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Open-Ended Design. Explorative Studies on How to Intentionally Support Change by Designing with Imperfection

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Open-Ended Design. Explorative Studies on How to Intentionally Support Change by Designing with Imperfection Open-Ended Design. Explorative Studies on How to Intentionally Support Change by Designing with Imperfection Francesca Ostuzzi Promotoren: prof. dr. ing. J. Saldien, prof. dr. ir. J. Detand Proefschrift ingediend tot het behalen van de graad van Doctor in de industriële wetenschappen: industrieel ontwerpen Vakgroep Industriële Systemen en Productontwerp Voorzitter: prof. dr. E.-H. Aghezzaf Faculteit Ingenieurswetenschappen en Architectuur Academiejaar 2017 - 2018 ISBN 978-94-6355-061-1 NUR 656 Wettelijk depot: D/2017/10.500/96 Examencommissie Prof. Gert de Cooman - voorzitter Onderwijsdirecteur FEA Universiteit Gent Dr. ir. David van der Ha - secretaris Duurzaamheidscoördinator Green Office Universiteit Gent Prof. Jelle Saldien - promotor Vakgroep Industriële Systemen en Productontwerp Industrial Design Center Universiteit Gent Prof. Jan Detand - promotor Vakgroep Industriële Systemen en Productontwerp Industrial Design Center Universiteit Gent Prof. El-Houssaine Aghezzaf Vakgroep Industriële Systemen en Productontwerp Industrial Systems Optimization and Control Universiteit Gent Prof. Wim Dewulf Technologiecluster Werktuigkundige Industriële Ingenieurstechnieken KU Leuven Prof. Valentina Rognoli Dipartimento di Design Madec and Materials Experience Lab Politecnico di Milano “Design is non-attachment and total engagement. Design is control and uncontrollable.” H.G. Nelson and E. Stolterman, (2012) TABLE OF CONTENTS Summary 9 Samenvatting 13 Introduction and overview 17 1.1. Open design 20 1.2. Open-ended Design 22 1.3. Relevance and motivations 25 1.4. Research questions 27 1.5. Readers’ guide 32 1.5.1. Graphics and schemas 33 Research method 35 2.1. A research to grasp reality 36 2.2. Research structure 39 2.3. Research methods 43 2.3.1. Post factum: observation of reality 44 2.3.2. Ante factum: anticipation of reality 47 2.4. Intended outcomes 50 2.4.1. Quality of the outcomes 51 2.5. Conclusions 52 Foundations 55 3.1. New design paradigms for sustainability 57 Table of contents 3 3.2. Current paradigms and their limitations 59 3.2.1. Standard, top-down solutions 61 3.2.2. Unique, bottom-up solutions 63 3.3. The need for conversations 64 3.3.1. Conversation user-product: emotional bond 64 3.3.2. Conversation user-technology: digital revolution 69 3.3.3. Conversation user-users: open design 73 3.3.4. Conversation user-designers: participatory design 76 3.4. Approaches for out-of-control conversations 79 3.4.1. Time in design for behavioral change 80 3.4.2. A broader view on imperfect systems 81 3.5. Intentional imperfection as morphology for these conversations 82 3.5.1. Design action for intentional change 82 3.5.2. Imperfection for dynamic experiences 84 3.6. Systems thinking as syntax for these conversations 90 3.6.1. Cybernetics and design 91 3.6.2. Circularity and its representation 92 3.7. Conclusions 96 Introduction to investigations 99 Study 0, post factum, observation 101 4.1. Annotated portfolios 101 4.1.1. Procedure 102 4.1.2. Supporting examples 105 4.2. Ten lenses to focus on change in design 111 4.2.1. 1st lens: why is the product changing? 112 4.2.2. 2nd lens: who is changing the product? 113 4.2.3. 3rd lens: is the change itself the goal? (goal-directedness) 114 4.2.4. 4th lens: what is changing? 115 4.2.5. 5th lens: how much is the product changing? 117 4.2.6. 6th lens: how many products can be produced? 117 4.2.7. 7th lens: when is the change happening? 118 4.2.8. 8th lens: how fast is the change happening? 120 4.2.9. 9th lens: is the change reversible? 120 4.2.10. 10th lens: where is the change happening? 121 4.3. Results 122 4.3.1. Online inspirational tool 122 4.3.2. Combining lenses 123 4 Open-ended Design 4.3.3. “How lenses” as sum of all the other lenses 126 4.3.4. Example of strategies and mechanisms 128 4.4. Discussion 139 4.5. Conclusions 140 Study 1, co-design with small offline communities 143 5.1. Assistive devices for chronic conditions 144 5.1.1. Rheumatic diseases 145 5.1.2. User involvement 146 5.2. Research method 147 5.2.1. Questionnaire and participants’ recruitment 148 5.2.2. Design of reference products 148 5.2.3. Activation stage 150 5.2.4. Generative session 152 5.3. Results 155 5.3.1. Results of the activation stage 155 5.3.2. Results of the generative session 157 5.3.3. Adaptations of the reference products 159 5.4. Discussion 161 5.5. Conclusions and future studies 164 Study 2, co-design with online communities 167 5.6. Online sharing of Study 1 outcomes 168 5.7. Project based courses for sustainability 171 5.7.1. Openness in industrial design 172 5.8. Research method 175 5.8.1. Course and participants’ description 175 5.9. Results 178 5.9.1. Stage 1: Realization of functional prototypes 178 5.9.2. Stage 2: Creation and upload of open designs 180 5.9.3. Stage 3: Online community 181 5.10. Discussion 185 5.11. Conclusions and future studies 187 Study 3, opening up design outcomes “for one” 189 5.12. Dynamics of re-appropriation 190 5.13. Imperfect instructions 192 5.14. Research method 194 5.14.1. Interviews 195 Table of contents 5 5.15. Results 195 5.15.1. Selected cases 195 5.15.2. Resulting model 196 5.16. Discussion 200 5.16.1. Open-ended Design, a new definition 201 5.17. Conclusions and future studies 202 Study 4, Up-scaling context-dependant outcomes 205 5.18. New products development 206 5.18.1. End users’ innovations 206 5.18.2. Problems in distributing end users’ innovations 209 5.18.3. Goal of Study 4 211 5.19. Research method 211 5.19.1. Test 1 212 5.19.2. Test 2 214 5.20. Results 215 5.20.1. Test 1 215 5.20.2. Test 2 219 5.20.3. Combined results 222 5.21. Discussion 225 5.22. Conclusions and future studies 230 Study 5, Open-ended Design methodology 233 6.1. Introduction 234 6.2. Open-ended Design methodology, an overview 236 6.2.1. Observation of reality 238 6.2.2. Anticipation of reality 244 6.2.3. Observation and engagement 248 6.3. Research method 250 6.4. Results 251 6.5. Discussion 263 6.6. Conclusions and future studies 265 Termination 267 7.1. Results 267 7.2. Valorization 270 7.2.1. Journal papers (A1) 270 7.2.2. Conference papers (P1-C1) 271 7.2.3. General public newspapers 271 6 Open-ended Design 7.2.4. Credits to designers 271 7.2.5. Reaching the market 275 7.3. Discussion 276 7.3.1. Discussing outcomes 276 7.3.2. SWOT analyses 280 7.4. Future studies 285 7.5. Conclusions 287 Acknowledgement 293 Bibliography 297 List of tables 315 List of figures 317 Table of contents 7 SUMMARY Design can be seen as the process of creation of what is not there yet, but what is ought to be in the future. In other terms, design is an intentional act that aims at modifying future reality. One of the main problems of this complex process is the gap that is spontaneously created once the product, from being ideal and belonging to the design space, becomes tangible encountering the real environment (which could be of production, distribution, use, maintenance, etc.). Products are in fact anything but static, predictable or under control. They are dynamic entities, that break down, age, and are – sometimes – being personalized and modified. These vari- ated modifications occurring in products (in time, often because of use dynamics) have been here defined as change. Changes occurring in products ultimately change also the perception we have of them, leading to either disruptive or beneficial scenar- ios. If disruptive changes are not contained and beneficial ones are not supported, they might provoke early products’ abandonment, with negative implications (for example, in terms of sustainability). In fact, even valuable design outcomes face re- jection: on the one hand top-down standard solutions – created for all – might not reach the goodness of fit that is required, while on the other hand bottom-up local solutions – created for one – are hard to be adapted, because of their very contextual nature. In both cases problem can be recognized on that these design outcomes are generally not designed with a “real use” perspective (that occurs in time) and, in case they are, it is often under the belief that only expected things will happen. To bridge this gap between design space and real environment a constant engage- ment and interaction between products and different stakeholders is adovocated. Summary / Samenvatting 9 This process has been here defined as conversation, to underline as this mutual ex- change of information can be seen as a learning process. Most importantly active engagements that occur in the design-after-design space are aimed at. In other words, the design outcome changes thanks to the contact with (non-)human actors of the products’ ecology. This is what has been defined as re-appropriation. In fact, every actor provokes change and eventually learns what conserves and what evolves in the designed outcome. In return, this experience can change the perception that the ac- tors have of the design object. This mutual change, a real conversation, can be seen as second-order cybernetics. It occurs in time and is rarely considered during the design process, being hardly predictable. Open-ended Design is here proposed as possible approach to facilitate the conditions for this conversation to happen, and has been defined as a design outcome that is able to change, according to the changing context.
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