CEASEFIRE centre for civilian rights Miriam Puttick The Lost Women of Iraq: )DPLO\EDVHGYLROHQFHGXULQJDUPHGFRQpLFt k&HDVHȴUH&HQWUHIRU&LYLOLDQ5LJKWVDQG 0LQRULW\5LJKWV*URXS,QWHUQDWLRQDO 1RYHPEHU Cover photo: TKLVUHSRUWKDVEHHQSURGXFHGDVSDUWRIWKH&HDVHȴUHSURMHFWDPXOWL\HDUSUR Kurdish women and men protesting JUDPPH VXSSRUWHG E\ WKH (XURSHDQ 8QLRQ WR LPSOHPHQW D V\VWHP RI FLYLOLDQOHG against violence against women march in Sulaymaniyah, Iraq, monitoring of human rights abuses in Iraq, focusing in particular on the rights of November 2008. YXOQHUDEOHFLYLOLDQVLQFOXGLQJYXOQHUDEOHZRPHQLQWHUQDOO\GLVSODFHGSHUVRQV ,'3V stateless persons, and ethnic or religious minorities, and to assess the feasibility of © Shwan Mohammed/AFP/Getty Images H[WHQGLQJFLYLOLDQOHGPRQLWRULQJWRRWKHUFRXQWU\VLWXDWLRQV 7KLVUHSRUWKDVEHHQSURGXFHGZLWKWKHȴQDQFLDODVVLVWDQFHRIWKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQ The contents of this report are the sole responsibility of the publishers and can un GHUQRFLUFXPVWDQFHVEHUHJDUGHGDVUHȵHFWLQJWKHSRVLWLRQRIWKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQ &HDVHȴUH&HQWUHIRU&LYLOLDQ5LJKWV 7KH&HDVHȴUH&HQWUHIRU&LYLOLDQ5LJKWVLVDQHZLQLWLDWLYHWRGHYHORSȆFLYLOLDQOHG monitoring’ of violations of international humanitarian law or human rights, to pursue legal and political accountability for those responsible for such violations, DQG WR GHYHORS WKH SUDFWLFH RI FLYLOLDQ ULJKWV 7KH &HDVHȴUH &HQWUH IRU &LYLOLDQ 5LJKWVLVUHJLVWHUHGDVDFKDULW\DQGDFRPSDQ\OLPLWHGE\JXDUDQWHHXQGHU(QJOLVK law; charity no: 1160083, company no: 9069133. 0LQRULW\5LJKWV*URXS,QWHUQDWLRQDO 05* LV DQ 1*2 ZRUNLQJ WR VHFXUH WKH ULJKWV RI HWKQLF UHOLJLRXV DQG OLQJXLVWLF minorities and indigenous peoples worldwide, and to promote cooperation and XQGHUVWDQGLQJEHWZHHQFRPPXQLWLHV05*ZRUNVZLWKRYHUSDUWQHURUJDQL ]DWLRQVLQQHDUO\FRXQWULHV,WKDVFRQVXOWDWLYHVWDWXVZLWKWKH8QLWHG1DWLRQV (FRQRPLFDQG6RFLDO&RXQFLO (&262& DQGREVHUYHUVWDWXVZLWKWKH$IULFDQ&RP PLVVLRQRQ+XPDQDQG3HRSOHVȇ5LJKWV $&+35 05*LVUHJLVWHUHGDVDFKDULW\DQG DFRPSDQ\OLPLWHGE\JXDUDQWHHXQGHU(QJOLVKODZFKDULW\QRFRPSDQ\ QR Additional research by Leena Azzam and Sue Eedle. 5HSRUWGHVLJQHGE\6WDģD6XNLF ,6%1 0DWHULDOIURPWKLVSXEOLFDWLRQPD\EHUHSURGXFHGIRUWHDFKLQJRURWKHUQRQFRP mercial purpoes, with appropriate attribution. No part of it may be reproduced in any form for commercial purposes without the prior express permission of the FRS\ULJKWKROGHUV3XEOLVKHG1RYHPEHU3ULQWHGLQWKH8.RQUHF\FOHGSDSHU Table of contents ,QWURGXFWLRQ 4 0HWKRGRORJ\ /HJDODQGSROLF\IUDPHZRUN 6 1 )DPLO\EDVHGYLROHQFH 11 2 )RUFHGDQGHDUO\PDUULDJH 20 3 Ȇ+RQRXUȇYLROHQFH 26 4 )HPDOHJHQLWDOPXWLODWLRQ 31 5HFRPPHQGDWLRQV 35 (QGQRWHV 37 Introduction $JDLQVWWKHEDFNGURSRIDUPHGFRQpLFWDQGVSLUDOOLQJVHFWDULDQYLROHQFH WKDWKDYHPDUNHG,UDTLQUHFHQWGHFDGHVDQRWKHUW\SHRIYLROHQFHJRHV ODUJHO\XQVHHQ:LWKLQWKHERXQGVRIWKHGRPHVWLFVSKHUH,UDT VZRPHQ KDYHSDLGDKHDY\SULFHIRUWKHEUHDNGRZQRIODZDQGRUGHULQVRFLHW\DW ODUJH9LROHQFHDQGLQVHFXULW\KDYHVSLOOHGRYHULQWRWKHKRPHDQGZKHQ FRXSOHGZLWKWKHHFRQRPLFGHVSHUDWLRQWKDWJULSVPDQ\,UDTLIDPLOLHV KDYHPDQLIHVWHGWKHPVHOYHVLQDWWDFNVRQZRPHQ:KLOHWKHUHKDVEHHQ LQFUHDVHGLQWHUQDWLRQDODWWHQWLRQWRJHQGHUEDVHGYLROHQFHDVDQLQWULQVLF IHDWXUHRI,UDT VFRQpLFWWKHIDPLO\UHPDLQVWKHQXPEHURQHSHUSHWUDWRURI YLROHQFHDJDLQVWZRPHQLQ,UDT 9LROHQFHDJDLQVWZRPHQLQWKHGRPHVWLFVSKHUHLVDQLVVXH $FFRUGLQJWRDVWXG\E\WKH7KRPVRQ5HXWHUV)RXQGD- WKDW SUHFHGHV WKH FRQȵLFW EXW DW WKH VDPH WLPH LW LV LQWH- WLRQ RQ ZRPHQȇV ULJKWV LQ $UDE VWDWHV ,UDT ZDV UDQNHG JUDOO\ DQG XQGHQLDEO\ FRQQHFWHG WR WKH FRQȵLFW 6LQFH WKH WKHZRUVW$UDEFRXQWU\IRUZRPHQLQWKHFDWHJRU\ȆZRPHQ )LUVW*XOI:DU,UDTKDVVHHQDQLQFUHDVHLQFHUWDLQW\SHVRI LQVRFLHW\ȇ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ȆKRQRXUȇ NLOOLQJV QHZO\ OHJLWLPL]HG :LWK WKH 86 HYLGHQFH OHGLQYDVLRQZRPHQȇ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ȵLFW SDWKL]HZLWKPDOHIDPLO\PHPEHUVDQGDUHXQDEOH HDFK PDQLIHVWDWLRQ RI YLROHQFH LQ PRUH GHWDLO ,W RUXQZLOOLQJWRSURWHFWIHPDOHYLFWLPVIURPIXUWKHU HQGVZLWKDVHULHVRIUHFRPPHQGDWLRQVGLUHFWHGWR DWWDFNV7KHVHIDFWRUVFRPELQHWRDFWDVDVWURQJGH- WKHIHGHUDOJRYHUQPHQWRI,UDTWKH.5*DQGWKHLQ- WHUUHQWIRUZRPHQWRUHSRUWLQFLGHQWVRIYLROHQFH WHUQDWLRQDOFRPPXQLW\LQRUGHUWRDGGUHVVWKHULV- (YHQLQWKH.XUGLVWDQUHJLRQZKHUHODZVDJDLQVW LQJSKHQRPHQRQRIYLROHQFHDJDLQVWZRPHQ GRPHVWLFYLROHQFHH[LVWYLRODWLRQVDJDLQVWZRPHQ FRQWLQXH WR JR XQGHUUHSRUWHG DQG XQSURVHFXWHG LQODUJHQXPEHUV Methodology 7KHRQJRLQJPLOLWDU\FDPSDLJQDJDLQVWWKH,VODPLF 7KLV UHSRUW ZDV D FROODERUDWLYH XQGHUWDNLQJ EH- 6WDWH RI ,UDT DQG $O6KDPV ,6,6 KDV DOORZHG WKH WZHHQ WKH &HDVHȴUH 3URMHFW DW 0LQRULW\ 5LJKWV JRYHUQPHQWRI,UDTWRFRQWLQXHWRLJQRUHWKHVWDWH *URXS ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 05* DQG $68'$ 2UJDQL- RIZRPHQȇVULJKWVLQWKHFRXQWU\LQWKHIDFHRIDQ ]DWLRQ IRU &RPEDWLQJ 9LROHQFH DJDLQVW :RPHQ LQ H[LVWHQWLDOVHFXULW\FULVLV+RZHYHULPSURYLQJUH- ,UDT7KHUHSRUWXVHVERWKSULPDU\DQGVHFRQGDU\ VSHFWIRUZRPHQȇVULJKWVFDQQRWEHSRVWSRQHGXQWLO UHVHDUFK PHWKRGV ([WHQVLYH VHFRQGDU\ UHVHDUFK WKHFRQȵLFWLVRYHU,WPXVWEHDSULRULW\DQGDQLQWH- GUHZ RQ PXOWLSOH VRXUFHV LQFOXGLQJ WKH (QJOLVK JUDOSDUWRIWKHQHZJRYHUQPHQWȇ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ȆKRQRXUȇFULPHVDQG LQGHȴQLWHO\ EXW FRQWLQXHG LWV ZRUN LQ WKH RWKHU IHPDOHJHQLWDOPXWLODWLRQ )*0 ,WLVDVHTXHOWRD ,UDTLJRYHUQRUDWHV SUHYLRXV &HDVHȴUH05* UHSRUW FRYHULQJ YLROHQFH DJDLQVWZRPHQLQFRQQHFWLRQZLWKWKHDUPHGFRQ- $68'$ȇVUHVHDUFKHUVJDWKHUHGWHVWLPRQLHVE\FRQ- ȵLFWDQGWKHUHIRUHGRHVQRWDGGUHVVIRUPVRIYLR- GXFWLQJIDFHWRIDFHLQWHUYLHZVZLWKERWKGLUHFWYLF- OHQFHSHUSHWUDWHGGLUHFWO\E\VHFXULW\IRUFHVPLOL- WLPVRIYLROHQFHDQGZLWQHVVHVWRFDVHVRIYLROHQFH WLDVRURWKHUDUPHGJURXSV7KHUHSRUWEHJLQVZLWK XVLQJ D VWDQGDUGL]HG LQWHUYLHZ IRUP GHYHORSHG DQRYHUYLHZRIWKHOHJDOHQYLURQPHQWVXUURXQGLQJ MRLQWO\ E\ 05*&HDVHȴUH DQG $68'$ ,QWHUYLHZV GRPHVWLF YLROHQFH DFURVV ,UDT EHIRUH DGGUHVVLQJ ZLWKWKHYLFWLPVWKHPVHOYHVWRRNSODFHDW$68'$ȇV 6 7KH/RVW:RPHQRI,UDT)DPLO\EDVHGYLROHQFHGXULQJDUPHGFRQȵLFW RZQSUHPLVHVRUDWWKHSUHPLVHVRIRWKHUZRPHQȇV OHYHOVYLROHQFHDJDLQVWZRPHQDQGJDSVLQOHJLVOD- RUJDQL]DWLRQVWKDWDJUHHGWRFRRSHUDWH,QWHUYLHZV WLRQUHPDLQDOORZLQJVRPHIRUPVRIYLROHQFHWRJR ZLWK ZLWQHVVHV LQFOXGLQJ KRVSLWDO VWDII ODZ\HUV XQSURVHFXWHG DQG VWDII DW ZRPHQȇV RUJDQL]DWLRQV JRYHUQPHQW RɚFLDOV DQG VWDII RI WKH *HQHUDO 'LUHFWRUDWH WR ,QWHUQDWLRQDODJUHHPHQWV &RPEDW9LROHQFHDJDLQVW:RPHQLQWKH.XUGLVWDQ UHJLRQJHQHUDOO\WRRNSODFHDWWKHLUSODFHRIZRUN ,UDT DFFHGHG WR WKH &RQYHQWLRQ RQ WKH (OLPLQD- ,QVRPHFDVHVLQWHUYLHZVZHUHFRQGXFWHGRYHUWKH WLRQRI$OO)RUPVRI'LVFULPLQDWLRQDJDLQVW:RP- SKRQHIRUWKHSXUSRVHRISUHVHUYLQJWKHDQRQ\PLW\ HQ &('$: LQ&('$:LVDFRPSUHKHQVLYH RIWKHLQWHUYLHZHH GRFXPHQW WKDW UHTXLUHV VWDWHV SDUWLHV WR XQGHU- WDNHPHDVXUHVWRHOLPLQDWHGLVFULPLQDWLRQDJDLQVW %HWZHHQ)HEUXDU\DQG0D\$68'$ȇVUH- ZRPHQLQWKHSROLWLFDOHFRQRPLFVRFLDODQGFXO- VHDUFKHUVJDWKHUHGDWRWDORIWHVWLPRQLHV2I WXUDOVSKHUHV+RZHYHU,UDTHQWHUHGUHVHUYDWLRQV WKHVHWHVWLPRQLHVTXDOLI\DVFDVHVRIGRPHV- WR$UWLFOHV I DQG J RI&('$:ZKLFKFDOOIRU WLFYLROHQFH LQFOXGLQJIRUFHGDQGHDUO\PDUULDJH VWDWHVSDUWLHVWRDEROLVKODZVZKLFKGLVFULPLQDWH ȆKRQRXUȇ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
Details
-
File Typepdf
-
Upload Time-
-
Content LanguagesEnglish
-
Upload UserAnonymous/Not logged-in
-
File Pages40 Page
-
File Size-