevented her from entering university and HV SHUFHQW completing her studies, and forced her to stay home and serve them, even though they are all Kholoud’s husband always hits her because he is married. When any man proposes to her, he is addicted to pills. He does not work and most of the faced with rejection from her brothers. (Abir, 27 time he is passed out. She is forced to bake for the years old, Baghdad) neighbours in order to earn enough to feed the Samar is exposed to violence at the hands of her children. He hits her and takes the money in order brother, who hits her for the simplest and most in- to buy pills. (Kholoud, 30 years old, Baghdad) VLJQLȴFDQWUHDVRQV+HIRUFHGKHUWROHDYHKHUVWXG- &RQWURO RYHU D ZRPDQȇV PRYHPHQW ZDV DQRWKHU ies and hit her with an iron on her head because UHFXUULQJ FKDUDFWHULVWLF RI GRPHVWLF YLROHQFH ,Q VKHGLGQRWLURQKLVVKLUWIRUKLP 6DPDU\HDUV FDVHV SHU FHQW ZRPHQ ZHUH SUHYHQWHG E\ old, Baghdad) WKHLUDEXVHUVIURPJRLQJRXWRUIURPYLVLWLQJIDP- LO\PHPEHUV 'HVSLWH WKH ZLGHVSUHDG SUHYDOHQFH RI GRPHVWLF YLROHQFHPRVWYLFWLPVGRQRWUHSRUWWKHLUH[SHUL- Shaimaa’s uncle and mother-in-law encourage her HQFHV WR DQ\ DXWKRULW\ 7KH GRPLQDQW FXOWXUH LQ husband to hit her and prevent her from going to ,UDT YLHZV GRPHVWLF YLROHQFH DV D SULYDWH PDWWHU see her sick mother. As a result, she didn’t see her ZLWKLQ WKH IDPLO\ DQG HYHQ D OHJLWLPDWH SDUW RI mother for seven months. They also prevent her PDUULHG OLIH $FFRUGLQJ WR WKH ,:,6+ UHSRUW from visiting the gynaecologist, even if she has SHUFHQWRI,UDTLPHQEHOLHYHWKH\KDYHWKHULJKW health problems. (Shaimaa, 18 years old, Baghdad) WREHDWWKHLUZLYHVLIWKH\OHDYHWKHKRPHZLWKRXW SHUPLVVLRQZKLOHSHUFHQWEHOLHYHWKH\KDYH Reem’s husband beat her severely and shaved all WKHULJKWWREHDWWKHLUZLIHLIVKHGLVREH\VWKHP her hair because he returned from work and did :RPHQVXUYH\HGGLVSOD\HGVLPLODUDWWLWXGHVZLWK QRWȴQGKHUDWKRPH 5HHP\HDUVROG%DJKGDG SHUFHQWRIIHPDOHVDJHGȂEHOLHYLQJWKDWWKH 7KH/RVW:RPHQRI,UDT)DPLO\EDVHGYLROHQFHGXULQJDUPHGFRQȵLFW

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,QDGGLWLRQWRWKHLQGLIIHUHQFHRISROLFHDQGMXGL- RWKHU FDVHV KXVEDQGV XQLODWHUDOO\ GLYRUFHG WKHLU FLDO DXWKRULWLHV WRZDUGV YLROHQFH DJDLQVW ZRPHQ ZLYHVVRPHWLPHVZLWKRXWWKHLUNQRZOHGJHDQGRI- D YDULHW\ RI RWKHU IDFWRUV SUHYHQW ZRPHQ IURP WHQin absentiaJLYLQJZRPHQOLWWOHFRQWURORYHUWKH OHDYLQJDEXVLYHUHODWLRQVKLSV7KH3HUVRQDO6WDWXV FRQVHTXHQWDUUDQJHPHQWV,QFDVHVUHSRUWHGWR /DZPDNHVGLYRUFHFRQVLGHUDEO\PRUHGLɚFXOWIRU $68'$ ZRPHQ KDG WKHLU FKLOGUHQ IRUFLEO\ WDNHQ ZRPHQWRLQLWLDWHWKDQPHQUHTXLULQJZRPHQWR DZD\ IURP WKHP HLWKHU E\ WKHLU KXVEDQG RU KLV SURYH WR WKH FRXUW WKDW WKH KXVEDQG KDV IDLOHG WR IDPLO\DQGZHUHSUHYHQWHGIURPVHHLQJWKHP7KLV PHHWRQHRIDȴ[HGQXPEHURIVSHFLȴFFRQGLWLRQV ZDV D PDMRU VRXUFH RI WUDXPD DQG SV\FKRORJLFDO ZKHUHDVPHQHIIHFWLYHO\SRVVHVVDULJKWWRXQLODWHU- VXIIHULQJIRUWKHZRPHQLQYROYHG DOGLYRUFHZLWKRXWKDYLQJWRSURYLGHJURXQGVWRWKH FRXUW,QDVRFLHW\ZKHUHGLYRUFHLVKLJKO\VWLJPD- Manal’s husband divorced her, took away her son, WL]HG PDQ\ ZRPHQ VWD\ LQ DEXVLYH UHODWLRQVKLSV and prevented her from seeing him. As a result, she LQRUGHUWRDYRLGUHMHFWLRQDQGWKHWKUHDWRIHYHQ had a nervous breakdown. (Manal, 26 years old, IXUWKHUYLROHQFHIURPIDPLO\DQGFRPPXQLW\PHP- Baghdad) EHUV,QVRPHFDVHVUHSRUWHGWR$68'$WKHVWLJPD DWWDFKHGWRGLYRUFHZDVVRKLJKWKDWHYHQZRPHQ Salma’s husband divorced her in absentia without LQ H[WUHPHO\ DEXVLYH PDUULDJHV ZHUH IRUFHG E\ any explanation. He travelled outside Iraq and left WKHLUIDPLOLHVWRUHWXUQWRWKHLUKXVEDQGV her children without any source of income. (Salma, 30 years old, Baghdad) 6Dȴ\\DȇV KXVEDQG XVHG WR EHDW KHU HYHU\ GD\ VR she ran away and went to her mother’s house. Her ,QDGGLWLRQGLYRUFHSODFHVZRPHQLQDQHFRQRPL- mother demanded that she return to her husband. FDOO\ YXOQHUDEOH VLWXDWLRQ :RPHQ RIWHQ UHO\ RQ $OWKRXJK 6Dȴ\\D WROG KHU PRWKHU DERXW KRZ KHU WKHLU KXVEDQGV DV WKH VROH EUHDGZLQQHU GXULQJ husband was abusing and beating her, her mother PDUULDJH LW LV GLɚFXOW IRU WKHP WR ȴQG HPSOR\- responded by saying that ‘We do not have girls who PHQWDIWHUGLYRUFHGXHWRWKHODFNRIHPSOR\PHQW JHW GLYRUFHGȇ 6Dȴ\\D UHWXUQHG WR KHU KXVEDQG RSSRUWXQLWLHVIRUZRPHQDQGQHJDWLYHVRFLDOSHU- humiliated. He beat her and threatened to kill her FHSWLRQVRIGLYRUFHGZRPHQZKLFKFDQOHDYHWKHP LIVKHHYHUDVNHGIRUDGLYRUFHDJDLQ 6Dȴ\\D YXOQHUDEOH WR VH[XDO KDUDVVPHQW 0RUHRYHU H[- years old, Baghdad) LVWLQJSXEOLFVWUXFWXUHVDUHLQDGHTXDWHWRVXSSRUW GLYRUFHGDQGVLQJOHZRPHQHVSHFLDOO\WKRVHZLWK 'LYRUFHGZRPHQZKRUHWXUQWROLYHZLWKWKHLUIDP- FKLOGUHQ)HPDOHKHDGHGKRXVHKROGVDUHHQWLWOHGWR LOLHVDUHRIWHQVXEMHFWWRIXUWKHUW\SHVRIDEXVHDQG FODLP DSSUR[LPDWHO\ ,UDTL GLQDUV D PRQWK VWLJPDGXHWRWKHLUVWDWXVDVGLYRUFHGZRPHQ WKHHTXLYDOHQWRI86 LQEHQHȴWVIRUHDFKFKLOG ZKLFK LQ WKH DEVHQFH RI JRYHUQPHQWSURYLGHG Lubna got divorced due to problems and bad treat- KRXVLQJEHQHȴWVLVVFDUFHO\HQRXJKWROLYHRQ)XU- ment and returned to her family’s house. She was WKHUPRUHWKHVHIXQGVDUHGLɚFXOWWRDFFHVVGXHWR forced to leave her children with their father be- FRPSOLFDWHGDSSOLFDWLRQSURFHGXUHV cause her family refused to receive them. She suf- ,WLVLPSRUWDQWWRQRWHKHUHWKDWFDVHVRIGRPHV- fers from bad treatment from her brothers, who WLF YLROHQFH UHSRUWHG E\ $68'$ LQYROYHG VXLFLGH prevent her from going out and living a normal life RUDWWHPSWHGVXLFLGHE\WKHYLFWLP,QPRVWFDVHV because she is divorced. Her psychological state de- VXLFLGHDWWHPSWVDSSHDUWREHFORVHO\UHODWHGWRWKH teriorated and she experienced a bout of hysteria. ZRPDQȇV H[SHULHQFH RI GRPHVWLF YLROHQFH +RZ- She was hospitalized and given sedatives. (Lubna, HYHU LW LV VRPHWLPHV QRW FOHDU WR ZKDW H[WHQW D 32 years old, Baghdad) VXLFLGHZDVFRPPLWWHGE\WKHYLFWLPDFWLQJDORQH RUZKHWKHULQVRPHFDVHVZRPHQZHUHLQFLWHGRU 1HYHUWKHOHVVDWRWDORIFDVHVRIGRPHVWLFYLR- HYHQIRUFHGWRFRPPLWVXLFLGHE\WKHLUDEXVHUV OHQFHUHSRUWHGWR$68'$ SHUFHQW HQGHGLQ GLYRUFH+RZHYHUGLYRUFHGLGQRWEULQJDQHQGWR Marwa was moved to the hospital because she at- WKHZRPHQȇVSUREOHPV,QDODUJHQXPEHURIFDVHV tempted to commit suicide by burning herself. After ZRPHQZHUHLQWLPLGDWHGE\WKHLUKXVEDQGVLQWRJLY- her divorce she returned with her children to her LQJXSWKHLUOHJDOULJKWVVXFKDVVXSSRUWSD\PHQWV family’s house, where she suffers from her family’s RUFKLOGFXVWRG\LQRUGHUWRȴQDOL]HWKHGLYRUFH,Q treatment because she is divorced. They prevent 7KH/RVW:RPHQRI,UDT)DPLO\EDVHGYLROHQFHGXULQJDUPHGFRQȵLFW

her from going out and living her normal life, and &DVHVVXFKDVWKHVHDUHSDUWRIDODUJHUWUHQGRIIH- her father is trying to force her to leave her children PDOH VHOILPPRODWLRQ D SKHQRPHQRQ WKDW KDV DI- with their father, which she refuses to do. (Marwa, IHFWHG,UDTIRUGHFDGHV VHHER[ 30 years old, Baghdad)

The burnings of LPPRODWLRQ FDVHV ZHUH DVFULEHG According to some estimates, ap Iraqi women WR ȆIDWHȇ LQGLFDWLQJ DFFLGHQWV HLJKW proximately 10,000 women died as a cases to family or psychological rea UHVXOWRIVHOIEXUQLQJLQWKH.XUGLVWDQ sons, while nearly half were again region alone between the years of 2QH SDUWLFXODUO\ VKRFNLQJ IHDWXUH RI FDWHJRULVHGDVȆXQNQRZQȇ7KHRɚFLDO 1991 and 2010.180RVWFDVHVRIVHOI IDPLO\EDVHG YLROHQFH DJDLQVW ZRP ȴJXUHVIRUDQGWRGDWHLQ immolation are believed to be closely en in Iraq is the prevalence of cases dicate that there are over 300 cases a connected to women’s experiences of women being burnt alive. \HDULQMXVWWKHVHWKUHHJRYHUQRUDWHV of violence and otherwise unhappy VHH7DEOH domestic situations. When divorce ,Q MXVW WKH ȴUVW TXDUWHU RI IRU or leaving home are not socially ac WKH WKUHH JRYHUQRUDWHV RI (UELO 'R The circumstances surrounding ceptable options, many women feel KXN DQG 6XOD\PDQL\DK WKH *HQHUDO many cases, the testimony of hospi that ending their lives is their only 'LUHFWRUDWH IRU &RPEDWLQJ 9LROHQFH tal staff and the use of immolation escape.19 However, due to fears of against Women recorded 92 such LQȆKRQRXUȇFULPHVFDVWVHULRXVGRXEW reprisal by their families, survivors FDVHV RI ZKLFK DW OHDVW SURYHG on the number of burning cases cat RI VHOILPPRODWLRQ RIWHQ UHSRUW WR IDWDO 2YHU D WKLUG RI FDVHV ZHUH UH egorized as accidents. Activists also hospital staff that their burns were FRUGHG DV ȆVHOIEXUQLQJȇ 8QXVXDOO\ report that although some women incurred as the result of an accident, IRU,UDTDEUHDNGRZQRIFDXVHVZDV PD\FKRRVHWRNLOOWKHPVHOYHVE\VHOI leaving the staff members to surmise recorded for this period. For the immolation as a form of protest, in the true causes.20 There is also the VHOIEXUQLQJ FDVHV WKH FDXVHV JLYHQ other cases they are forced to com possibility that some cases of burn included family, social or psychologi mit suicide and supplied with the ing may actually have been murders cal reasons, but the largest category means. Families may then report the disguised as accidents or suicide at ZDVȆXQNQRZQȇ)RURWKHULQVWDQFHVRI death as an accident. tempts.21

LQ,UDT6WURQJVRFLDOWDERRVDQGIDPLO\SUHVVXUHV Response of the SUHYHQWYLFWLPVIURPVSHDNLQJDERXWDEXVHLQWKH federal government of KRPH DQG IURP UHSRUWLQJ VXFK LQVWDQFHV WR WKH DXWKRULWLHV0RUHRYHUJLYHQWKHRYHUDOOZHDNQHVV Iraq RIWKHMXGLFLDODXWKRULWLHVDQGWKHLUORZUHJDUGIRU IHPDOH YLFWLPV ZRPHQ DUH XQOLNHO\ WR UHFHLYH D $OWKRXJKWKH,UDTL&RQVWLWXWLRQSURKLELWVȆDOOIRUPV KHOSIXO UHVSRQVH HYHQ LI WKH\ GR UHSRUW GRPHVWLF RIYLROHQFHDQGDEXVHLQWKHIDPLO\ȇWKHUHLVDV\HW YLROHQFH QR OHJLVODWLRQ LQ SODFH WKDW VSHFLȴFDOO\ FULPLQDO- L]HVGRPHVWLFYLROHQFH7KH3HQDO&RGHHIIHFWLYHO\ Noor is married to her cousin who works as a police VDQFWLRQV GRPHVWLF YLROHQFH E\ XSKROGLQJ WKH OH- RɚFHU:LWKLQDIHZPRQWKVRIPDUULDJHVKHZDV JDOULJKWRIDKXVEDQGWRSXQLVKKLVZLIH,QJHQ- exposed to beating. Her hand is disabled and she HUDOGRPHVWLFYLROHQFHLVVHHQDVDSULYDWHPDWWHU lost her front teeth because of the severe beating.

She was pregnant when he divorced her and now haemorrhage and was taken to hospital. Her he threatens her from time to time, warning her family informed the police to take action against not to leave the house or remarry, otherwise he will her husband. Her husband kidnapped her three take the daughter from her and not allow her to see daughters and escaped. (Ghada, 30 years old, her. (Noor, 38 years old, Basra) Baghdad)

,Q UHFHQW \HDUV WKH ,UDTL JRYHUQPHQW KDV HVWDE- $QRWKHU PDMRU ZHDNQHVV LQ WKH JRYHUQPHQWȇV UH- OLVKHG )DPLO\ 3URWHFWLRQ 8QLWV )38V XQGHU WKH VSRQVHWRGRPHVWLFYLROHQFHLVWKHODFNRIVKHOWHUV DXVSLFHVRIWKH0LQLVWU\RIWKH,QWHULRULQHDFKRI WRKRXVHZRPHQDQGFKLOGUHQZKRKDYHȵHGWKHLU WKHFRXQWU\ȇVJRYHUQRUDWHV7KH)38VDUHPDQGDW- KRPHV7KH,UDTLJRYHUQPHQWGRHVQRWRSHUDWHDQ\ HGWRUHFHLYHFRPSODLQWVIURPZRPHQDQGFKLOGUHQ VKHOWHUV DQG DOVR UHIXVHV WR JUDQW SHUPLVVLRQ WR DERXWGRPHVWLFYLROHQFHDQGRWKHUDEXVHVFRQGXFW FLYLO VRFLHW\ RUJDQL]DWLRQV &62V WR RSHUDWH WKHLU LQLWLDO LQYHVWLJDWLRQV DQG UHIHU WKH FDVHV WR WKH RZQ VKHOWHUV 7KLV KDV VRPHWLPHV PHDQW WKDW FRPSHWHQWMXGLFLDODXWKRULW\ZKHQQHFHVVDU\%H- ZRPHQȵHHLQJIURPYLROHQFHKDYHEHHQKRXVHGLQ WZHHQDQG1RYHPEHUWKH)38VUHFRUGHG SULVRQVDORQJVLGHFRQYLFWHGFULPLQDOVGXHWRODFN DWRWDORIFDVHVRIIDPLO\YLROHQFHDFURVVWKH RI DOWHUQDWLYHV $ QXPEHU RI &62V UXQ VKHOWHUV FRXQWU\7KHYDVWPDMRULW\RIWKHVHFDVHVZHUHDV- LOOHJDOO\ VDXOWVSHUSHWUDWHGE\WKHKXVEDQGDJDLQVWWKHZLIH 7KHVHQXPEHUVOLNHO\UHSUHVHQWDYHU\VPDOOSUR- Roqayyah was shocked by her husband’s treatment SRUWLRQ RI WKH WUXH QXPEHU RI GRPHVWLF YLROHQFH of her after their marriage. Her husband does not FDVHVGXHWRXQGHUUHSRUWLQJ7KH3HUVRQDO6WDWXV know mercy and beats her for the most frivolous &RXUW LQ 0D\VDQ *RYHUQRUDWH VDZ FDVHV RI matters. He loses control and breaks everything GLYRUFHGXHWRGRPHVWLFYLROHQFHWKURXJKRXW LQIURQWRIKLPDQGKLWVKHUZLWKDQ\WKLQJKHȴQGV DQG WKH ȴUVW TXDUWHU RI VXJJHVWLQJ D PXFK in his hand. Once, he threw an ashtray at her, hit- ODUJHUSUREOHP ting her in the forehead. (Roqayyah, 22 years old, Baghdad) Huda’s husband beat her until she was unconscious and she was moved to the hospital. She says she al- ,Q 'HFHPEHU WKH ,UDTL JRYHUQPHQW DQ- ways avoids him as much as possible because when QRXQFHGWKHODXQFKRIDQDWLRQDOGDWDEDVHWRWUDFN he gets angry he assaults her and the children to FDVHV RI GRPHVWLF DQG JHQGHUEDVHG YLROHQFH ,Q the point that the neighbours hear their screams $SULOWKH'LUHFWRUDWHIRU3URWHFWLQJ)DPLOLHV and come to their rescue. This situation repeats it- DQG &KLOGUHQ IURP 'RPHVWLF 9LROHQFH XQGHU WKH self more than once a week. (Huda, 31 years old, 0LQLVWU\ RI WKH ,QWHULRU HVWDEOLVKHG D KRWOLQH WR Baghdad) SURYLGHOHJDOJXLGDQFHRQGRPHVWLFYLROHQFH+RZ- HYHUWKHUHLVVWLOOQROHJLVODWLRQLQSODFHFULPLQDOL]- ,QSUDFWLFHWKHHIIHFWLYHQHVVRIWKH)38VLQSURWHFW- LQJGRPHVWLFYLROHQFH7KHSDUOLDPHQWDU\&RPPLW- LQJZRPHQDQGFKLOGUHQIURPYLROHQFHLVOLNHO\YHU\ WHHRQ:RPHQDQG&KLOGUHQKDVDQQRXQFHGWKDWLW OLPLWHG,QWKHSDVWWKH8QLWHG1DWLRQV$VVLVWDQFH LVZRUNLQJRQDGUDIWODZEXWDWWKHWLPHRIZULWLQJ 0LVVLRQ IRU ,UDT 81$0, UHSRUWHG WKDW WKH )38V WKLVKDGQRWEHHQHQDFWHG LQ%DVUDDQG.LUNXNZHUHORFDWHGLQRYHUFURZGHG SUHPLVHVRQWKHVHFRQGȵRRURIUHJXODUSROLFHVWD- WLRQVDQGODFNHGVXLWDEO\TXDOLȴHGSHUVRQQHO7KH Response of the .LUNXN)38KDGQRIHPDOHVWDIILQZKLOHWKH %DVUD)38RQO\HPSOR\HGZRPHQWRIULVNYLVLWRUV Kurdistan Regional DQGSHUIRUPDGPLQLVWUDWLYHGXWLHV7KH866WDWH Government 'HSDUWPHQWUHSRUWHGLQWKDWWKH)38VIRFXVHG RQIDPLO\UHFRQFLOLDWLRQUDWKHUWKDQYLFWLPSURWHF- WLRQDQGWKDWKRWOLQHVGLUHFWHGYLFWLPVVWUDLJKWWR Awaz suffers from multiple problems with her WKHPDOHFRPPDQGHURIWKH)38 husband. He doesn’t spend any money on her, and he even takes away the money that her fam- Ghada was beaten by her husband in front of LO\JLYHVKHUIRUKHURZQXVH $ZD]\HDUVROG her three daughters. She suffered from a brain Sulaymaniyah) 7KH/RVW:RPHQRI,UDT)DPLO\EDVHGYLROHQFHGXULQJDUPHGFRQȵLFW

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7DEOH5HSRUWVRIYLROHQFHDJDLQVWZRPHQ-DQXDU\Ȃ-XQH

7\SHRIUHSRUW Murder Suicide Burning 6HOIEXUQLQJ Complaint Sexual 7RWDO

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7RWDO 66 160 10,319

Source: General Directorate to Combat Violence against Women, KRG.

1HYHUWKHOHVVWKHVHȴJXUHVDUHSUREDEO\XQGHUHV- :KHQ ZRPHQ GR ȴOH FRPSODLQWV RU EULQJ FDVHV WR WLPDWHV RI WKH WUXH VFDOH RI GRPHVWLF YLROHQFH LQ FRXUW HQGHPLF SUREOHPV LQ WKH SROLFH DQG MXVWLFH WKH UHJLRQ 'HVSLWH WKH H[LVWHQFH RI WKH 'RPHVWLF V\VWHP RIWHQ OHDG WR RXWFRPHV LQ IDYRXU RI PHQ 9LROHQFH/DZZRPHQȇVODFNRIDZDUHQHVVRIWKHLU 3ROLFHRɚFHUVUHVSRQVLEOHIRUUHFHLYLQJFRPSODLQWV OHJDO ULJKWV UHPDLQV D PDMRU LVVXH ZKLFK OHDYHV IURPZRPHQLQWKHȴUVWLQVWDQFHRIWHQGRQRWKDYH PDQ\FDVHVXQUHSRUWHG,QWKH:DUYLQ)RXQ- WKH JHQGHUVHQVLWLYLW\ WUDLQLQJ QHHGHG WR SURSHUO\ GDWLRQ D .XUGLVK ZRPHQȇV RUJDQL]DWLRQ FRQ- DVVHVV WKH VLWXDWLRQ DQG ZULWH LQDGHTXDWH UHSRUWV GXFWHGDVWXG\ZLWKZRPHQRQWKH'RPHVWLF ODFNLQJ LPSRUWDQW LQIRUPDWLRQ 7KH FRQWHQW RI 9LROHQFH/DZ7KHVWXG\UHYHDOHGWKDWSHUFHQW WKHVHUHSRUWVDIIHFWVWKHMXGJHȇVHYDOXDWLRQDQGFDQ RIZRPHQZHUHQRWDZDUHRIWKHH[LVWHQFHRIVXFK OHDGWRFDVHVEHLQJGURSSHGGXHWRODFNRIHYLGHQFH D ODZ ZKLOH D IXUWKHU SHU FHQW NQHZ WKDW WKH ODZH[LVWHGEXWZHUHQRWIDPLOLDUZLWKDQ\RILWV Soheila says that her husband constantly lies to FRQWHQW:KHQDVNHGZKHWKHUZRPHQKDYHEHQH- her. One day, she discovered that he had stolen her ȴWHGIURPWKHODZSHUFHQWUHVSRQGHGWKH\KDG gold two months earlier. When she confronted him QHYHUVHHQDQ\ZRPDQEHQHȴWIURPWKHODZDQGD about it, he took the children and left. He always IXUWKHUSHUFHQWKDGUDUHO\VHHQZRPHQEHQHȴW uses their children as a bargaining chip to prevent IURPWKHODZ her from getting a divorce. (Soheila, 42 years old, Sulaymaniyah) Viyan is an elementary school student. The school researcher learned that her brother was raping 0RUHRYHUWKHMXVWLFHSURFHVVLVSURQHWRPDQLSX- her. When they asked her, she said she was afraid ODWLRQ E\ SRZHUIXO KXVEDQGV DQG WKHLU IDPLOLHV to divulge the secret because she didn’t want :LWKQRYLFWLPRUZLWQHVVSURWHFWLRQSURJUDPPHV her father to separate from her mother. (Viyan, LQSODFHZRPHQDUHRIWHQKDUDVVHGDQGWKUHDWHQHG Sulaymaniyah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awjin’s husband is a gambler and an alcoholic. He WKHYLFWLPFDQEULQJDVXLWWRFRXUW0DQ\DFWLYLVWV tried to rape her daughter, so she took her daughter DUHLQIDYRXURILQWURGXFLQJWKHSRVVLELOLW\RISXE- and left home. She is afraid of him because he has OLFSURVHFXWLRQDVDZD\RILQFUHDVLQJWKHDFFRXQW- threatened to kill her if she sues him. She is asking DELOLW\RISHUSHWUDWRUVRIYLROHQFH for divorce. (Hawjin, 34 years old, Sulaymaniyah)

Bihar was divorced a few years ago. She now lives in her family’s home, where she faces mistreatment, violence and insults. She wants to get married again, but her family doesn;t agree. (Bihar, 20 years old, Sulaymaniyah)

Tara faces violence, mistreatment and beating from her husband. When she goes to her family’s home, they tell her that they will not allow her to bring her children to live there. She doesn’t want to live with her husband, but she doesn’t know what to do because she cannot live without her children. (Tara, Sulaymaniyah) Forced and early 2 marriage

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Sumayyah did not complete her university education as her YH\SHUFHQWRIPHQEHOLHYHWKH\KDYHWKHULJKWWRIRUFHWKHLU IDPLO\IRUFHGKHUWRPDUU\DPDQ\HDUVROGHUWKDQKHU$I- GDXJKWHUVWRPDUU\DJDLQVWWKHLUZLVKHVZKLOHSHUFHQW ter a while, her husband started to subject her to both physi- EHOLHYHWKH\KDYHWKHULJKWIRUFHWKHLUGDXJKWHUVWRPDUU\ cal and psychological violence. Sumayyah was not able to EHIRUH WKH DJH RI :RPHQ DUH DOVR VRPHWLPHV IRUFL- resort to her family because she was afraid that they would EO\PDUULHGLQWULEDOEULGHH[FKDQJHVZKHUHWKHIDWKHURU return her to him. She asked her husband for a divorce but EURWKHURIWKHZRPDQPDUULHVKHURIIWRDPDQIURPDQRWKHU he refused and later married a second wife. (Sumayyah, 26 WULEHLQH[FKDQJHIRUDEULGHRIKLVFKRLFHIURPWKDWWULEH years old, Baghdad) &XVWRPVIDPLO\FXOWXUHRUWULEDOWUDGLWLRQVSOD\HGDUROHLQ SHUFHQWRIWKHIRUFHGPDUULDJHFDVHVFROOHFWHGE\$68- $FFRUGLQJWRWKH3RSXODWLRQ5HIHUHQFH%XUHDXSHUFHQWRI '$IRUWKLVUHSRUW ,UDTLJLUOVPDUU\EHIRUHWKHDJHRIZKLOHSHUFHQWPDUU\ EHIRUHWKH\UHDFK$FFRUGLQJWRWKHIRUPHU0LQLVWHURI Maha was forcibly married to the brother of her brother’s 3ODQQLQJ XQGHUDJH PDUULDJHV UHSUHVHQW SHU FHQW RI DOO wife in a tribal arrangement. When her brother separated PDUULDJHVLQ,UDT6RPHVRXUFHVSXWWKHȴJXUHDVKLJKDV from his wife, she was forced to leave her husband and her RUSHUFHQW family took her to their home. (Maha, 31 years old, Basra)

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)LJXUH(GXFDWLRQDOOHYHORIYLFWLPVRIIRUFHGDQG Karima’s father forced her to marry one of her rela- HDUO\PDUULDJH tives because the relative had asked her father for an amount of money that he was not able to pay. The man asked for the daughter in marriage instead of the money, and the father agreed. The man was much older than her and married with grown- up children. (Karima, 24 years old, Baghdad) Bushra’s parents divorced, leading to her con- tinually moving between her mother’s house and the house of her father and stepmother. When ,OOLWHUDWH she turned 19, her father forced her to marry her 3ULPDU\ cousin to get rid of the responsibility. She knew 6HFRQGDU\ that her cousin did not love her and that he too +LJKHU(GXFDWLRQ 8QNQRZQ was forced to marry her. After they married, her husband abused, mistreated, and beat her. Even after she gave birth to their baby, he continued to PLVWUHDWKHUDQGODWHUDEDQGRQHGKHU %XVKUD years old, Baghdad) (FRQRPLF LQFHQWLYHV DUH DQRWKHU NH\ GULYHU RI IRUFHG DQG HDUO\ PDUULDJHV 6LQFH WKH Ȃ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ȵXHQWLDO PHQ VHYHUDO FDVHV LQ ZKLFK FRXSOHV ZHUH IRUFHG LQWR LQ RUGHU WR SD\ RII GHEWV (FRQRPLF LQFHQWLYHV GLYRUFHE\IDPLO\PHPEHUVIROORZLQJWKH86LQYD- SOD\HGDUROHLQSHUFHQWRIWKHIRUFHGPDU- VLRQ XVXDOO\ EHFDXVH RQH VSRXVH ZDV 6XQQL DQG ULDJHFDVHVDQDO\VHGIRUWKLVUHSRUW WKHRWKHU6KLȇD 7KH/RVW:RPHQRI,UDT)DPLO\EDVHGYLROHQFHGXULQJDUPHGFRQȵLFW

(DUO\PDUULDJHKDVVHYHUHFRQVHTXHQFHVIRUJLUOV Zainab’s family forced her to marry her cousin )LJXUH ,QWKHȴUVWSODFHLWRIWHQUHVXOWVLQDQ after she left her studies. Following their mar- HQGWRWKHJLUOȇVHGXFDWLRQ,QSHUFHQWRIWKH riage, Zainab was shocked by his mistreatment IRUFHG PDUULDJH FDVHV DQDO\VHG IRU WKLV UHSRUW and continual beating for the most trivial matters. JLUOV ZHUH HLWKHU IRUFHG WR OHDYH WKHLU VWXGLHV LQ He would also force her to have sex with him and RUGHUWRJHWPDUULHGRUSUHYHQWHGIURPFRPSOHW- when she refused, he used to beat her. Zainab ran LQJWKHLUHGXFDWLRQDIWHUPDUULDJH away from her husband and asked for a divorce. (Zainab, 20 years old, Baghdad) Amira was expelled from school and forced into marriage because of her family’s economic situ- )XUWKHUPRUHJLUOVZKRPDUU\HDUO\DUHWKURZQ ation. She divorced after one year because of LQWR PDUULHG OLIH EHIRUH WKH\ DUH HPRWLRQDOO\ the husband’s mistreatment and beating, which UHDG\WRVKRXOGHUWKHUHVSRQVLELOLWLHV$OOYLFWLPV FDXVHGKHUWRPLVFDUU\WZLFH $PLUD\HDUVROG RIIRUFHGPDUULDJHLQWHUYLHZHGIRUWKLVUHVHDUFK Baghdad) UHSRUWHG H[SHULHQFLQJ QHJDWLYH SV\FKRORJLFDO FRQVHTXHQFHVDVUHVXOWRIWKHLUPDUULDJH0RUHR- *LUOVZKRPDUU\\RXQJDUHDOVRPXFKPRUHOLNHO\ YHUJLUOVZKRPDUU\\RXQJDUHRIWHQQRWSK\VL- WR EH VXEMHFWHG WR GRPHVWLF YLROHQFH WKDQ JLUOV FDOO\UHDG\IRUVH[XDOUHODWLRQV(DUO\SUHJQDQF\ ZKR PDUU\ DIWHU UHDFKLQJ WKH OHJDO DJH$IXOO DQG FKLOGELUWK DUH ERWK H[WUHPHO\ GDQJHURXV WR SHU FHQW RI IRUFHG PDUULDJH FDVHV DQDO\VHG D PRWKHUȇV KHDOWK ,Q WKH 6WDWH 0LQLVWU\ RI IRU WKLV UHSRUW LQYROYHG SK\VLFDO YLROHQFH ZKLOH :RPHQȇV $IIDLUV VWDWHG WKDW JLUOV DJHG Ȃ DUH SHUFHQWLQYROYHGVRPHIRUPRIVH[XDODEXVH WZLFH DV OLNHO\ WR GLH GXULQJ SUHJQDQF\ RU FKLOG- ,QDGGLWLRQSHUFHQWRIFDVHVLQYROYHGȴQDQ- ELUWK WKDQ ZRPHQ DJHG Ȃ +LJK PDWHUQDO FLDOH[SORLWDWLRQRUGHSULYDWLRQ PRUWDOLW\ UDWHV FRPELQHG ZLWK WKH KLJK VXLFLGH UDWHVSUHYDOHQWDPRQJYLFWLPVRIHDUO\PDUULDJH 'XDDZDVIRUFHGWRPDUU\DPDQ\HDUVROGHU KDYH OHG VRPH WR VSHFXODWH WKDW XQGHUDJH PDU- than her. She was exposed to constant violence ULDJHPD\EHWKHIRXUWKOHDGLQJFDXVHRIGHDWKIRU IURPKLVȴUVWZLIHDQGKHDEDQGRQHGKHUIRUȴYH ZRPHQ LQ ,UDT DIWHU ERPELQJV WUDɚF DFFLGHQWV years. (Duaa, 40 years old, Basra) DQGFDQFHU

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(DUO\ PDUULDJHV DOVR VSDZQ H[WUHPHO\ KLJK GL- YRUFH UDWHV ,Q SHU FHQW RI WKH IRUFHG PDU- Response of the ULDJHFDVHVDQDO\VHGLQWKLVUHSRUWYLFWLPVZHUH federal government of HLWKHU GLYRUFHG RU GHVHUWHG E\ WKHLU KXVEDQGV 7KH 3HUVRQDO 6WDWXV &RXUW LQ 6DGU &LW\ KDQGOHG Iraq FDVHVRIGLYRUFHRIXQGHUDJHJLUOVGXULQJWKH FRXUVH RI RQO\ WKUHH PRQWKV LQ ZKLOH WKH 1DLOD ZDV IRUFHG WR PDUU\ D PDQ \HDUV ROGHU 0D\VDQ 3HUVRQDO 6WDWXV &RXUW KDQGOHG VXFK than her who was uneducated and married with FDVHVLQWKHȴUVWTXDUWHURIDORQH'LYRUFH children. He prevented her from completing her DQGDEDQGRQPHQWOHDYHZRPHQLQDQH[WUHPHO\ studies and put her to live in the same house with YXOQHUDEOH ȴQDQFLDO SRVLWLRQ 9LFWLPV RI IRUFHG KLVȴUVWZLIH6KHVXIIHUVIURPPLVWUHDWPHQWIURP DQGHDUO\PDUULDJHRIWHQOHDYHWKHLUVWXGLHVDQG her husband and co-wife in addition to his children EHFRPHȴQDQFLDOO\GHSHQGHQWRQWKHLUKXVEDQGV and she says she is nothing more than a servant to XSRQPDUULDJHKHQFHLWLVH[WUHPHO\GLɚFXOWIRU them. (Naila, 29 years old, Baghdad) WKHVHZRPHQWRȴQGDQRWKHUVRXUFHRILQFRPHDI- WHUGLYRUFHRUDEDQGRQPHQW )RUFHGPDUULDJHDQGHDUO\PDUULDJHDUHERWKLO- OHJDOLQ,UDT7KH,UDTL3HUVRQDO6WDWXV&RGHVHWV 0RUHRYHU VLQFH HDUO\ PDUULDJHV DOPRVW DOZD\V WKH PLQLPXP DJH IRU PDUULDJH DW DQG RQO\ WDNHSODFHRXWVLGHWKHFRXUWV\VWHPFKLOGUHQSUR- SHUPLWV PDUULDJH IRU WKRVH DJHG Ȃ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ȴJKWHUVDIWHU:KHUHWKRVHȴJKW- IRUPHG E\ FOHULFV RXWVLGH WKH MXULVGLFWLRQ RI WKH HUV ZHUH VXEVHTXHQWO\ NLOOHG RU OHIW WKH FRXQWU\ FRXUWV 7KHUHIRUH JLUOV ZKR ILQG WKHPVHOYHV LQ WKHLUFKLOGUHQZHUHOHIWEHKLQGZLWKRXWSURWHFWLRQ VXFKPDUULDJHVDUHQRWRQO\IRUFHGWREHDUKHDY\ RUGRFXPHQWDWLRQ HPRWLRQDO DQG SK\VLFDO FRQVHTXHQFHV EXW DOVR WKHOHJDOGLVDGYDQWDJHVZKLFKUHVXOWIURPXQUHJ- Shatha was married by customary marriage and LVWHUHGPDUULDJHV her husband was killed in 2006. As a result, her FKLOGUHQGRQȇWKDYHDQ\LGHQWLȴFDWLRQ 6KDWKD $ VWXG\ ZKLFK LQYHVWLJDWHG PDUULDJH years old, Baghdad) FDVHVLQ,UDTDFURVVWKHJRYHUQRUDWHVRI%DJKGDG %DVUD'KL4DU0XWKDQQD0LVVDQ%DEHO$QEDU 7KHZRPHQWKHPVHOYHVDUHDOVROHIWYXOQHUDEOHLQ 'L\DODDQG1LQHZDIRXQGWKDWPRUHWKDQDWKLUG WKHFDVHRIVSRXVDOGHDWKRUDEDQGRQPHQW:LWK- SHUFHQW ZHUHFRQGXFWHGRXWVLGHWKHFRXUW RXW SURRI RI WKH PDUULDJH ZRPHQ DUH XQDEOH WR V\VWHP2IWKRVHPDUULDJHVSHUFHQWLQYROYHG REWDLQ WKHLU ULJKWV LQ FRXUW VXFK DV DOLPRQ\ RU JLUOVXQGHUWKHDJHRI$FFRUGLQJWRWKH%DJK- ZLGRZȇVEHQHȴWV GDG:RPHQȇV$VVRFLDWLRQLQVRPHDUHDVRI%DJK- GDGSHUFHQWRIPDUULDJHVDUHFRQGXFWHGRXW- Farah was married against her will and her mar- VLGH WKH FRXUW V\VWHP $QRWKHU %DJKGDGEDVHG riage contract was not registered in the court. She ZRPHQȇVJURXSWKH0RGHO,UDTL:RPDQ2UJDQL- was exposed to humiliation from the husband and ]DWLRQ UHSRUWHG HQFRXQWHULQJ FDVHV RI \HDU constant beating. He divorced her and she did not ROG JLUOV ZKR KDG EHHQ PDUULHG WZR RU WKUHH obtain her rights because she did not have a mar- WLPHV riage or divorce contract. (Farah, 24 years old, Basra) 7KH SKHQRPHQRQ RI HDUO\ PDUULDJH LV PRVW SUR- QRXQFHGLQWKHSRRUHUJRYHUQRUDWHVRIVRXWKDQG FHQWUDO ,UDT ,Q %DE\ORQ D TXDUWHU RI PDUULDJHV DUH FRQFOXGHG RXWVLGH WKH FRXUW V\VWHP DQG SHUFHQWRIJLUOVDUHPDUULHGEHIRUHWKHDJHRI 7KH/RVW:RPHQRI,UDT)DPLO\EDVHGYLROHQFHGXULQJDUPHGFRQȵLFW

&DVHVWXG\: WKHZLIH2XWUDJHGWKDWWKH\KDGORVW six as fasliyya, to be married to Kar Fasliyya – the two members of their tribe while the DPVKD PHQ DV ȆEULGHVȇ DQG ȴYH DV PDQ IURP WKH $O6KDZL WULEH ZHQW talwiya, who could be bartered for resurgence of IUHHWKH.DUDPVKDEHJDQDWWDFNLQJ money. Still other sources reported WULEDOMXVWLFHLQ WKH$O6KDZL the total number of women as six, or Basra even three. $WWKLVSRLQWZLWKWKHULVNRIWKH ,Q ODWH 0D\ UHSRUWV WKDW WZR IHXG HVFDODWLQJ LQWR RSHQ FRQȵLFW News of the settlement drew con feuding tribes in Basra had agreed the two tribes convened a settle demnation from the parliament’s on a settlement involving the barter ment meeting that was attended by human rights committee, the Minis RIZRPHQ fasliyya WRHQGDGLVSXWH governorate council members, re try of Women’s Affairs, members of SURYRNHG ZLGHVSUHDG PHGLD FRQ ligious leaders, tribal notables and the Basra governorate council, and troversy in Iraq and drew attention members of the security forces. At several prominent religious clerics, to the absence of Iraqi laws and WKH PHHWLQJ WKH $O6KDZL DJUHHG LQFOXGLQJ 0RTWDGD DO6DGU +RZ mechanisms to address such prac to pay a sum of money to each fam HYHULQWKHDEVHQFHRIVSHFLȴFODZV tices. According to one version of ily in addition to giving a number criminalizing the practice of fasliyya, the story, the feud began when it of their women to the Karamsha in there are no mechanisms for han EHFDPHNQRZQWKDWDPDQIURPWKH lieu of blood money. The exact num GOLQJ VXFK GLVSXWHV LQ WKH MXGLFLDO $O6KDZL WULEH ZDV KDYLQJ DQ DIIDLU ber of women involved in the deal system, allowing tribal methods of with a married woman from the Kar LV WKH VXEMHFW RI FRQWURYHUV\ :KLOH MXVWLFHWRSUHYDLO$WWKHWLPHRIZULW amsha tribe. When the woman’s hus WKH PHGLD LQLWLDOO\ UHSRUWHG WKDW ing, the women had still not been band was informed of his wife’s af women had been bartered, subse handed over and the tribes were be fair, he committed suicide, at which TXHQW UHSRUWV FODULȴHG WKDW RQO\ ing urged to settle the dispute with SRLQWKLVEURWKHUUHWDOLDWHGE\NLOOLQJ women were included in the deal: money in lieu of the women.

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2QFHDQHDUO\DQGIRUFHGPDUULDJHKDVEHHQFRQ- Response of the VXPPDWHGLWLVQRORQJHUFRQVLGHUHGOHJDOO\YRLG Kurdistan Regional 7KLVOHDYHVYLFWLPVUHVSRQVLEOHIRUSXUVXLQJOHJDO PHDVXUHVLQRUGHUWROHDYHVXFKPDUULDJHV7KLVLV Government DQ RSWLRQ WKDW IHZ ZRPHQ FKRRVH VLQFH LW FRXOG RSHQ WKHP WR UHWULEXWLRQ IURP WKHLU IDPLOLHV DQG Shno was raped by her cousin when she was 11. WKHODZGRHVQRWSURYLGHDQ\SURWHFWLRQIRUYLFWLPV She lost her virginity and told her mother about it. IROORZLQJ D FRPSODLQW 0RUHRYHU LQ WKH FDVH RI Her father forced her to marry an old man who was XQGHUDJHPDUULDJHVWKLVZRXOGPHDQWKDWDPLQRU already married. She was underage at the time. ZRXOGKDYHWRȴOHDODZVXLWDJDLQVWKHURZQIDP- (Shno, 20 years old, Dohuk)

'HVSLWHWKHQHZHFRQRPLFSURVSHULW\RIWKH.XUGLV- DFFHSWRIIHUVRIPDUULDJHIRUWKHLUXQGHUDJHGDXJK- WDQUHJLRQIRUFHGDQGHDUO\PDUULDJHVFRQWLQXHWR WHUV0RUHRYHUGXHWRQHJDWLYHSHUFHSWLRQVRI6\U- WDNHSODFHLQODUJHQXPEHUVHVSHFLDOO\LQUXUDODU- LDQUHIXJHHVE\WKHKRVWFRPPXQLW\PDQ\SDUHQWV HDV7KHSUDFWLFHȴQGVVDQFWLRQLQWULEDOWUDGLWLRQV SUHIHUWRPDUU\WKHLUGDXJKWHUVWKDQWROHDYHWKHP VXFKDVWKHWUDGLWLRQRIȆjin be jinȇ DZRPDQIRUD SURQHWRVH[XDOKDUDVVPHQWRUH[SORLWDWLRQ ZRPDQ LQ ZKLFK EULGHV DUH H[FKDQJHG EHWZHHQ WULEHVLQRUGHUWRDYRLGSD\PHQWRIGRZULHV$VLQ Nasreen has many problems since the day of her RWKHUUHJLRQVRI,UDTWKHWUDGLWLRQRIIRUFHGPDU- marriage. The marriage was forced and was con- ULDJH DV D PHWKRG RI UHVROYLQJ WULEDO GLVSXWHV LV cluded in exchange for a sum of money. (Nasreen, DOVRSUDFWLVHG6RPHWLPHVJLUOVDUHEHWURWKHGWR Sulaymaniyah) UHODWLYHVRURWKHUWULEHPHPEHUVIURPWKHWLPHRI ELUWK,QWKH.5*ȇV0LQLVWU\RI+XPDQ5LJKWV 7KHSUDFWLFHVRIIRUFHGPDUULDJHEULGHH[FKDQJHV GLVFRYHUHGFDVHVRILQIDQWEHWURWKDOFRQFHQ- PDUULDJHRIPLQRUVDQGPDUULDJHVLQH[FKDQJHIRU WUDWHGLQWKHUHJLRQVRI5DQ\D&KZDUTXUQD+DML- EORRGPRQH\DUHDOOVSHFLȴHGDVIRUPVRIGRPHV- DZD%HWZDWHDQG3LVKGHU$FFRUGLQJWRWKH*HQ- WLFYLROHQFHXQGHUWKH'RPHVWLF9LROHQFH$FW HUDO 'LUHFWRUDWH IRU &RPEDWLQJ 9LROHQFH DJDLQVW DQGDUHWKHUHIRUHLOOHJDO+RZHYHUWKH\FRQWLQXH :RPHQWKH.XUGLVWDQUHJLRQKDVEHHQZLWQHVVLQJ WRWDNHSODFHLQSUDFWLFHEHFDXVHWKHFRQWUDFWVDUH DQLQFUHDVHLQPDUULDJHVRIJLUOVEHWZHHQWKHDJHV FRQFOXGHG ZLWKRXW WKH LQYROYHPHQW RI WKH FRXUWV RIȂDQGDFRQVHTXHQWLQFUHDVHLQGLYRUFHUDWHV DQGWKHMXVWLFHV\VWHP$FFRUGLQJWRRQHUHVHDUFKHU ZLWKLQWKLVDJHEUDFNHW XQGHUDJHPDUULDJHVUHSUHVHQWHGXSWRSHUFHQW RIWRWDOPDUULDJHFRQWUDFWVFRQFOXGHGLQ.XUGLVWDQ Solin was forced to marry her cousin when she LQ DQG PRVW RI WKRVH PDUULDJHV WRRN SODFH was 16 years old. When she turned 19, they made RXWVLGHWKHFRXUWV6RPHUHOLJLRXVVFKRODUVLQWKH a marriage contract. The husband ignores her UHJLRQVHHWKHVHWWLQJRIDOHJDOPLQLPXPDJHIRU and insults her, and has taken her passport and PDUULDJH DV FRQWUDU\ WR ,VODPLF SULQFLSOHV DQG refuses to give it back to her. (Solin, 20 years old, FRQWLQXH WR SHUIRUP XQGHUDJH PDUULDJHV 7KHUH- Sulaymaniyah) IRUHVHFXULQJWKHFRRSHUDWLRQRIUHOLJLRXVOHDGHUV LV D NH\ HOHPHQW LQ DFKLHYLQJ LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI 'XHWR.XUGLVWDQȇVVWDWXVDVDKRVWUHJLRQIRUPDQ\ ODZV DJDLQVW HDUO\ PDUULDJH $V DQ H[DPSOH RI D UHIXJHHV DQG LQWHUQDOO\ GLVSODFHG SHUVRQV ,'3V SRVLWLYHGHYHORSPHQWLQWKLVUHJDUGWKH,VODPLF5H- WKHUHJLRQKDVZLWQHVVHGLQFUHDVLQJUDWHVRIHDUO\ OLJLRXV &RPPLWWHH LQ 'RKXN QRZ FRRSHUDWHV ZLWK PDUULDJHVZLWKLQFDPSVHWWLQJV7KLVLVSDUWLFXODU- WKH 3HUVRQDO 6WDWXV &RXUW WR HQVXUH WKDW FRXSOHV O\SURPLQHQWLQ6\ULDQUHIXJHHFDPSV$FFRUGLQJWR KDYHOHJDOO\UHJLVWHUHGWKHLUPDUULDJHEHIRUHFRQ- UHSRUWVWKHKDUVKFLUFXPVWDQFHVRI6\ULDQUHIXJHHV GXFWLQJDUHOLJLRXVPDUULDJH DUHIRUHPRVWDPRQJWKHUHDVRQVSXVKLQJSDUHQWVWR 3 ‘Honour’ violence

7ZR\HDUVDJR6DPLUDPDUULHGD\RXQJPDQZKRORYHGKHUEXWKHUIDPLO\ GLGQRWDSSURYHRIKLPVLQFHKHZDVRIDGLIIHUHQWVHFW6KHpHGZLWKKLP WRDQRWKHUJRYHUQRUDWHZKHUHWKH\OLYHGWRJHWKHUDQGKDGDVRQ:KHQWKH KXVEDQGZDVNLOOHGLQDWHUURULVWDWWDFNKLVIDPLO\GURYH6DPLUDDQGKHUVRQ RXWVRVKHZHQWEDFNWRKHUIDPLO\WRVHHNWKHLUIRUJLYHQHVV+HUEURWKHU ZDVGHWHUPLQHGWRNLOOKHUKDGKHUPRWKHUQRWEHJJHGKLPQRWWRKDUPKHU +HUEURWKHUFRQWLQXHVWRPLVWUHDWKHUDQGGRHVQRWDFFHSWKHUVRQ (Samira, 25 years old, Baghdad)

6RFDOOHGȆKRQRXUȇFULPHVDUHDFWVRIYLROHQFHSHUSHWUDWHGE\ Lina was subjected to beating by her brother because he saw IDPLO\PHPEHUVDJDLQVWDUHODWLYHZKRLVSHUFHLYHGWRKDYH her in the street talking to someone. He pulled her by her hair EURXJKW VKDPH XSRQ WKH IDPLO\ RU WULEH Ȇ+RQRXUȇ FULPHV and dragged her home, then beat her severely until her body DUH RYHUZKHOPLQJO\ SHUSHWUDWHG E\ PDOH IDPLO\ PHP- bled and she passed out. As a result, she was moved to the EHUV DJDLQVW IHPDOH UHODWLYHV DOWKRXJK RFFDVLRQDOO\ PDOHV hospital. (Lina, 22 years old, Baghdad) DUH DOVR WKH YLFWLPV RI VXFK YLROHQFH Ȇ+RQRXUȇ FULPHV DUH JURXQGHGLQWKHFXOWXUDOEHOLHIWKDWZRPHQȇVERGLHVDUHWKH 7UDQVJUHVVLRQVRIKRQRXUDUHVHHQDVXQIRUJLYDEOHDQGWKH VLWHRIKRQRXUDQGWKDWWKHLUVH[XDOLW\DQGPRYHPHQWPXVW ȆWDLQWȇRQWKHIDPLO\ȇVKRQRXUGRHVQRWGHFUHDVHRYHUWLPH EHVWULFWO\FRQWUROOHGLQRUGHUWRDYRLGEULQJLQJGLVKRQRXU ,Q PRVW FDVHV WKH RQO\ ZD\ WR DEVROYH D WUDQVJUHVVLRQ RI XSRQWKHHQWLUHIDPLO\ KRQRXULVWRNLOOWKHZRPDQDQGVRPHWLPHVWKHPDQDVZHOO 3HUSHWUDWRUVRIȆKRQRXUȇNLOOLQJVDUHRIWHQSUHSDUHGWRVHUYH ,Q,UDTȆKRQRXUȇFULPHVPRVWRIWHQWDNHWKHIRUPRIPXUGHU ORQJSULVRQVHQWHQFHVIRUPXUGHUUDWKHUWKDQWRIDFHWKHKX- DOWKRXJKWKH\FDQDOVRHQFRPSDVVRWKHUIRUPVRIYLROHQFH PLOLDWLRQRIQRWDYHQJLQJWKHKRQRXURIWKHIDPLO\RUWULEH VXFKDVSK\VLFDODEXVHFRQȴQHPHQWFRQWURORIPRYHPHQW GHSULYDWLRQ RI HGXFDWLRQ IRUFHG PDUULDJH IRUFHG VXLFLGH Ȇ+RQRXUȇFULPHVWDNHSODFHLQDOODUHDVRI,UDTDQGFXWDFURVV DQGSXEOLFGLVKRQRXULQJȆ+RQRXUȇFULPHVDUHPRVWRIWHQ HWKQLF DQG UHOLJLRXV OLQHV 7KH\ DUH SHUSHWUDWHG LQ $UDE SHUSHWUDWHG DIWHU D ZRPDQ KDV FRPPLWWHG RU LV VXVSHFWHG DQG.XUGLVKFRPPXQLWLHVDPRQJ6XQQLDQG6KLȇD0XVOLPV RIFRPPLWWLQJDQ\RIWKHIROORZLQJHQJDJLQJLQIULHQGVKLSV DOLNHDQGDUHDOVRSUDFWLVHGE\VRPHHWKQLFDQGUHOLJLRXVPL- RUSUHPDULWDOUHODWLRQVKLSVZLWKDPHPEHURIWKHRSSRVLWH QRULWLHV$FFRUGLQJWRWKHUHVXOWVRIWKH,UDTL1DWLRQDO VH[UHIXVLQJWRPDUU\DPDQFKRVHQE\WKHIDPLO\PDUU\LQJ

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$V QXPHURXV H[DPSOHV VKRZ WULDOV IRU ȆKRQRXUȇ Kurdistan Regional NLOOLQJVRIWHQHQGLQDFTXLWWDOVRUOLJKWVHQWHQFHV Government HYHQLQWKHIDFHRIFOHDUHYLGHQFHLQFULPLQDWLQJWKH SHUSHWUDWRU,QQHDU.LUNXNDIDWKHUVKRWKLV WKUHHWHHQDJHGDXJKWHUVDIWHUSRXULQJERLOLQJZD- Shirin is in love and in a sexual relationship. When WHURQWKHPEHFDXVHKHVXVSHFWHGWKHPRIKDYLQJ she discovered that she was pregnant, her preg- SUHPDULWDOVH[7ZRRIWKHGDXJKWHUVGLHGDQGWKH nancy was in the seventh month. She told her WKLUGORVWDQH\H7KHPDQZDVVHQWHQFHGWRRQO\ mother, who decided to report the man to the po- WZR\HDUVLQMDLO$IWHUKHZDVUHOHDVHGIURPMDLO lice because if her father and uncles found out, they WKHVXUYLYLQJGDXJKWHUKDGQRRSWLRQRWKHUWKDQWR would kill her. (Shirin, 23 years old, Sulaymaniyah) UHWXUQWROLYHZLWKKLP $FFRUGLQJWRRQHHVWLPDWHXSZDUGVRI.XUG- 7KHVDPH\HDUDZRPDQLPSULVRQHGLQ7LNULWZDV LVKZRPHQZHUHNLOOHGLQWKHQDPHRIKRQRXUEH- UDSHG DQG LPSUHJQDWHG E\ D SULVRQ JXDUG $IWHU WZHHQDQG0DQ\REVHUYHUVWUDFHDFRQ- VKHZURWHDOHWWHUWRKHUEURWKHUSOHDGLQJIRUKHOS QHFWLRQEHWZHHQVSUHDGRIDUPVLQ.XUGLVKVRFLHW\ KHVKRZHGXSDWWKHSULVRQZLWKDORDGHGJXQHQ- SURPSWHG E\ 6DGGDP +XVVHLQȇV UHSUHVVLRQ RI WKH WHUHGKHUFHOODQGVKRWKHUWRGHDWK'HVSLWHWKHIDFW .XUGV DQG YLROHQFH SHUSHWUDWHG DJDLQVW ZRPHQ WKDW'1$HYLGHQFHFROOHFWHGE\PRUJXHHPSOR\HHV $OWKRXJK WKH SURYLVLRQV RI WKH ,UDTL 3HQDO &RGH FRQȴUPHGWKDWWKHSROLFHOLHXWHQDQWFRORQHODWWKH ZKLFKDOORZPLWLJDWHGVHQWHQFHVIRUȆKRQRXUȇNLOO- SULVRQ ZDV WKH IDWKHU RI WKH XQERUQ IRHWXV WKH LQJV ZHUH UHSHDOHG LQ WKH .XUGLVWDQ UHJLRQ XSRQ UDSLVWZDVQHYHUSURVHFXWHG,WLVXQFOHDUKRZWKH LQGHSHQGHQFHVXFKNLOOLQJVFRQWLQXHWRWDNHSODFH EURWKHU ZDV SHUPLWWHG WR HQWHU WKH SULVRQ ZLWK D 81 VRXUFHV HVWLPDWH WKDW DV PDQ\ DV ȆKRQRXUȇ JXQQRUZKHWKHUKHZDVHYHUSURVHFXWHGIRUWKH NLOOLQJVPD\WDNHSODFHHDFKPRQWKLQWKH.XUGLV- PXUGHURIKLVVLVWHU WDQUHJLRQ$FFRUGLQJWRVRPHVSHFXODWLRQȆKRQ- RXUȇNLOOLQJVPD\EHWKHOHDGLQJFDXVHRIGHDWKIRU ,Q'HFHPEHULQDWULDOPRQLWRUHGE\81$0, .XUGLVKZRPHQDIWHUQDWXUDOFDXVHV D \RXQJ PDQ LQ %DVUD FRQIHVVHG WR DWWHPSWLQJ WRPXUGHUKLVVLVWHUIRUȆKRQRXUȇUHDVRQV+HDG- Yasmin was killed by her husband in Jamjamal us- PLWWHG WR VKRRWLQJ KHU DQG DWWDFNLQJ KHU ZLWK D ing knives and rocks in a place far from the city. VZRUGDQGDQLURQEDU'HVSLWHKLVFRQIHVVLRQWKH When the husband returned home, his daughter MXGJHGRZQJUDGHGKLVFKDUJHWRDOHVVHURIIHQFH noticed his clothes were full of blood. She called VHQWHQFHGKLPWRRQH\HDULQSULVRQDQGWKHQVXV- KHU PRWKHUȇV VLEOLQJV DQG WKH\ ȴOHG D FRPSODLQW SHQGHG WKH VHQWHQFH PHDQLQJ WKDW WKH GHIHQG- against the husband. He confessed to the crime DQW GLG QRW VHUYH DQ\ VHQWHQFH IRU WKH FULPH KH DQGVDLGWKDWKHGLGLWEHFDXVHRIKLVZLIHȇVLQȴGHO- FRPPLWWHG ity, but he does not have any evidence.

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Recommendations

To the federal government of Iraq:

ȏ :LWKGUDZ,UDTȇVUHVHUYDWLRQVWR$UWLFOHV I DQG J DQG RIWKH&RQYHQWLRQRQWKH(OLPLQDWLRQ RI$OO)RUPVRI'LVFULPLQDWLRQDJDLQVW:RPHQ &('$: DQGUDWLI\WKH2SWLRQDO3URWRFROWR&('$:HQD bling the consideration of individual complaints;

ȏ 5HSHDORUUHIRUP$UWLFOHRIWKH,UDTL3HQDO&RGHZKLFKJUDQWVKXVEDQGVWKHULJKWWRGLVFLSOLQHWKHLU ZLYHV$UWLFOHZKLFKDOORZVIRUPLWLJDWHGVHQWHQFHVIRUFULPHVFRPPLWWHGZLWKȆKRQRXUDEOHȇPR tives; Article 398, which absolves perpetrators of rape from punishment if they marry their victims; and $UWLFOHVDQGZKLFKGLVFULPLQDWHEHWZHHQPHQDQGZRPHQLQFDVHVRIDGXOWHU\

ȏ 5HLQVWDWHWKH6WDWH0LQLVWU\RI:RPHQȇV$IIDLUVDQGDOORFDWHLWDPLQLVWHULDOSRUWIROLRDQGDGHTXDWHKX PDQDQGȴQDQFLDOUHVRXUFHVWRSOD\DOHDGLQJUROHLQDGGUHVVLQJWKHSKHQRPHQRQRIYLROHQFHDJDLQVW women;

ȏ 3DVVDFRPSUHKHQVLYHDQWLGRPHVWLFYLROHQFHODZ

ȏ (VWDEOLVKDV\VWHPRIJRYHUQPHQWUXQVKHOWHUVIRUZRPHQȵHHLQJYLROHQFHDQGH[WHQGOHJDODXWKRULW\ DQGȴQDQFLDOVXSSRUWWRFLYLOVRFLHW\RUJDQL]DWLRQVUXQQLQJVKHOWHUV

ȏ 7DNHPHDVXUHVWRLQFUHDVHWKHUHFUXLWPHQWRIZRPHQLQWKHSROLFHIRUFHHVSHFLDOO\LQXQLWVIRUGHDOLQJ ZLWKJHQGHUEDVHGYLROHQFHDQGSURYLGHDOOSROLFHXQLWVZLWKJHQGHUVHQVLWLYLW\WUDLQLQJ

ȏ Promote the collection of comprehensive and reliable data and statistics on the prevalence of violence against women, disaggregated by age, region, income and education level;

ȏ 5DLVHDZDUHQHVVHVSHFLDOO\LQUXUDODUHDVDERXWWKHOHJDOPLQLPXPDJHRIPDUULDJHDQGWKHULJKWRI women and men to enter into marriage freely with a spouse of their choosing; and engage men and boys in public awareness programmes to end violence against women;

ȏ Ensure that all marriages are registered and penalize clerics found to be conducting forced and under age marriages outside the domain of the law;

ȏ Initiate proper investigations into all violent deaths and reported suicides of women and ensure that perpetrators are held accountable;

ȏ ,QLWLDWHDFRXQWU\ZLGHVWXG\RQWKHSUHYDOHQFHRIIHPDOHJHQLWDOPXWLODWLRQ )*0 ZLWKDYLHZWRVXS pressing the practice, including through criminal legislation.

To the Kurdistan Regional Government:

ȏ &RQVLGHUUHIRUPLQJWKH'RPHVWLF9LROHQFH$FWWRLQWURGXFHWKHSRVVLELOLW\RISXEOLFSURVHFXWLRQLQFDVHV of domestic violence;

ȏ 7DNHFRQFUHWHPHDVXUHVWRLPSOHPHQWWKH6WUDWHJ\IRUWKH'HYHORSPHQWRI:RPHQȇ6WDWXVLQWKH.XUG LVWDQ5HJLRQ Ȃ DQGWKH1DWLRQDO6WUDWHJ\WR&RQIURQW9LROHQFHDJDLQVW:RPHQLQ.XUGLVWDQ Ȃ 7KH/RVW:RPHQRI,UDT)DPLO\EDVHGYLROHQFHGXULQJDUPHGFRQȵLFW

ȏ 3URYLGHJHQGHUVHQVLWLYLW\WUDLQLQJWRSROLFHLQYHVWLJDWRUVMXGJHVDQGSURVHFXWRUVLQFOXGLQJWUDLQLQJ on how to handle cases of domestic violence in an appropriate and sensitive manner;

ȏ Continue to increase the recruitment of women into the police force;

ȏ Ensure that all marriages are registered and penalize clerics found to be conducting forced and under age marriages outside the domain of the law;

ȏ Initiate proper investigations into all violent deaths and reported suicides of women and ensure that perpetrators are held accountable;

ȏ Establish witness protection programmes to ensure that testimony can be freely given in cases of vio lence against women;

ȏ (QVXUHWKDWVKHOWHUVKROGSURWHFWLRQUDWKHUWKDQUHFRQFLOLDWLRQDVWKHLUȴUVWSULRULW\DQGFHDVHWKHSUDF tice of releasing victims to their families after the signing of written agreements;

ȏ 3URYLGHHGXFDWLRQDOSURJUDPPHVDQGVNLOOVWUDLQLQJWRWUDGLWLRQDOPLGZLYHVWRHQFRXUDJHWKHPWRFHDVH the practice of FGM;

ȏ &RQWLQXHHIIRUWVWRLQFUHDVHDZDUHQHVVRIWKH'RPHVWLF9LROHQFH/DZDQGWKHOHJDODYHQXHVDYDLODEOH to women and girls who have been victims of violence;

ȏ Engage men and boys in public awareness programmes to end violence against women and ensure VXFKSURJUDPPHVWDUJHWNH\FRQVWLWXHQFLHVLQFOXGLQJUHOLJLRXVDQGWULEDOOHDGHUV

To the international community:

ȏ Promote independent research and data collection on violence against women;

ȏ ,QFOXGHPHGLFDODQGVRFLRSV\FKRORJLFDOVXSSRUWVHUYLFHVIRUYLFWLPVRIYLROHQFHDVSDUWRIKXPDQLWDU ian aid efforts;

ȏ )XQGSURMHFWVZKLFKDLPWRFKDQJHSUHYDLOLQJFXOWXUDODWWLWXGHVDERXWYLROHQFHDJDLQVWZRPHQLQFOXG LQJSURMHFWVWDUJHWLQJPHQDQGER\V

ȏ Initiate educational awareness campaigns about the harms of certain traditional practices, such as early marriage and FGM, for women and girls, especially in rural areas;

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Endnotes

7KRPVRQ5HXWHUV)RXQGDWLRQȆ:RPHQȇVULJKWV based Violence (HBV) and Honour-based Killings in the Arab world: the best and worst states for in Iraqi Kurdistan and in the Kurdish Diaspora in women’, 12 November 2013. the UK, London and Bristol, University of Bristol, 8QLYHUVLW\RI5RHKDPSWRQDQG.XUGLVK:RPHQȇV $OVRNQRZQDV,6,/RUȆ,VODPLF6WDWHȇRUWKH$UDELF acronym Da’esh. 5LJKWV:DWFK1RYHPEHU 81:RPHQ5HVHUYDWLRQVWR&('$:UHWULHYHG 21 Zangana, op. cit. 6HSWHPEHUKWWSZZZXQRUJ 81&RPPLWWHHRQWKH5LJKWVRIWKH&KLOG womenwatch/daw/cedaw/reservations.htm. &RQVLGHUDWLRQRI5HSRUWV6XEPLWWHGE\6WDWHV ,QVWLWXWHIRU,QWHUQDWLRQDO/DZDQG+XPDQ 3DUWLHVXQGHU$UWLFOHRIWKH&RQYHQWLRQ 5LJKWVWomen and the Law in Iraq, Washington, Combined second to fourth periodic reports '&'HFHPEHU RI6WDWHV3DUWLHVGXHLQ,UDT0DUFK &5&&,54 Ibid. $O6XGDQL0Ȇ7DVMHHODNWKDUPLQDOIKDODWȆDQI 86'HSDUWPHQWRI6WDWH2012 Country Reports XVULȴDOȆLUDTȇAl-Mada'HFHPEHU on Human Rights Practices – Iraq, Washington, '&$SULOUHWULHYHG6HSWHPEHUKWWS $O-D]HHUD1HWȆ$OȆDQIDOXVULȴ0LVVDQ\DTRXG SKRWRVVWDWHJRYOLEUDULHVLUDT5HSRUWVB OLO\DȇVZDDOLQWLKDUȇ$SULO KXPDQBULJKWVBUHSRUWBHQJOLVKSGI 81$0,+XPDQ5LJKWV2ɚFH2+&+5Report on Human Rights in Iraq: July–December 2012, $ODD$Ȇ9LROHQFHLQ,UDTDIIHFWVIDPLO\OLIHWRRȇ Baghdad, June 2013. Al-Monitor'HFHPEHU6DPD6Ȇ,UDTWKH struggle for women’s rights is also the struggle 86'HSDUWPHQWRI6WDWH2011 Country Reports against sectarianism and authoritarianism’, on Human Rights Practices – Iraq:DVKLQJWRQ'& Alsharq, 20 March 2013. 0D\UHWULHYHG6HSWHPEHUKWWSZZZ VWDWHJRYMGUOUOVKUUSWQHDKWP 6DNU$Ȇ,UDTLJRYHUQPHQWUHMHFWVSODQVIRU women’s shelters’, Al-Monitor'HFHPEHU 6DNUop. cit. 8.)RUHLJQDQG&RPPRQZHDOWK2ɚFH 81$0,+XPDQ5LJKWV2ɚFH2+&+5Report Ȇ,UDTȂ&RXQWU\RIFRQFHUQȇ0DUFK on Human Rights in Iraq: July–December 2013, UHWULHYHG6HSWHPEHU %DJKGDG-XQH KWWSVZZZJRYXNJRYHUQPHQW SXEOLFDWLRQVLUDTFRXQWU\RIFRQFHUQ 0$'5(DQG2UJDQL]DWLRQRI:RPHQȇV)UHHGRPLQ LUDTFRXQWU\RIFRQFHUQ ,UDT 2:), Ȇ9LROHQFHDQGGLVFULPLQDWLRQDJDLQVW women in Iraq’, Submission to the 20th Session 10 Ministry of Planning – Central Statistical RIWKH:RUNLQJ*URXSRQWKH8QLYHUVDO3HULRGLF 2UJDQL]DWLRQIraqi Women Integrated Social and 5HYLHZ2FWREHUȂ1RYHPEHU Health Survey (I-WISH), March 2012, retrieved 6HSWHPEHUKWWSZZZLULQQHZVRUJSGIL ,QWHUQDWLRQDO5HVFXH&RPPLWWHHWorking ZLVKBUHSRUWBHQJOLVKSGI Together to Address Violence Against Women and Girls in Iraqi Kurdistan, August 2012. 11 Ibid. 81$0,+XPDQ5LJKWV2ɚFH2+&+5Report 12 Ibid. on Human Rights in Iraq: January–June 2014, 13 Musawah, Musawah Thematic Report on %DJKGDG$XJXVW Article 16,UDTWK&('$:6HVVLRQ*HQHYD $O0HVVDOD2UJDQL]DWLRQIRU+XPDQ )HEUXDU\UHWULHYHG6HSWHPEHU 'HYHORSPHQW'HPRFUDF\DQG+XPDQ5LJKWV KWWSZZZPXVDZDKRUJVLWHVGHIDXOWȴOHV 'HYHORSPHQW2UJDQL]DWLRQDQG1RUZHJLDQ 0XVDZDK7KHPDWLF5HSRUW$UW,UDTSGI People’s Aid, Monitoring Report on the $EEDV$-.Ȇ$QQDVKLWDDOPDGDQL\D+DQDD Implementation of Domestic Violence Law in (GZDUDȇDODQLVED]DZDMOLOTDVLUDDWȴDOLUDTȇ Kurdistan Region(UELO'HFHPEHU Azzaman, 26 August 2013. 81&RXQWU\7HDP,UDTȆ,QSXWWRWKH8QLYHUVDO 0LQZDOOD6Institutionalized Violence against 3HULRGLF5HYLHZȇhttp://www.ohchr.org/EN/ Women and Girls: Laws and Practices in Iraq, +5%RGLHV8353DJHV835,481&RQWULEXWLRQV6 Chicago, Heartland Alliance, 2011. aspx 16 Musawah, op. cit. ,QWHUQDWLRQDO5HVFXH&RPPLWWHHop. cit. 81$VVLVWDQFH0LVVLRQIRU,UDT 81$0, Monthly &37,UDTL.XUGLVWDQȆ:RPHQȇVULJKWVLQ,UDTL Report: Social Welfare, South Iraq, Basra, 9 May Kurdistan between March 2012 and March 2013’, Ekurd.net, 8 April 2013. =DQJDQD+Ȇ

$O-DIIDO2Ȇ8QGHUDJHPDUULDJHRI,UDTLJLUOV $OWDKUHHU1HZVȆ,JKWLVDEDWWXIXODGHHQL\DQZD rises’, $VVDȴU'HFHPEHU ȆDVKDȇLUL\DQȴDOLUDTTDGL\DKNLPELEDWODQ]DZDM WLȵDȴDOȆDVKLUDWPLQDOȆDPUDȇTDGTDUDQDKDUDMXO 0DQVRXU+Ȇ=DZDMDOTDVLUDWȴDOȆLUDTWD]LGPLQ GHHQNKDULMDOPDKNDPDȇ)HEUXDU\ PDVKDNLODOELODGȇPUKMedia'HFHPEHU Ȇ=DZDMDOTDVLUDW\DTWLOȆLUDTL\DWȴVKDKUZDKLGȇ $68'$5eport on the Basra Incident in which Al-Araby$SULO :RPHQ:HUH2IIHUHGLQ6HWWOHPHQWRID7ULEDO Dispute, unpublished report, Sulaymaniyah, July /DWLI1ȆȊ,KDWHP\IDWKHUIRUP\IRUFHG marriage, I hate my tribe, and I don’t love my wife”’, The National-XO\ .XUGLVK+XPDQ5LJKWV3URMHFWThe Increase in 0LQLVWU\RI3ODQQLQJȂ&HQWUDO6WDWLVWLFDO Kurdish Women Committing Suicide, Brussels, 2UJDQL]DWLRQop. cit. European Parliament Committee on Women’s 5LJKWVDQG*HQGHU(TXDOLW\-XQH %DUZDUL'Ȇ,UDTLZRPHQYLFWLPL]HGE\WULEDO marriage customs’, Al-Monitor, 12 September 69 Ibid. 2013. 0XUDGNDQ6KDNHU)Ȇ,UDTL.XUGLVWDQVHHQIURPD Ibid. women’s perspective’, Ekurd.net, 21 January 2011. $O-DIIDOop. cit. (PDLOFRPPXQLFDWLRQ$XJXVW 46 Ibid. +DML'Ȇ=LZDMDOTDVLUDW\DMWDKPXNKD\\DPDWDO VRXULHHQȴDTOLPNXUGLVWDQDOȆLUDTȇ ARA News, 28 6KHLNKDQL6Ȇ=DZDMDOTDVLUDDWȴNXUGLVWDQ\DVLO $SULO LODZDDODVEDELMWLPDȇL\DȇAsharq Al-Awsat 'HFHPEHU 6KHLNKDQLop. cit. $OVXPDULDȆȊ&KLOGEULGHVȋLQ,UDTȐREMHFWVROGE\ $O-D]HHUD1HWȆ7DKGLGVDQQDO]LZDMELNXUGLVWDQ poor tribes’,30 March 2013. DOȆLUDT\XWKLUMDGDODQVKDUDȇL\DQȇ)HEUXDU\ ,5,11HZVȆ,UDT:RPHQIRUFHGWRJLYHXSWKHLU MREVPDUULDJHVȇ0D\ 0LQZDOODop. cit. .YLQQDWLOO.YLQQD)RXQGDWLRQȆ9LROHQFHDJDLQVW %HJLNKDQL*LOODQG+DJXHop. cit. women in Iraq’, Johannesov, Sweden, Kvinna till .YLQQD)RXQGDWLRQ Ibid. 5RXGL)DKLPLDQG,EUDKLPop. cit. 'DQLVK,PPLJUDWLRQ6HUYLFHHonour Crimes against Men in Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI) and the Ibid. Availability of Protection, Copenhagen, March 2010. $O-DIIDOop. cit. Ibid. Ȇ=DZDMDOTDVLUDW\DTWLOȆLUDTL\DWȴVKDKUZDKLGȇ op. cit. .XUGLVK+XPDQ5LJKWV3URMHFWop. cit. $O%D\DWL6Ȇ7D]ZHHMDOTDVLUDDWEDLQDWWDGKOHHO 81,UDTȆ:RPHQLQ,UDT)DFWVKHHWȇ0DUFK DVKVKDUȇLZDOPDGDQLȇAssabah, 1 September UHWULHYHG6HSWHPEHUKWWSZZZLDXLUDT 2013. RUJGRFXPHQWV:RPDQ)DFWVKHHWSGI $O-D]HHUD1HWȆ$OȆDQIDOXVULȴPLVVDQ\DTRXG %HJLNKDQL*LOODQG+DJXHRSFLW*UHHQ3DQG OLO\DȇVZDDOLQWLKDUȇ$SULO :DUG7Ȇ7KHWUDQVIRUPDWLRQRIYLROHQFHLQ,UDTȇ British Journal of CriminologyYROQR 0LQZDOODop. cit. SSȂ 81$0,+XPDQ5LJKWV2ɚFH2+&+5Report on 81$0,+XPDQ5LJKWV2ɚFH2+&+5Report on Human Rights in Iraq: July–December 2012, op. cit. Human Rights in Iraq: July–December 2013, op. cit. /HJDO&OLQLF1HWZRUNSurvey Report on Marriage Outside the Court $UDELF 0D\ Ibid. 0&'Ȇ$OȆLUDTQLVDEDO]LZDMNKDULMDOPDKDNLP =DQJDQD op. cit. TDGWDVLOLODZDMLOPLQDODWIDOELGRXQDZUDTȇ 6KHOWRQ7Ȇ.XUGLVKWHHQDJHUȇVȊKRQRUNLOOLQJȋ 'HFHPEHU fades to memory as Iraq violence swells’, 0&'Ȇ,VWLIKDOWKDKLUDW]DZDMDOTDVLUDWȴDOȆLUDTȇ +XɚQJWRQ3RVW-XO\ 30 August 2013. /DWWLPHU0Ȇ)UHHGRP/RVWȇ7KH*XDUGLDQ Ȇ=DZDMDOTDVLUDW\DTWLOȆLUDTL\DWȴVKDKUZDKLGȇ 'HFHPEHU op. cit. %D\RXP\<DQG.DPL$ȆȊ+RQRUNLOOLQJVȋ $O=DPOL(Ȇ=DZDMDWIDOEȇDPUȆDVKUVDQDZDWȐ UHTXLUHWRXJKHUODZVVD\,UDTLZRPHQȇ5HXWHUV ZDUXEDȇTDGD\DD]]DZDMȴEDEHOWXMULNKDULMDO 6 March 2012. PDKDNLPȇAl-Ittihad'HFHPEHU 6XVPDQ7DQG$KPHG&Ȇ,Q,UDTDVWRU\RI $O6DOHK'ȇ7D]D\XGKDODWD]]DZDMDOTDVUL UDSHVKDPHDQGȊKRQRUNLOOLQJȋȇLos Angeles EDLQDOIDWD\DDWȴDONXWȇAssabah Al-Jadeed, 28 Times, 23 April 2009. 2FWREHU 81$0,+XPDQ5LJKWV2ɚFH2+&+5Report on 0$'5(DQG2:),op. cit. Human Rights in Iraq: July–December 2013, op. cit.

0$'5(2:),DQG,QWHUQDWLRQDO:RPHQȇV+XPDQ +5:ȆThey Took Me and Told Me Nothing’: Female 5LJKWV&OLQLFDW&81<6FKRRORI/DZ3URWHFWLQJ Genital Mutilation in Iraqi Kurdistan1HZThe Guardian0DUFK Southern Iraq4DGLVL\DK*RYHUQRUDWH,UDT UHWULHYHG6HSWHPEHUKWWSZZZZDGLQHW 0*DQG-+<op. cit. GHEORJZSFRQWHQWXSORDGV)*0 VWXG\6RXWK&HQWUDO,UDTSGI .XUGLVK+XPDQ5LJKWV3URMHFWop. cit. +5:op. cit. 'DQLVK,PPLJUDWLRQ6HUYLFHop. cit. 0XUDGNDQ6KDNHUop. cit. 100 Ibid. ,QWHUQDWLRQDO5HVFXH&RPPLWWHHop. cit. :$',Ȃ$VVRFLDWLRQIRU&ULVLV$VVLVWDQFHDQG 'HYHORSPHQW&RRSHUDWLRQȆ'HPRQVWUDWLRQ 123 UN Iraq, op. cit. DJDLQVWUHOHDVHRIKRQRUNLOOLQJVXVSHFWȇ3UHVV statement, 23 April 2013. +5:op. cit. Ȇ,UDTȇV.XUGLVWDQ30FDOOVIRUMXVWLFHIRUZRPDQ 81$0,+XPDQ5LJKWV2ɚFH2+&+5Report DOOHJHGO\NLOOHGE\KHUIDWKHUȇRudaw on Human Rights in Iraq: July–December 2012, September 2012. op. cit+5:Ȇ,UDTL.XUGLVWDQODZEDQQLQJ FGM not being enforced’, 29 August 2012, 2:),Ȇ5DSHDQGNLOOLQJRI\HDUROG1LJDU UHWULHYHG6HSWHPEHUKWWSZZZKUZRUJ 5DKLPLQ6RXWK.XUGLVWDQȇ$XJXVW QHZVLUDTLNXUGLVWDQODZEDQQLQJ UHWULHYHG6HSWHPEHUKWWSURMZRPHQ IJPQRWEHLQJHQIRUFHG RUJUDSHDQGNLOLQJRI\HDUROG QLJDUUDKLPLQVRXWKNXUGLVWDQPRUH +5:Ȇ,UDTL.XUGLVWDQODZEDQQLQJ)*0QRW being enforced’, op. cit. %DKDGHHQ6Ȇ$QRWKHUYLFWLPRIȊKRQRUNLOOLQJȋLQ Iraqi Kurdistan’, Ekurd.net-DQXDU\ :$',Ȇ)LUVWDQWL)*0WUDLQLQJIRUPLGZLYHVȇ )HEUXDU\UHWULHYHG6HSWHPEHUKWWS Ȇ:RPHQGHOHJDWLRQLQYHVWLJDWHVPXUGHUFDVHRI HQZDGLRQOLQHGHLQGH[SKS"RSWLRQ FRPBFRQWH two sisters in Said Sadiq’, Rudaw0DUFK QW YLHZ DUWLFOH LG ȴUVWDQWLIJPWUDLQLQJ IRUPLGZLIHV FDWLG SUHVVHHUNODHUXQJHQ ,WHP 1HXULQN-Ȇ2XWFU\LQ.XUGLVWDQDIWHUSROLFHXVH LG chains to pull bodies from pond’, Rudaw0DUFK .5*DQG81,&()Female Genital Mutilation (FGM): A Survey on Knowledge, Attitudes and Practice 6KHOWRQ op. citȆ$OLUDTWKXKXOOLTDWO]DZMNXUGL among Households in the Iraqi Kurdistan Region, DURXVLKDOTDVLUELZDKHVKL\Dȇ$O$QED-XQH /DWLI$Ȇ2XWRIVKHOWHUVLQWRGDQJHUDQGKRQRXU 129 Ibid. NLOOLQJVȇNiqash1RYHPEHU 109 Ibid. 110 Shelton, op. cit. *XOI&HQWHUIRU+XPDQ5LJKWVȆ.XUGLVWDQDOLUDT ODPDODWKOLOPXGDIDȇHHQȆDQKXTXTDOLQVDQZDV VDKDȴHHQDOPXVWDTLOHHQȇ'HFHPEHU :RUOG+HDOWK2UJDQL]DWLRQȆ)HPDOHJHQLWDO PXWLODWLRQIDFWVKHHWQRȇ*HQHYD)HEUXDU\ CEASEFIRE centre for civilian rights

The Lost Women of Iraq: )DPLO\EDVHGYLROHQFHGXULQJDUPHGFRQpLFW

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:RPHQKDYHSDLGDKHDY\SULFHIRUWKHEUHDNGRZQRIODZDQGRU ered a private matter and strong cultural taboos prevent victims GHULQ,UDT'HFDGHVRIFRQȵLFWWKHUHYLYDORIWULEDOFXVWRPVWKH IURPVSHDNLQJRXW eruption of sectarianism and the strengthening of patriarchal This report covers forms of violence against women in Iraq religious attitudes have meant that Iraq has seen an increase which are primarily perpetrated by family members. It comple LQIRUPVRIIDPLO\EDVHGYLROHQFHWKDWDUHRWKHUZLVHJHQHUDOO\ PHQWV D SUHYLRXV &HDVHȴUH UHSRUW No Place to Turn: Violence RQWKHGHFOLQHLQWKH0LGGOH(DVW9LROHQFHLQVLGHWKHKRPHKDV DJDLQVWZRPHQLQ,UDTȇVFRQȵLFW, which detailed forms of violence increased along with violence in the street. perpetrated directly by security forces, militias or other armed Based on extensive primary research conducted in partnership groups. ZLWK$68'$2UJDQL]DWLRQIRU&RPEDWLQJ9LROHQFHDJDLQVW:RP In the face of the ongoing military campaign against the Islam en in Iraq, the report details: LF6WDWHRI,UDTDQG$O6KDP ,6,6 WKHVWDWHRIZRPHQȇVULJKWV ȏ DQHSLGHPLFRIWKRXVDQGVRIFDVHVRIIDPLO\EDVHGYLROHQFH thoughout the country is being ignored. However, improving re against women, including hundreds of cases every year in VSHFWIRUZRPHQȇVULJKWVFDQQRWEHSRVWSRQHGXQWLOWKHFRQȵLFW which women are burnt alive; LVRYHU7KHIHGHUDOJRYHUQPHQWRI,UDTDQGWKH.XUGLVWDQ5H JLRQDO*RYHUQPHQW .5* VXSSRUWHGE\WKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOFRP ȏ increasing rates of forced and underage marriage, includ PXLW\VKRXOGXQGHUWDNHXUJHQWOHJDODQGVRFLDOUHIRUPWRHQ LQJODUJHQXPEHUVRIJLUOVPDUULHGXQGHUWKHDJHRIDQG sure that victims of violence do not continue to suffer in silence. some as young as ten;

ȏ a revival of the practice of fasliyya, in which women are bar 7KLVUHSRUWUHFRPPHQGV tered as a means of resolving tribal disputes; ȏ 5HSHDOLQJ SURYLVLRQV RI WKH ,UDTL 3HQDO &RGH ZKLFK JUDQW ȏ the persistence of high rates of female genital mutilation, husbands the right to discipline their wives, which absolve particularly in rural areas and in the north of Iraq; perpetrators of rape from punishment if they marry their ȏ the widespread acceptance in Iraqi society of the murder of victims, and which allow for greatly reduced sentences for ZRPHQZKRDUHSHUFHLYHGWREULQJȆGLVKRQRXUȇWRWKHLUIDPL PXUGHUDQGRWKHUFULPHVFRPPLWWHGLQWKHQDPHRIȆKRQRXUȇ OLHVOHDGLQJWRWKHSHUSHWUDWRUVRIȆKRQRXUȇFULPHVURXWLQHO\ ȏ 3DVVLQJDFRPSUHKHQVLYHDQWLGRPHVWLFYLROHQFHODZDQGHV HVFDSLQJMXVWLFH WDEOLVKLQJDV\VWHPRIVKHOWHUVIRUZRPHQȵHHLQJYLROHQFHRU $WWHPSWV WR VHHN UHGUHVV LQ FDVHV RI YLROHQFH DJDLQVW ZRPHQ forced marriage; DUHXQGHUPLQHGE\DZHDNDQGLQHIIHFWLYHMXGLFLDOV\VWHPDQG ȏ Initiating proper investigations into all violent deaths and RXWGDWHG ODZV WKDW H[FXVH RU OHJLWLPL]H DWWDFNV DJDLQVW ZRP reported suicides of women; and promoting the collection en. Perpetrators are often acquitted or given mild sentences of comprehensive and reliable statistics on the prevalence of for grievous crimes against women, even in the face of clear violence against women. HYLGHQFH+RZHYHUWKHODUJHPDMRULW\RIFDVHVQHYHUPDNHLWWR court. In Iraq, violence against women in the home is consid

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