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Surface Modification of a Titanium Alloy Via Electrospraying for Biomedical Engineering Applications

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Surface Modification of a Titanium Alloy Via Electrospraying for Biomedical Engineering Applications SURFACE MODIFICATION OF A TITANIUM ALLOY VIA ELECTROSPRAYING FOR BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Theresa Mirembe Sebbowa Department of Mechanical Engineering University College London Torrington Place London WC1E 7JE October 2013 Surface modification of a titanium alloy via electrospraying for biomedical engineering applications Declaration I, Theresa Mirembe Sebbowa, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. Theresa Mirembe Sebbowa i Surface modification of a titanium alloy via electrospraying for biomedical engineering applications Abstract Hydroxyapatite (HA) coated titanium (Ti) based dental and orthopaedic implants are widely utilized owing to their bone-bonding capability. However, the longevity of such implants is restricted by poor HA-Ti interfacial adhesion. Thus bioinert materials such as titania (TiO2) and zirconia (ZrO2) have been incorporated within the HA film in order to address this shortcoming. This research investigated the development of novel electrosprayed bioceramic composite films with enhanced bioactivity and mechanical properties. Sol-gel derived TiO2 and ZrO2 nano-particles were synthesized using a range of precursors and solvents whereas nano-sized HA was synthesized by precipitation. Composite suspensions with a range of TiO2 :HA and ZrO2 :HA compositions were prepared by mixing. The liquid physical properties such as electrical conductivity and surface tension were affected by suspension composition and this in turn influenced the electrospray process. Film morphology was optimized by varying deposition parameters such as needle-to- substrate distance and suspension flow rate as well as post deposition annealing. The in vitro cellular response to the electrospray films was generally enhanced by post deposition annealing temperature which affected the wettability and film roughness. Furthermore, the cellular response was enhanced by the addition of HA within the TiO2 or ZrO2 films. However, the TiO2/HA composites displayed higher bioactivity compared to the ZrO2/HA composites. The scratch resistance was affected by materials composition and was in the order ZrO2>TiO2>HA. Consequently, ZrO2/HA composite films yielded superior mechanical properties. However, composite films with a composition of 50 wt% TiO2: 50wt% HA gave a good combination of bioactivity and mechanical integrity. The scratch resistance was further enhanced via the deposition of HA-based bi-layer and functionally graded films with a comparable in vitro response to the electrosprayed single phase HA films. A film with graded ZrO2 and HA phases gave a good combination of bioactivity and mechanical integrity. This research demonstrated that electrospraying is a promising method for the deposition of novel bioceramic composite films for dental and orthopedic applications. Moreover, enhancement of the bioactivity and mechanical properties of the electrosprayed bioceramic composite coatings could be achieved through the combination of HA and ZrO2. ii Surface modification of a titanium alloy via electrospraying for biomedical engineering applications Publications and conference presentations Publications Sebbowa, T., Edirisinghe, M., Salih, V. and Huang, J., (2011), Effect of deposition parameters and post annealing deposition on the morphology and cellular response of electrosprayed TiO2 films, Biofabrication, 4, Article 045001. Sebbowa, T.M., Edirisinghe, M, Salih, V, Bao, T., Gao, J. and Huang, J Deposition of novel electrosprayed titania and hydroxyapatite composite films on titanium alloy for hard tissue implants (under preparation) Sebbowa, T.M., Edirisinghe, M., Salih, V., Bao, T., Gao, J. and Huang, J. Comparison of electrosprayed titania/hydroxyapatite and zirconia/hydroxyapatite films (under preparation) Conference presentations Morphology control of electrosprayed TiO2 films, Theresa Sebbowa, Mohan Edirisinghe and Jie Huang, Oral presentation given at the UK society for Biomaterials society (UKSB) 2010 at the University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK. iii Surface modification of a titanium alloy via electrospraying for biomedical engineering applications Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisors Dr Jie Huang and Professor Mohan Edirisinghe for offering me the wonderful opportunity to further my education and improve my career prospects. Their patience, guidance, encouragement, support and extreme patience over the past few years have been very invaluable to me and are very much appreciated. I would like to thank the Department of Mechanical Engineering at University College London for awarding me the DTA PhD studentship that enabled me to undertake this research. My collaborators from the Eastman Dental Institute (UCL), Dr Vehid Salih and Dr Nicki Mordan are thanked for granting me access to their cell culture lab facilities and their useful advice throughout the course of my research at the dental institute. Dr Graham Palmer is also thanked for his assistance with surface roughness measurement, water contact angle measurement and Raman spectroscopy. I would also like to thank Professor Yuqing Bao and Dr Jiming Gao at London Southbank University for granting me access to their Materials testing facilities. I further extend my gratitude to Mr Kevin Reeves at the UCL institute of Archeology for his assistance with the scanning electron microscopes. I would also like to thank my colleagues in the Biomaterials research group for their friendship and for making my experience as a research student more interesting. My close friends Yvonne, Gabrielle, Maria and Gloria are so gratefully acknowledged for reminding me there’s life outside the lab and for their prayers, and constant support and kind words of encouragement. Last but by no means least; I would like to express my utmost love and gratitude to my dear parents who have so lovingly supported me emotionally and financially every step of the way. I am especially grateful for your unwavering belief in me and your prayers and encouragement. I also thank my brothers for their support. Finally, I extend my gratitude to my husband Onyedikachukwu for putting up with me and caring for and supporting me as I completed my thesis. iv Surface modification of a titanium alloy via electrospraying for biomedical engineering applications To my three parents; Dad, Mom and Auntie Gladys who have loved, nurtured and supported me over the years, my siblings who have continuously encouraged me, and my husband Onyedikachuwu and our two boys, Preston and Gabriel who have been sharing me with my studies for as long as they have known me. v Surface modification of a titanium alloy via electrospraying for biomedical engineering applications Table of contents Declaration ................................................................................................................... i Abstract ....................................................................................................................... ii Publications and conference presentations ............................................................ iii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................... iv Table of contents ....................................................................................................... vi List of Tables ........................................................................................................... xiii List of Figures ........................................................................................................... xv Abbreviations ............................................................................................................ xx Chapter 1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background .................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Aims and objectives ....................................................................................... 3 1.3 Thesis content ................................................................................................ 3 Chapter 2 Literature review ........................................................................................ 6 2.1 Bone structure and composition ..................................................................... 6 2.1.1 Composition of bone ................................................................................ 6 2.1.2 Structure of bone ..................................................................................... 7 2.1.3 Mechanical properties of bone ................................................................. 9 2.1.4 Bone defects and injuries ........................................................................ 9 2.1.5 Current hard tissue treatment approaches ............................................. 10 2.1.6 Implant selection criteria ........................................................................ 12 2.1.6.1 In vitro characterization using bone cells ........................................ 12 2.1.7 Titanium and titanium alloy implants ...................................................... 14 2.2 Bioceramics .................................................................................................. 16 2.2.1 Hydroxyapatite (HA) .............................................................................
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