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Handbook: Remediation of Contaminated Sediments

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Handbook: Remediation of Contaminated Sediments United States Office of · EPA/625/6-91 /028 Environmental Protection Research and Development April 1991 Agency Washington DC 20460 &EPA Handbook Remediation of Contaminated Sediments EPA/625/6-91 /028 April 1991. Handbook Remediation of Contaminated Sediments Center for Environmental Research Information Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 'Cincinnati, OH 45268 @ Printed on.Recycled Paper TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................................................iv LIST OF FIGURES .................................... ; ................................................................................................................ iv ACRONYMS ................................................................................................................................................................v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...........................................................................................................................................vi PREFACE ..................................................................................................................................................................vii 1 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SEDIMENTS ................................. : ........................... 1 1.1 Introduction •.................................................. ,............... : .......................................................................... 1 1.2 Properties of Sediments Affecting Contaminants .................................................................................... 2 1.3 Forms and Reactions of Contaminants .................................................................................................... 2 1.4 References ...............................................................................................................................................4 2 SEDIMENT TOXICITY ASSESSMENT ............................................................................................................ 5 2.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................................5 2.2 Environmental Regulations that Relate to Contaminated Sediments ...................................................... 5 2.3 Current Development of Sediment Assessment Tools ............................................................................ 7 2.4 References ...............................................................................................................................................9 3 PROCEDURES FOR CHARACTERIZATION OF CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS ...................................... 11 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 11 3.2 Sampling Plan ........................................................................................................................................11 3.3 Sampling Methods ................................................................................................................................. 12 3.4 Physical and Chemical Analyses ........................................................................................................... 13 3.5 Modeling Sediment Transport and Contaminant Fate and Transport .................................................... 13 3.6 References ............................................................................................................................................. 14 4 REMOVAL AND TRANSPORT ...................................................................................................................... 15 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 15 4.2 Removal ................................................................................................................................................. 15 4.3 Transport ................................................................................................................................................ 18 4.4 <'-0mpatibility with Downstream Processing ........................................................................................... 18 4.5 Reterences .............................................................................................................................................18 5 PRE-TREATMENT ........................................ : ................................................................................................ 21 5.1 Introduction ................................................... :........................................................................................ 21 5.2 Slurry Injection ............................. :......................................................................................................... 21 5.3 Dewatering .............................................................................................................................................22 5.4 Particle Classification ............................................................................................................................. 24 5.5 Handling/Rehandling .............................................................................................................................. 24 5.6 References .............................................................................................................................................25 ii 6 TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES .......................................................................................................•............ 27 6.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................27 6.2 Technology Screening Logic ..................................................................................................................27 6.3 Extraction Technologies ........................... '............................................................................................... 30 6.4 Destruction/Conversion ..............................•...........................................................................................32 6.5 Containment ............................................. .'............................................................................................. 36 6.6 References ........................................., .... : .................. .' ...u ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••, ••••• 38 7 DISPOSAL ......................................................................................................................................................41 7.1 Introduction ..............•.. , ...............................................................:; ...... ; ........ ;.................................•........ 41' 7.2 Capping ..................... '._ ..................•.................•........... ,...............................................•............................ 41 7.3 Confined Disposal Facility (CDF) ............................. ~ ..................................................................... ,....... 43 7.4 Landfills ..............................................................................................................: ................................... 43 7.5 References ............................................................ , .....................................· ................. ;................... ~·.... ;43 ·, iii LIST OF TABLES Page 1-1 Availability of Metals in Common Chemical Forms ................................................... ~ ....................................... 3 1-2 Typical Fate of Potentially Available Metals in a Changing Chemical Environment ......................................... 3 2-1 Sediment Quality Assessment Methods ....................................: ...................................................................... 8 4-1 Comparison of Hydraulic and Mechanical Dredges ........................................................................................ 16 4-2 Comparison of Selected Mechanical Dredges ............................................................................................... 16 4-3 Comparison of Selected Hydraulic Dredges ................................................................................................... 17 4-4 Comparison of Selected Pneumatic Dredges ................................................................................................. 18 4·5 Controls for Transport Options ....................................................................................................................... 19 5-1 Summary of Dewatering Techniques ............. ; ............................................................................................... 23 5-2 Summary of SedimenVWater Separation Techniques ................................................................................... 25 6-1 Identification of Hazardous Waste Treatment Technologies Considered for the Treatment of New Bedford Harbor Sediments .................................................................................... 28 6-2 Demonstration Test Results of CF Systems
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