Untersuchung Verschiedener Konservierungsmethoden Auf Erdfeuchtem Bis Nassem Archäologischen Gagat Und Anderen Kaustobiolithen

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Untersuchung Verschiedener Konservierungsmethoden Auf Erdfeuchtem Bis Nassem Archäologischen Gagat Und Anderen Kaustobiolithen Haute école d’art appliqués Arc Filière conservation-restauration Orientation archéologie, ethnographie Untersuchung verschiedener Konservierungsmethoden auf erdfeuchtem bis nassem archäologischen Gagat und anderen Kaustobiolithen Sabine Brechbühl 30. September 2005 Danksagung Die vorliegende Arbeit wäre ohne die Unterstützung und Mithilfe einer grossen Anzahl Personen nie in dieser Form zustande gekommen. Das Entgegenkommen und Interesse, das ich bei meinen zahlreichen Anfragen und Erkundungen von so vielen Seiten her erleben durfte, war äusserst ermutigend und stellt eines der besten Erlebnisse meiner Diplomarbeit dar. An erster Stelle möchte ich mich beim kantonalen Archäologiemuseum Neuenburg LATENIUM bedanken. Im LATENIUM ist der grösste Teil meiner Arbeit entstanden. Ich freue mich, dass die Museumsleitung, repräsentiert durch den Direktor Michel Egloff und dem Konservator Denis Ramseyer, mir die Möglichkeit und das Vertrauen gegeben hat, meine Diplomarbeit im LATENIUM zu verwirklichen. Ganz besonderen Dank gilt aber dem Leiter des Labors für Konservierung und Restaurierung Beat Hug, der mich als mein Praktikumsverantwortlicher während meiner Arbeit mit Rat und Tat unterstützt hat. Durch seine grosse Erfahrung und durch seine kritische Haltung konnte er mir wohl bei sämtlichen Fragen weiterhelfen, mich beraten und Verbesserungen bewirken. Dank ihm stand mir auch sehr gut geeignetes Probenmaterial zur Verfügung. Nebst Beat Hug und der Museumsleitung möchte ich auch den anderen Mitarbeitern des LATENIUM danken, da ich auch von ihnen Beratung und Unterstützung erhalten habe. Als Betreuerin und Mentorin hat mich Madeleine Betschard, Direktorin des Musée Schwab in Biel begleitet. Ich möchte ihr für die anregenden Diskussionen herzlich danken. Mein ganz spezieller Dank gilt Dr. Bertrand Ligouis, Kohlepetrografe vom Laboratory for applied organic petrology LAOP in Tübingen, bei dem ich meine Probestücke und archäologischen Objekte analysieren lassen konnte. Durch ihn kam ich nicht nur zu sehr qualitätvollen Materialanalysen, sondern ich konnte auch viel über Kohlenpetrografie lernen. Obschon Bertrand Ligouis in keiner Weise eine Verantwortung für meine Arbeit trug, hat er sich mit grossem Engagement und grosser Begeisterung für mein Projekt eingesetzt und mir in vielfältiger Weise geholfen. Für die praktische Arbeit wurde mir geologisches und archäologisches Material zur Verfügung gestellt. Ich möchte mich bei Prof. Martin Burkhard vom geologischen Institut der Universität Neuenburg, bei Beda Hofmann, Naturhistorisches Museum Bern, bei Ulrike Rothenhäusler vom Landesmuseum Zürich und bei Mathias Seifert, Archäologischer Dienst Graubünden bedanken, dafür, dass sie mir freundlicherweise schweizerische und ausländische Kaustobiolithproben ausgehändigt haben. Frau Ihrig, Konservatorin-Restauratorin vom Historischen Museum Basel und die Archäologische Bodenforschung Basel haben es möglich gemacht, dass ich die Resultate meiner Untersuchung auf archäologischen Objekten anwenden konnte. Die Untersuchungen mit dem Rasterelektronenmikroskop durfte ich im geowissenschaftlichen Departement der Universität Freiburg, unterstützt von Prof. Bernard Grobéty und Christoph Neururer, durchführen, wofür ich mich herzlich bedanken möchte. Stéphane Maître, Röntgentechniker im Spital Les Cadolles in Neuenburg hat die Untersuchungen mit dem Computertomographen vorgenommen. II Herr Werner Schoch hat mein Probematerial Holzanatomisch untersucht. Auch ihnen gilt mein herzlicher Dank. Bei Jacques Reinhard möchte ich mich bedanken für die Einführung in die archäologische Experimentation. Mein herzlicher Dank gilt auch allen Personen, die mir Auskünfte verschiedenster Art gegeben, sich Zeit für Diskussionen genommen, und mir Publikationen zugeschickt haben oder mir in anderer Weise beigestanden sind. Dies sind Astrid Preuschoft-Güttler, Tübingen; Ulrike Rothenhäusler, Landesmuseum Zürich; Stephan Bucher, Naturhistorisches Museum Neuenburg; Denise Leesch, Archäologischer Dienst Kanton Neuenburg; Françoise Tschudin, Schweizerischer Gemmologischer Verband; Cyntia Dunning, Archäologischer Dienst Kanton Bern; Martine Rochat, Archäologie und Paläonthologie Kanton Jura; Mary Davis, National Museums and Galleries of Wales GB; Per Hoffmann, Schifffahrtsmuseum Bremerhafen D; Paulette Pauc, centre de recherche et developpement culturel en Corbière F; Hubert Engelbrecht, München D; Herbert Müller, Neunkirchen D; François- Xavier Chauvière, Universität Neuenburg; Judith Fuchs, Kantonsarchäologie Aargau und viele mehr. Meinen Dank möchte ich auch den Institutionen aussprechen, die an meiner Umfrage teilgenommen, und den Firmen, die mir Gratismuster ihrer Produkte zugeschickt haben. Letztlich bin ich auch meinem Freund, meiner Familie und meinen Freunden dankbar, die mich während der Entstehung dieser Arbeit durch Hochs und Tiefs begleitet und mich immer wieder angehört und ermutigt haben. Résumé Les objets archéologiques en jais et autres caustobiolithes sont sujets à des problèmes de conservation. Lorsqu’un objet réalisé dans ce type de matière est trouvé dans un sol archéologique, il se présente souvent dans un très bon état. Mais dès que l’objet sèche, il se fissure, se tord et se rétracte d’une manière irréversible. Le présent travail a pour but de trouver des causes à ce processus et des méthodes susceptibles de remédier à ce problème de conservation. Les travaux pratiques entrepris sont une série de tests de séchage et de consolidation sur des échantillons géologiques ainsi que l’application des résultats obtenus sur des objets archéologiques. Les essais sont vérifiés par des méthodes scientifiques adaptées. La littérature spécialisée de conservation-restauration recueille très peu de publications concernant la conservation d’objets en caustobiolithes. Les traitements essayés jusqu’à présent reprennent ceux utilisés dans la conservation du bois gorgé d’eau et des fossiles. Il n’existe pas d’étude comparative des méthodes. On peut constater que la composition structurelle et chimique des caustobiolithes est peu décrite, et encore moins les processus de dégradation. Les publications montrent que la préoccupation actuelle est avant tout la recherche de méthodes non-destructives pour déterminer le type de caustobiolithes utilisé. La connaissance des matériaux, nécessaire au travail du conservateur- restaurateur, est acquise pour le cas des caustobiolithes par l’étude de la pétrographie organique. III C’est une sous branche de la géologie, qui étudie les sédiments formés à partir de matière organique fossile comme les lignites et les charbons. Les caustobiolithes ont été utilisés depuis le Magdalénien pour fabriquer des bijoux et des objets divers. Si cette première utilisation se concentre en Allemagne du sud et en Suisse, on voit une grande popularité de ces matériaux en Angleterre durant l’Age de bronze, où l’on fabrique des colliers de grande qualité artistique. Pendant l’Age de Hallstatt et de Latène on trouve déjà une véritable industrie de fabrication de bijoux en caustobiolithes. Les trouvailles se répandent en Europe, mais ne franchissent pas les Alpes. Les Romains multiplient encore le commerce d’objets en jais. Au Moyen Age c’est l’utilisation du jais pour des objets ecclésiastiques qui domine. A St. Jacques de Compostelle, on fabrique des insignes de pèlerinage en jais, et les artisans s’organisent dans des corps de métier. Le zénith pour le jais est son utilisation comme joaillerie de deuil dans l’Angleterre du 19ième siècle. L’industrie se concentrait à Whitby et occupait plus que 1000 personnes. Un rapide déclin de popularité du jais fait qu’aujourd’hui ce matériel est relativement peu connu. Les caustobiolithes se définissent comme étant des sédiments combustibles, issus de matière organique. Ils se forment par la transformation de matière organique morte en tourbe, lignite, charbon, anthracite et graphite. Ce processus s’appelle carbonisation, parce qu’il entraîne un enrichissement relatif de carbone par l’échappement d’autres éléments. C’est la carbonisation qui mène à la formation de macéraux, les constituants des caustobiolithes observables sous microscope. Ils correspondent aux minéraux, qui sont les constituants d’une roche. L’étude des macéraux permet de déterminer les différents types de caustobiolithes ainsi que leur degré de maturité. Il y une grande diversité de matières qui peuvent se former lors de la carbonisation de matière organique, mais seuls les types particulièrement dense, tenace et homogène pouvaient être utilisés pour fabriquer des bijoux et des objets. La matière la plus recherchée était le jais, qui est issu de bois flotté, carbonisé et imprégné par du bitume. Les charbons sapropéliques, issus de boue organique riche en pollen et algues, présentent également de bonnes propriétes pour être travaillés. Par contre le lignite, qui est souvent cité dans la littérature, est généralement trop friable pour être utilisé. Les formations du jais sont géologiquement liées aux couches du Toarcien. Les principaux sites d’exploitations sont à Whitby, dans le Yorkshire, en Angleterre et dans le Jura Souabe près de Stuttgard en Allemagne. Là où le jais n’était pas disponible, on utilisait des caustobiolithes locaux pour le remplacer. Il est difficile de donner une description chimique des caustobiolithes, car la composition dépend de la maturité et elle est différente pour tous les macéraux. En somme, les molécules organiques complexes des débris végétaux comme les celluloses, les cires et les résines sont décomposées et se transforment
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