12 Innovative Solutions for Targeting Duvernay Completions 16 Go Take a Hike 20 Potash Petrophysics - Then and Now 26 Geoconvention 2014: Focus

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12 Innovative Solutions for Targeting Duvernay Completions 16 Go Take a Hike 20 Potash Petrophysics - Then and Now 26 GeoConvention 2014: Focus

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Citation for George Eynon ...... 9

CSPG OFFICE Citation for Robin Mann ...... 11 #110, 333 – 5th Avenue SW Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2P 3B6 Tel: 403-264-5610 Innovative Solutions for Targeting Duvernay Completions...... 12 Web: www.cspg.org Office hours: Monday to Friday, 8:30am to 4:00pm Photo of the Month ...... 15 Executive Director: Lis Bjeld Tel: 403-513-1235, Email: [email protected] Go Take a Hike ...... 16 Event Coordinator: Kelsey Thompson Tel: 403-513-1226, Email: [email protected] Member Services: Potash Petrophysics – Then and Now ...... 20 Tel: 403-264-5610, Email: [email protected] Publications and Website: Emma MacPherson Email: [email protected], Tel: 403-513-1230 GeoConvention 2014: Focus ...... 26 Educational Trust Fund/Outreach Coordinator: Kasandra Amaro Tel: 403-513-1226, Email: [email protected] Technical Programs: Biljana Popovic DEPARTMENTS Tel: 403-513-1225, Email: [email protected] Corporate Sponsorship: Lis Bjeld Tel: 403-513-1235, Email: [email protected] Executive Comment ...... 5 Controller: Eric Tang Tel: 403-513-1232, Email: [email protected] Rock Shop ...... 8, 9 EDITORS/AUTHORS Please submit RESERVOIR articles to the CSPG office. Submission deadline is the 23rd day of the month, two months prior to issue date. (e.g., January 23 for the March issue).

To publish an article, the CSPG requires digital copies of the document. Text should be in Microsoft Word format and illustrations should be in TIFF format at 300 dpi., at final size. For additional information on manuscript preparation, refer to the Guidelines for Authors published in the CSPG Bulletin or contact the editor.

Technical Editors Hugh S. Mosher Colin Yeo (Assistant Tech. Editor) Nunaga Resources Ltd. Encana Corporation M.: 403-809-9997 Tel: 403-645-7724 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

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The RESERVOIR is published 11 times per year by the Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists. This includes a combined issue for the months of July and August. The purpose of the RESERVOIR is to publicize the Society’s many activities and to promote the geosciences. We look for both technical and non-technical material to publish. Additional information on the RESERVOIR’s submission guidelines can be found at http://www.cspg. org/publications/pubs-reservoir-submissions.cfm. The contents of this publication may not be reproduced either in part or in full without the consent of the publisher. Additional copies of the RESERVOIR are available at the CSPG office. No official endorsement or sponsorship by the CSPG is implied for any advertisement, insert, or article that appears in the Reservoir unless otherwise noted. All submitted materials are reviewed by the editor. We reserve the right to edit all submissions, including letters to the Editor. Submissions must include your name, address, and membership number (if applicable). The material contained in this publication is intended for informational use only. FRONT COVER While reasonable care has been taken, authors and the CSPG make no guarantees that any of the equations, Mile 60 on the Grand Canyon Colorado River float trip. This is the last of the Paleozoic clastic schematics, or devices discussed will perform as expected or that they will give the desired results. Some information contained herein may be inaccurate or may vary from standard measurements. rocks exposed travelling downstream from Lees Ferry. This 700m exposure starts at river level The CSPG expressly disclaims any and all liability for the acts, omissions, or conduct of any third-party user with Early Cambrian Tapeats sandstone and continues up through the recessive Bright Angel Shale of information contained in this publication. Under no circumstances shall the CSPG and its officers, directors, and thin Middle Cambrian Muav Limestone. The impressive upper cliffs are the Devonian Temple employees, and agents be liable for any injury, loss, damage, or expense arising in any manner whatsoever from the acts, omissions, or conduct of any third-party user. Butte Formation and Mississippian aged Redwall Limestone. Photo by Dave Robinson. Designed and Printed by The Data Group of Companies, Calgary, Alberta.

RESERVOIR ISSUE 07 • JULY/AUGUST 2014 3 The Metropolitan Conference Centre

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International Prospects Steven Schamel GeoX Consulting Inc. Join our corporate Allard Martinius Statoil R&D Dan Schwartz AERA Energy LLC participants: Regulatory Issues & Kevin Parks Alberta Energy Regulators Sustainability  British Petroleum Travis Hurst Alberta Energy Regulators  Large- Scale Deposits Steve Hubbard University of Calgary Suncor Ron Boyd ConocoPhillips Ltd  Medium/Small- Scale Cenovus Milovan Fustic Statoil Canada Ltd. Reservoirs  Statoil University of Calgary- Norka Marcano Schlumberger post-doc  Nexen Barry Bennett University of Calgary New Drilling & Completions,  Bill Macfarlane Nexen Energy ULC Schlumberger Production Technologies Barkim Demirdal Nexen Energy ULC  Taurus University of Calgary, Schulich Ian Gates School of Engineering  McLellan Energy Advisors Cap Rocks & Reservoir Dale Walters Taurus Reservoir Solutions Ltd.  Integrity ConocoPhillips Pat McLellan McLellan Energy Advisors Inc.  Shell Canada

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EXECUTIVE COMMENT A message from Andrew Fox, Outreach Director

CSPG CSPG Outreach EXECUTIVE Initiatives PAST PRESIDENT Paul MacKay • Shale Petroleum Ltd. The CSPG has an extensive program of courses that are offered by the CSPG. Students [email protected] Tel: 403.457.3930 Outreach that is primarily focused on university also get on-line access to the Reservoir and the students studying geology but also has Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology PRESIDENT educational initiatives that engage school-aged Dale Leckie children and the general public in geosciences. The University Outreach Committee manages the Regional Undergraduate Awards which CSPG Outreach consists of four main initiatives: reward academic excellence and a strong PRESIDENT ELECT • Student Industry Field Trip (SIFT) interest in petroleum geoscience. Student Event Tony Cadrin • Journey Energy Inc. • University Outreach Grants support the costs of departmental [email protected] Tel: 403.303.3493 • Graduate Theses Awards field trips and courses for undergraduate • Honorary Address students. Students working in Calgary can FINANCE DIRECTOR attend the Summer Student Field Trip. Last Gord Stabb • Durando Resources Corp. The Student Industry Field Trip (SIFT), which year Derald Smith (University of Calgary) [email protected] Tel: 403.819.8778 has been running since 1978, is an Outreach led a group of 32 students to the Porcupine program designed to recruit top performing Hills to examine fluvial deposits. Through FINANCE DIRECTOR ELECT geology students to consider a career in the the University Outreach program the CSPG Astrid Arts • Cenovus Energy sponsors Regional Student Conferences in [email protected] Tel: 403.766.5862 petroleum industry. For two weeks students are exposed to many aspects of the petroleum Atlantic Canada (AUGC), Quebec (Jeux de DIRECTOR industry including participating in a challenging Géologie), Ontario (AESRC) and Western Alexis Anastas • Nexen Energy ULC exploration game. Attending SIFT is a significant Canada (WIUGC). Our volunteers have an [email protected] Tel: 403.699.4965 award for earth sciences students. It is seen as opportunity to interact with students from providing a “foot-in-the-door” to the Canadian across Canada at these regional conferences DIRECTOR Oil Patch by students attending universities and promote the value of the CSPG. Andrew Fox • MEG Energy Corp. that are considered to be off the radar of the [email protected] Tel: 403.770.5345 industry recruiting tours. Many SIFT Alumni University Outreach also manages the obtain employment in the energy industry University Lecture Tours where speakers DIRECTOR and often become long term volunteers for from Industry and Government visit earth Milovan Fustic • Statoil Canada Ltd. the CSPG. The 37th SIFT was held in May science departments across Canada in order to [email protected] Tel: 403.724.3307 2014 with thirty-two undergraduate students present on timely topics related to petroleum from each Canadian university Earth Sciences geoscience. Brad Hayes (Petrel Robertson) and DIRECTOR department participating. Taylor Olson Kirk Osadetz (Carbon Management Canada) Michael Laberge • Channel Energy Inc. (Cenovus) and Meghan Speers (Consultant) did graciously volunteered their time to speak to [email protected] Tel: 403.301.3739 an outstanding job leading the SIFT Committee students this past year. University Outreach is this year. I would be remiss not to mention our planning to have a more extensive program of DIRECTOR generous corporate sponsors who again made visiting speakers for the upcoming school year. Robert Mummery • Almandine Resources Inc. SIFT possible. [email protected] Tel: 403.651.4917 University Outreach also hosts student networking events at the GeoConvention. DIRECTOR University Outreach is also a major effort Weishan Ren • Statoil Canada Ltd. by the CSPG. Chad Glemser (Shell) and his GeoConvention itself provides awards for best [email protected] Tel: 403.724.0325 University Outreach Committee are doing student oral and poster presentations, travel an excellent job shepherding a number of subsidies and registration refunds to students DIRECTOR programs benefiting university earth sciences who volunteer at the convention. Darren Roblin • Endurance Energy students who become the main source of future [email protected] Tel: 587.233.0784 petroleum geologists. The CSPG offers free Honorary Address is another Outreach membership to students who are enrolled in an initiative targeting not only CSPG members but EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR accredited university Earth Science program. also students, teachers and the general public. Lis Bjeld • CSPG This student membership allows students to Its mandate is to provide engaging speakers [email protected] Tel: 403.513.1235 apply for CSPG scholarships and grants and discussing topical issues related to petroleum get discounts for conferences, field trips and (Continued on page 7...)

RESERVOIR ISSUE 07 • JULY/AUGUST 2014 5

(...Continued from page 5) and technical leaders at Canadian energy geoscience. The Honorary Address will be companies, leading geoscientists at federal held on November 17, 2014 when Scott Tinker and provincial regulators and geological from the Texas Bureau of Economic Geology surveys, and professors at Canadian and François Therrien from the Royal Tyrrell universities. This year the CSPG has raised Museum will be presenting “Understanding the value of the Graduate Theses Awards to Our Past, Producing Our Future.” Keith acknowledge the increased cost of obtaining Millis (OptiSeis) leads the Honorary Address a graduate degree as well as rewarding Committee which promises to deliver an academic excellence. The CSPG has also Honorary Address that the CSPG membership re-established the Regional Graduate won’t want to miss. Student Awards to provide additional funding CORPORATE SPONSORS for graduate students in the process of The CSPG has given an award for the best completing their programs. The Graduate SAMARIUM graduate thesis since 1958. Many award Awards Committee led by Andre Chow geoLOGIC systems ltd. winners have gone on to become business (Continued on page 15...) TITANIUM ConocoPhillips APEGA Nexen ULC IHS Shell Canada Limited PLATINUM Schlumberger Canada Limited Cenovus Energy Inc. Imperial Oil Resources AGAT Laboratories GOLD Devon Canada Corporation MEG Energy Corp. Tourmaline Baker Hughes SILVER CGG Services (Canada) Inc. Suncor Energy MJ Systems Encana Corporation Canadian Natural Resources Ltd. Athabasca Oil Corporation Enerplus EOG Resources Canada Inc. Husky ION Geophysical Petrosys BRONZE Olympic Seismic Ltd. Arcis Seismic Solutions Seisware Loring Tarcore PGS Saudi Aramco Roke Technologies Ltd. Belloy Petroleum Consulting Earth Signal Processing Ltd Sensor Geophysical Ltd. Tucker Energy Services Canada Pro Geo Consultants Talisman Energy Geovariances Hunt Oil Tesla TGS Continental Laboratories (1985) Ltd. Total Gas Detection Ltd. RPS Energy Canada Ltd. Explor GLJ Petroleum Consultants Ltd. Paradigm Geophysical (Canada) Corp. PLS Inc As of June 2014 A Special Thanks to Geologic Systems Ltd., CSPG’s Top Sponsor of the Month. RESERVOIR ISSUE 07 • JULY/AUGUST 2014 7 ROCK SHOP

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Wellsite Supervision Project Management Graphic Well Profiles Verticals / Horizontals EUB Sample / Core Studies Conventional / Un-conventional Domestic and International Shale Gas/Oil Shales Conventional Vertical and Horizontal Wells Coal Bed Methane 1350, 734 - 7th Ave SW Calgary, AB T2P 3P8 Oil Sands - SAGD/Coring Programs Project Supervision B 403.234.7625, www.WellsiteGeologists.com C 403.660.9883, [email protected] Email: [email protected] Tel: (403) 262-9229 Fax: (403) 265-0377 Website: www.progeoconsultants.com CITATION FOR GEORGE EYNON George Eynon earned his B.Sc. in geology Cambridge Energy Research Associates. He and geography in 1969 from the University became the VP of Business Development and of London and then worked as a high school External Relations and Research Director, teacher for a year with the Greater London Natural Gas Division in 2004 at CERI – Education Authority, before moving to the Canadian Energy Research Institute. Hamilton to do his M.Sc. in geology. He In 2008 Mr. Eynon moved to the Energy finished in 1972, after writing a thesis on the Resources Conservation Board (ERCB) as structure of braid bars: facies relationships a Board Member until it became the newly of Pleistocene braided outwash deposits. In formed Alberta Energy Regulator in 2013, 1991, George attended the Senior Executive where he served as a Hearing Commissioner. Program at the Sloan School of Management Later that year, George founded Geos Eynon at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. and Associates Consulting, which works with He also studied the Institute of Corporate industry and public stakeholders at all levels on Directors education program at the University a wide-range of energy issues, from strategic of Calgary’s Haskayne School of Business in to operational. 2012 and 2013. As well as his professional work, Mr. Eynon Mr. Eynon joined CSPG in 1972 and his first serving in the House of Delegates (1989 – has sat on a number of boards, including SMI committee in 1986. Over the years, he was 2008), as a Charter Member of the Divisions Oil and Gas (1994 – 1996), Derek Oil and Gas a Session Chair for the Annual Convention of Environmental Geosciences (1992 – (2004 – 2008), Geoscientists Canada (2013 – seven times (1991, 1993, 1998, 1999, 2000, Present) and committee work from 1991 to Present) and APEGA, as a Councillor (2012 2005, 2006), the Chair of various committees 2006. He has won several AAPG awards, – 2017), and currently as APEGA’s Director on including the Technical Program (1986), including Distinguished Service Award (1996), the Board of Geoscientists Canada. Keynote Address Committee (1994, 1996), Certificate of Merit (1993 and 2002) and Nominations Committee and Awards Dinner Honorary Lifetime Membership (2008). With George has made substantial technical (1997) and Committee on Conventions (2001 APEGA, he was a Member and Chair Practice contributions to geoscience. He has lectured – 2005). His three-year Executive term was Review Board (1994 – 1997) and various extensively around the world; he has given centred on his 1996 Presidency, where one ad hoc governance and strategic planning regulatory advice to numerous national, state, of the most important contributions was committees (2012 – Present). He served on and provincial jurisdictions world-wide; and the realization that CSPG needed to hire a various committees with CAMPUT, Canada’s he has spoken at conferences including CSPG business manager and get the society’s finances Energy Regulators, from 2008 through 2013, and the Canada China Economic Cooperation under control, a task he oversaw. George has including on the Energy Resource Committee. Conference Mr. Eynon has taught at the given several CSPG talks, including as keynote Petroleum Land Management Program at the speaker at AGS 75th Anniversary Lecture George started his professional career at Haskayne School of Business, University of (1995), and CADE/CAODC Conference Amoco in 1972, and over the next 20 years, Calgary, as well as delivering numerous in- (1997). His work has not gone unnoticed by he worked for several companies including house courses for industry and government his peers, winning him many awards: Graduate Paramount Resources, Superior Oil, Suncor organizations. Thesis Award (1973), Tracks Award (1987), Energy, Bow Valley Industries, SMI Oil and President’s Award (1993), Volunteer Award for Gas. He moved into increasingly senior roles, George has had an exceptional and varied work in AAPG House of Delegates (1998) and first as a technical geologist then moving career. He is a top notch geoscientist, teacher, Service Award for work as Founder and Chair into managerial and executive positions and leader. He is a dedicated volunteer, always of the Committee on Conventions (2004). in exploration and production. In 1996 he serving to improve our geoscience community. moved to Ziff Energy as the Vice President CSPG is pleased to award George Eynon with His volunteering is not limited to CSPG. of Corporate Consulting. Two years later, Honorary Membership Status. Notable from a long list of achievements he became the Director of North American is extensive work with AAPG, including Upstream Oil and Gas Research at CERA: ROCK SHOP

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RESERVOIR ISSUE 07 • JULY/AUGUST 2014 9 25th Annual CSPG Mixed Golf Tournament

August 22, 2014 Lynx Ridge Golf Club

Join us and have fun in this four golfer best ball tournament. Your cost includes a round of golf, meals, plenty of hospitality and good times, and a chance to network with your colleagues and industry sponsors

Registration Rates: CSPG member: $90.00+gst Non-member: $130.00+gst

For more information and to register today please go to www.cspg.org CITATION FOR ROBIN MANN Robin Mann joined CSPG in 1977, after he he has sat on the Board of Directors for several graduated from Dalhousie University with a B.Sc. companies, including Castlerock, Seventh Energy (Honors), writing his thesis on the Formation and Westward Energy. of the Scotian Basin and Atlantic Margin. Two years later, he received his M.Sc. from Carleton Mr. Mann has presented several keynote addresses University after completing a thesis on the and talks over the last 14 years, in places ranging Formation of the Rocky Mountain Foreland and from New York to Rio de Janeiro to London, Thrust Belt. Mr. Mann became increasingly active on topics such as Shale Gas in North America, in CSPG starting in 1997, when he became the The Oil and Gas Regulatory Environment in Chairman of the Insurance Committee, which the Caribbean, and Economic Viability of Oil earned him a Service Award in 2005. In 2011, he and Gas Prospects in the Western Canadian joined the Educational Trust Fund Committee and Sedimentary Basin. He has taught unconventional became the Society’s Vice President. gas exploration both domestically and in Brazil.

During his 2012 Presidential term, he oversaw As well as his work with CSPG, Robin has been several important projects. He executed changes active with APEGA and AAPG, serving as a to the GeoConvention Agreement to include all similar role at Aquitaine Company, then joined Member of the Division of Professional Affairs three technical societies, as well as inclusion of a the consulting world as an Exploration and since 1987. Mr. Mann has always been active in his public outreach component. Mr. Mann supervised Development Geological Consultant with community. As the father of four sons, he became changes as CSPG incorporated as a not-for-profit Fekete and Associates. This experience allowed very involved with minor hockey, donating his under new Canada Revenue Agency directives, Robin the confidence to cofound the geological time to Hockey Calgary (1993 – 2004) and and oversaw the creation of new bylaws and the consulting firm of Hume, Mann & Associates Hockey Alberta (2004 – 2007, 2010), including restructuring of the Executive Committee. Robin in 1984. The firm merged and grew, as did Mr. a 5 year stint as President of Hockey Calgary was personally involved in the office move and Mann’s role. Over the years, he has been the (1999 – 2004) and a Board Member of Hockey rebranding efforts. His efforts have left a clear and Vice President of Geology, Chief Operating Alberta (2004 – 2007). He also sat on the board tangible mark on CSPG. Officer, Chief Financial Officer, President, for Magnetic North Theatre Festival (2010). Chairman, and CEO. The company changed As a geologist, Mr. Mann has more than 35 names over the years until as AJM Petroleum Over his career, Mr. Mann has been a purely years of experience in the petroleum industry Consultants, it was purchased by Deloitte technical geologist, a leader, an executive, a board in both geological and management roles. He Canada, where Robin now works as a Partner, member, an active volunteer and a company started with Amoco Canada in 1977 as an heading up their Global Resource Evaluation and founder. CSPG is proud to welcome Robin Mann exploration geologist, then spent a few years in a Advisory Practice. In addition to his own work, into the ranks of Honorary Members.

RESERVOIR ISSUE 07 • JULY/AUGUST 2014 11 INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS for Targeting Duvernay Completions | By Gemma Hildred, Dr Tim Pearce, Chemostrat Canada Ltd.

The Upper Devonian (Frasnian) Duvernay on the application, instrumentation and performance. Precise measurements of Formation represents an extensive proven interpretative methodology. 1) Handheld XRF clay content are needed to determine the source rock and major shale resource (HHXRF) typically determines 10-20 elements relative brittleness of shales which can help play. Although productive, the formation (dependant on rock type) and is ideally suited in formulating fracking strategies. XRD is comprises shale – carbonate successions that to lithotyping and basic chemostratigraphic routinely used to evaluate sedimentary rock are characterised by significant lateral facies correlation. 2) Bench top XRF, which is mineralogy, however to acquire accurate XRD variations, which cause problems when best undertaken on powdered or pelleted data can be time consuming and expensive. targeting sweet spots and identifying changes samples (c.25-40 elements) and suited to As a result, in the limited time prior to in mineralogy in order to optimise fracking. rapid turnaround lab / wellsite analysis for completion, most decisions over frack Moreover, variable E-log responses and the lack correlation, geosteering and rock properties. stage placements are based on E-log and of reliable biostratigraphic data, all contribute to 3) High resolution inductively-coupled strip logs. However, onsite or ‘hot shot’ produce poor chronostratigraphic correlations plasma - optical emission spectrometry (ICP- elemental chemostratigraphic data can also that restrict accurate mapping of play fairways. OES) and inductively-coupled plasma - mass be used to model mineralogy and organic To counter these problems, Chemostrat Canada spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis (c.50 elements) content and therefore provide mineralogical Ltd has established a unique Duvernay Shale for detailed correlation, anoxia mapping and data comparable to XRD and TOC data Database to improve stratigraphic correlation, reservoir characterization. The Duvernay either in realtime or within 1-2 days prior to provide data for frack optimisation and Shale Database offers high resolution (10 fold) to completion. In addition, the integration sweet spot mapping. The Shale Database chemostratigraphic correlation for Kaybob of elemental chemostratigraphic data with uses high resolution chemostratigraphy and Willesden Green fields based on ICP E-log data provides a means to enhance and (based on 50 elements), TOC and C-isotope data of all samples, but also demonstrates cross check the petrophysical interpretation chronostratigraphic data to constrain the field- the suitability and application of HHXRF and of reservoir properties leading to improved and subregional-scale correlations and anoxia bench top XRF in the Duvernay. Furthermore, decision making for frack optimisation. maps for sweet spot identification. In addition, the chemostratigraphic correlation framework The Shale Database provides modelled the same chemostratigraphic elemental dataset is supplemented by chronostratigraphic mineralogical and TOC data for all wells and employed for correlation has also been used to correlation of the Duvernay based on carbon provides XRD and TOC validation data that model mineralogy (following calibration from isotope stratigraphy (δ13C). This technique is form the basis of the modelling protocols. X-ray diffraction (XRD) dataset) to produce based on the correlation of fluctuations in Such a combined approach is not limited to mineral and brittleness logs providing data for 13C/12C values in the oceans through time, a particular area or stratigraphic interval petrophysical calibration and frack optimisation. which are recorded in the composition of and the model developed for the Duvernay The ongoing Database currently consists of 18 marine carbonates (δ13Ccarb) and organic rocks Formation can be applied to analogous wells drilled in the Kaybob and Willesden Green (δ13Corg) and can be tied to a well-documented intervals across the study area, ultimately fields and provides operators with pilot-hole global database that is characterized from providing a clearer understanding of a field’s data of offset well comparisons for many of the the Neoproterozoic to Cenozoic. As a physical characteristics and thereby helping areas targeted for upcoming development wells. result, C-isotope analysis can be used as a in the best placement of lateral wells and the chronostratigraphic tool suitable for core and deployment of techniques such as fracking. HIGH RESOLUTION RESERVOIR cuttings, especially where biostratigraphic data CORRELATION are lacking. The Duvernay Formation will be the focus The Duvernay is traditionally correlated of massive drilling challenges over the next using wireline log data. However due to the Three major isotopic excursions can be few years. It is critical that operators adopt absence of high resolution biostratigraphy detected in the Duvernay succession a rigorous and scientifically proven, but these correlations cannot be validated. and these have been tied to global events pragmatic, workflow to ensure that data and With the occurrence of significant lateral associated with P. punctata conodont biozone. interpretations remain consistent throughout facies variations and somewhat repetitive Significantly, these excursions validate the the development cycle. It can be argued E-log motifs, miss-matched correlations can chemostratigraphic correlations and also that Chemostrat’s Duvernay Shale Database occur. As a result, well to well correlations provide a chronostratigraphic framework to provides a bench-marked high quality and intra Duvernay mapping of sweet spot map the distribution of carbonate, clay and dataset that can be used immediately to development can be compromised. Shale organic preservation within sub-basins of the aid in correlation, mapping and completion sequences are ideally suited to correlation Duvernay. Moreover, a combined elemental optimisation in upcoming wells, however it using chemostratigraphy as subtle stratigraphic and C-isotopic chemostratigraphic approach also represents a foundation resource onto variations in the mineralogy of sedimentary can provide a means for regional correlation which new data can be layered and constantly rocks (especially the clay minerals and heavy of the Upper Devonian in Alberta and British applied to upgrade your understanding of the minerals), caused by changes in provenance, Columbia, but is also equally applicable to other Duvernay. depositional environment and climate, amongst shale plays around the world. other factors, are reflected by minor changes in Chemostrat Canada Ltd in association with the inorganic geochemical dataset. DATA FOR FRACK OPTIMIZATION Belloy Petroleum can now offer lab, hot shot Understanding the mineralogy of shale and wellsite chemostratigraphy services with Chemostrat Canada Ltd. offers three grades of resource plays is imperative for completing Chemostrat’s portable solutions. elemental chemostratigraphy data dependant horizontal wells and maximising well

12 RESERVOIR ISSUE 07 • JULY/AUGUST 2014 Portable and wellsite shale solutions - now in Calgary

Chemostrat Canada Ltd in association with Belloy Petroleum Consulting Ltd can provide fast turnaround elemental, mineralogical, magnetics and TOC data in the lab, in the corestore or at wellsite for geosteering, correlation, reservoir quality and completion optimisation.

At GeoConvention: FOCUS 2014 we recently showcased our portable and wellsite solutions, demonstrating how clients can benefit from the combined strength of Chemostrat’s proven analytical and interpretative skills and Belloy’s 35 years of wellsite expertise in Canada.

Chemostrat/Belloy - Taking science to the field

In association with

CHEMOSTRAT

Chemostrat Canada Ltd. Belloy Petroleum Consulting Ltd. Sun Life Plaza West Tower, 102, 902 - 9th Avenue SE 144-4 Avenue SW, Suite 1600, Calgary, Alberta, Calgary, Alberta, T2P 3N4 T2G 0S4 t 403-463-8188 t 403-237-8700 e [email protected] e [email protected] www.chemostrat.com | www.belloy.ca www.chemostrat.com RESERVOIR ISSUE 07 • JULY/AUGUST 2014 13 Closing the Gap II: Advances in Applied Geomodeling for Hydrocarbon Reservoirs

Conference Sessions & Chairs

Outcrops, Stratigraphy, and Geomodeling: Post-processing Geomodels: Lisa Stright, University of Utah,USA Clayton Deutsch, University of Alberta, Canada Michael Pyrcz, Chevron,USA Weishan Ren, Statoil, Canada

Multi-scale Data and Multi-variate Modeling: Modeling Uncertainty: Sanjay Srinivasan, University of Texas at Austin, USA Emmanuel Gringarten, Paradigm, USA Claude Scheepens, ConocoPhillips, USA W. Scott Meddaugh, Midwestern State University, USA

Properties in Models: Advancing Continuous Geomodeling Unconventionals: Variables Jeffrey Yarus, Halliburton, USA Mohan Srivastava, FSS Consultants, Canada Ian Gates, University of Calgary, Canada Colin Daly, Schlumberger, UK

Host: Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists (CSPG) Location: RimRock Hotel, Banff, Alberta, Canada Dates: September 22-24, 2014 (Monday AM to Wednesday PM)

www.cspg.org/conferences EXECUTIVE COMMENT (...Continued from page 7)

(Pengrowth), diligently reviews all of the Calgary membership. In order to address the the CSPG has increased substantially because theses submitted to the CSPG. challenge of being Canadian in scope the CSPG of the positive programs that our Society is using initiatives such as the Ambassador supports. I think that we are on the right track There are numerous Outreach initiatives Program to develop greater cooperation with to enhance, develop and fund existing and that the CSPG would like to further expand. our sister geoscience societies across the new Outreach initiatives that can be deployed The CSPG lags behind other professional country and Canadian university Earth Sciences across Canada. and technical associations in Outreach to departments. school-aged children and their teachers. The I want to thank my Outreach predecessors, CSPG participates in the Calgary Teacher’s The CSPG Educational Trust Fund (ETF) plays Simon Haynes (Statoil) and Dawn Hodgins Convention and has plans to become more a critical role for Outreach at the CSPG. The (Imperial Oil), who set the bar for me to involved in Calgary Area high school career ETF, which is a registered Canadian charity, emulate and supported me throughout my days. These programs must be expanded to funds programs that advance petroleum tenure as Director. Outreach requires a the rest of Alberta and across the country. The geoscience education. Many of the CSPG’s Director to champion it but it wouldn’t happen CSPG also needs to help students and teachers Outreach efforts are funded by the ETF. In the without the Outreach committees and the across Canada where there are existing earth last year the ETF has provided over $60,000 CSPG Staff. Our volunteers and Office Staff are sciences programs in high schools. The Society of funding to various Outreach initiatives. As amazing. Their commitment and enthusiasm must encourage and assist other provinces to the ETF grows in value through the generous make our programs successful. Our volunteers develop high school earth science courses for donations from our members, it can fund are the best ambassadors for our profession their curriculum. In order to attain these new an increasing number of Outreach initiatives. to students and the public. Their employers goals a substantial volunteer effort, financial There is never a shortage of applications for should also be commended for encouraging resources and commitment from the CSPG funding and new opportunities for geoscience volunteerism. My hope for the incoming year is membership is required if we are to extend our education are always being developed by that some of you who are reading this article influence into the Canadian education system. motivated individuals and groups. decide to make a difference and volunteer with one of the existing Outreach committees The CSPG must ensure that all of our Outreach It has been 18 months since I began as the or help develop new initiatives that promote initiatives can be deployed across Canada so Director responsible for Outreach by the geoscience education. that we are not perceived as only serving the CSPG. In that time my pride in belonging to PHOTO OF THE MONTH

Looking south to Hound’s Tooth and Marmolata in Bugaboo Provincial Park in the Purcell Mountains, B.C. The mountains in the Bugaboos are part of the Cretaceous Bugaboo Batholith that is composed of quartz monzonites and granodiorites. The Bugaboo Batholith was discordantly intruded into the Proterozoic Horsethief Creek Group of the Hadrynian Windermere Group. Photo by: Gord Hurlburt.

RESERVOIR ISSUE 07 • JULY/AUGUST 2014 15 GO TAKE A HIKE Kicking Horse Mine Adits, Yoho National Park, B.C | By Kimberley J. Johnston Field, B.C. is known for its significant Burgess Shale fossil sites, but these overshadow two important economic deposits in the area: the Monarch Mine on Mt Stephen and, at the southeast end of famous Fossil Ridge, the Kicking Horse Mine on Mt Field. Galena and sphalerite (lead and zinc sulphides) and a little bit of silver from both mountains were mined until 1952 with over three million dry tons of ore removed from what is now Yoho National Park. Relict mining structures can still be seen on the hillsides and within the adit openings. The adits on Mt Field are accessible by a short, brisk scramble, perfect for a highway rest stop or early evening stretch if you stay in Field overnight. There’s no collecting allowed – this is a National Park and a UNESCO world heritage site!

Long before this international distinction, Tom Wilson (formerly of the Northwest Mounted Police) and his Stoney guide named “Gold Seeker” travelled up the Bow Valley in 1882 and then beyond to the vicinity of Field. He was the first non-native to see Lake Louise and Emerald Lake. He noticed mineralization in the valley upstream of Field and staked a claim, which he later sold for $21,000 (a value of approximately half a million dollars today). Ultimately there were three main mines; East and West Monarch Mines on (Terrain map from http://maps.google.com) Mountain Stephen (which are inaccessible) and Kicking Horse Mine (originally named Black Prince for its dark sulphide ores) on the north side of the valley on the slopes of Mount Trailhead: Travel west on the TransCanada Highway down the Kicking Field. Even though the Park was established in 1886, the mines were developed because Horse Pass. Turn north onto the Yoho Valley Road (look for the signs jurisdiction for mining belonged to the BC government. Rights for activities in all national to Takkawkaw Falls) and follow it 800 metres to the entrance of the parks became Federal jurisdiction in 1930 and no more mining permits were issued. The Monarch campground and park at one of two parking lots located at proximity to the newly built railway allowed for rapid development of the mine and by 1888 the entrance to the campground. Locate the adits on the cliff wall to the ore was being shipped to the Trail smelter (Hedley, 1954). The resulting East and West the northwest. Monarch mines utilized an aerial tramway to extract the ore to the local processing site. Distance: ~2 km loop. Walk through the campground to access the From there conveyor belts transported the ore to crushers which reduced the rock to scramble route at the back of campsites. Elevation gain is ~100 m. centimetre sized fragments. At the mill, this debris was mixed into a slurry with water and At the adit you’ll have a great view of the Kicking Horse Valley and cyanide where it was ground into a powder by manganese steel balls. The mine was at its perhaps a long train! Do not attempt to enter the mine (both illegal and peak over the years of World War I when demand for lead was at an all-time high (reaching dangerous), disturb the mine gates or take any material from the site. 27 cents a pound). Even though the Kicking Horse deposit was discovered not long after the Monarch, it wasn’t worked extensively until 1925. All mines were shut down by 1952, and five years later all underground equipment was salvaged and the mill equipment shipped to Cowichan Copper Incorporated on Vancouver Island.

On your ascent, take time to view across the across the valley. Entrances into the Monarch Mine on Mt Stephen are visible but not easily accessible; spot them at the truncation of a prominent dark grey interval by a salmony pink hydrothermal dolostone, just as on Mt Field (yellow box in figure to left). Assuming the two ore bodies in Monarch and Kicking Horse mines are connected, they could be over 2 km long. The stratiform, NW–SE linear ore bodies in both mountains (see map on next page) are invisible from the road, but they are mostly within the lower portions of the Cambrian Cathedral Formation. They run parallel and proximal to the Cathedral Escarpment which had about 150 m of relief on the Cambrian seafloor. It is at the foot of this escarpment that the Burgess Shale and its famous fauna were preserved.

Centre Left is a view of the flanks of Mount Stephen, from a viewpoint on the slopes of Mount Field). The Monarch mine entrances are within the yellow box. The dashed line marks the contact between the pink hydrothermal dolomite and grey muddy carbonates of the lower Cathedral (Cca). The Cathedral sits on the mixed siliciclastics and carbonates of the Middle Cambrian Mount Whyte Formation (Cmw).

Bottom Left: Yellow boxes mark the adits on Mt Field. The black scree (marked with an ‘s’) below the adits is not galena waste from the mine but rather it is black dolo- mudstone. Bottom Right: View of Cathedral Escarpment on Fossil Ridge. Note the extremely steep contact with the relatively flat lying Burgess Shale.

16 RESERVOIR ISSUE 07 • JULY/AUGUST 2014 Above: Map showing relationship of ore bodies to the Stephen-Field Fault and the Kicking Horse and Monarch Mines. Figure from Brown, 1948. Top Left: View to Mount Stephen from near adit entrance on Mount Field. The mine entrances roughly line up with the hydrothermal dolomite contact. Above Left (green circle): Dark coloured, soccer ball shaped pyrite (pyritohedra) enveloped in white hydrothermal saddle dolomite. Far Left (red circle): view of remnant wooden scaffolding in the blocked entrance to the mine. Centre (red circle): The entrances to the adits have been blocked off. The mines are extremely dangerous due to risk of fall, rock fall and leftover mine equipment. Do not attempt to enter the abandoned mine. Lower Left: Remnants of mine equipment can be seen on the ascent to the adit. Remember that these are part of the park history and just like the rocks and flowers, are illegal to disturb.

The ore bodies occur in brecciated grey dolomite with white (hydrothermal) dolomitic veins running throughout. Abundant minerals in the layered zone include galena (PbS), amber coloured sphalerite ([Zn,Fe]S), pyrite (FeS2) and chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) (Ney, 1954). Native silver is a rare constituent as well as non-metallic minerals such as quartz, talc and amphibole. The mineralized zones average about 5.6% Pb, 8.9% Zn and 31g silver per tonne (Hoy et al, 2000). Presumably, the mud accumulation over millions of years was gradually squeezed by its own weight, releasing magnesium-rich dolomitizing brines that also brought the Kicking Horse Mine metals. Geologists debate the timing of emplacement of the ores whether Cambrian, Devonian or sometime during the mountain-building of the Rockies (late Cretaceous to early Cenozoic).

Recently, a middle Cambrian age for ore deposition was proposed based on observations indicating an ancient tectonic collision; in this scenario, metal rich brines that leaked up basement faults onto the seafloor promoted bacterial growth and attracted marine animals. For more discussion on the dolomitization event refer to the Mount Stephen, Bow Glacier, Yoho Glacier and Wapta Mountain hikes. Whichever geologic model you prefer, there is a wealth of rock evidence from the abundant talus below the mine adits. Sturdy hiking shoes are best because there is no formal path and a helmet is recommended if you go up to the cliff wall. It seems odd to think that this local area, now protected by Parks Canada, was once the site of active, economic mining, both of fossils exported to the Smithsonian Institute and of metal ores.

RESERVOIR ISSUE 07 • JULY/AUGUST 2014 17 Top, far left: White saddle dolomite – so called because the crystal structure is warped into a saddle shape. It typically forms in temperatures in the range of 60-150°C which are common to hydrothermal conditions. Note that fragments of white dolomite and some mineralization can be seen in pebbles along the banks of the KH river in Field… without the effort of the scramble! Above left: boundary near adit entrance of pink hydrothermal dolostone and dark grey dolo-mudstone. Above Right: Some of the original carbonate textures (herringbone calcite in this case) still exist although the rock has subsequently been altered to dolomite. Herringbone calcite occurs as an early void filling cement in Pre-Cambrian and lower Paleozoic carbonates. It is often associated with anaerobic or organic rich settings. Top, far right: The slope scree contains gossan, a rusty mass that is common where metal sulphides (such as pyrite and sphalerite) are exposed to air and chemical weathering. References: Aitken, J.D. 1971. Control of lower Paleozoic Columbia and Northern Washington. Geo-Canada 2000 Guidebook: Banff-Golden-Radium, pages 119-136. sedimentary facies by the Kicking Horse Rim, southern Rocky Conference Field Trip Guidebook Number 17. 140 pages. Powell, W.G., et al., 2006: Middle Cambrian brine seeps on the Mountains, Canada. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, Johnston, P.A., Johnston, K.J., Collom, C.J., & Powell, W.P. Kicking Horse Rim and their relationship to talc and magnesite v. 19, p. 557-569. (2009). Palaeontology and depositional environments of mineralization and associated dolomitization, B.C., Canada. Brown, W.L., 1948. Monarch and Kicking Horse mines. ancient brine seeps in the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale Economic Geology, v. 101, pp. 431–451. Structural Geology of Canadian Ore Deposits, 231-237. at The Monarch, British Columbia, Canada. Palaeogeography, Radke, Bruce M. and Mathis, R.L., 2006. On the formation Fletcher, T., 2011. Mid-Cambrian lithostratigraphy, Kicking Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 277, 86-105. and occurrence of saddle dolomite. Journal of Sedimentary Horse Belt, Canada. Palaeontographica Canadiana v. 31, 39-72. Keith, S.B., et al., 2009. Cambrian tectonic setting and Research, v. 50 no. 4 p. 1149-1168. Hedley, M.S., 1954. Mineral Deposits in the Southern Rocky fluid source for the Burgess Shale seep-related ecosystem. Sumner, D.Y., Grotzinger, J.P., 1996. Herringbone Calcite: Mountains of Canada, In ASPG Fourth Annual Field Conference International Conference on the Cambrian Explosion, Banff, Petrography and Environmental Significance. Journal of Guidebook: Banff-Golden-Radium, pages 110-118. Alberta. Abstracts volume pp. 39–40. Sedimentary Research, Section A: Sedimentary Petrology and Hoy, T., D. Brown, J. Lydon and Cominco Mine Staff, 2000. Ney, C.S., 1954. Monarch and Kicking Horse Mines, Field, Processes. Vol. 66 (1996)No. 3. (May), Pages 419-429. Sullivan and other Pb-Zn Deposits. South-eastern British British Columbia. In ASPG Fourth Annual Field Conference

18 RESERVOIR ISSUE 07 • JULY/AUGUST 2014 CSPG/CSEG/CAPL Road Race is on September 10th, 2014 5Km and 10 Km distance

Registration is now OPEN on the CSPG website. To register please go to www.cspg.org

REGISTRATION RATE: CSPG, CSEG, CAPL Member rate……...$40.00 Non-member Rate………………….……….$50.00 Student Rate…………………………….……..$40.00

Deadline to register is Thursday September 4th. No late registrations or changes will be accepted. POTASH PETROPHYSICS

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(( | By E. R. (Ross) Crain, P.Eng, Spectrum 2000 Mindware Ltd, www.spec2000.net, [email protected]

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(( (( tonnes per year. Russia is second at 6.9 66% NaCl with the balance being insoluble million and the USA (mostly from New clays, anhydrite, and in some locations Mexico) at 1.2 million tonnes per year. A carnallite. dozen other countries in Europe, Middle East, and South America produce potash PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF from evaporite deposits. POTASH MINERALS Potassium is radioactive so the gamma The main potash salts are sylvite, carnalite, ray log is used to identify potash bearing langbeinite, and polyhalite, mixed in varying zones. Potash minerals have distinctive concentrations with halite (rock salt). physical properties on other logs, so The main use of potash is as fertilizer. conventional multi-mineral models can be Sylvinite is the most important ore for the used to determine the mineral mixture, production of potash in North America. just as we do in carbonates in the oil and Most Canadian operations mine sylvinite gas environment. Figure 2. Potash production statistics 2010. with proportions of about 31% KCl and (Continued on page 22...)

Table 1 POTASH MINERAL PROPERTIES Mineral Halite Sylvite Carnallite Insolubles Langbeinite Polyhalite Units KMgCI3 • K2SO4Mg(SO4) Formula NaCI KCI Clay K2SO4Mg2(SO4)2 6H2O (Ca(SO4))2 • 2H2O Potassium (K) Content 0.00 0.524 0.141 0.08-0.10 0.188 0.130 weight fraction API Units Gamma Ray 0 747 200 120-150 268 185 (linear tool) Apparent K20 Content 0.00 0.63 0.17 0.10-0.15 0.225 0.156 weight fraction Hydrogen Index 0.00 -0.02 0.60 0.30-0.40 -0.01 0.25 fractional microseconds Sonic Travel Time 67.0 74.0 78.0 90.0-120.0 52.0 57.0 per foot Density (log) 2.03 1.86 1.57 2.35-2.65 2.82 2.78 gram/cc Density (true) 2.16 1.98 1.61 2.35-2.65 2.83 2.79 gram/cc Photoelectric 4.72 8.76 4.29 1.45-3.50 3.56 4.32 capture units

RESERVOIR ISSUE 07 • JULY/AUGUST 2014 21 Figure 3. Gamma ray versus density crossplot of evaporite minerals used for mineral identification.

(...Continued from page 21) The Vp/Vs ratio for most salts is near 1.90, so shear travel time is about 1.90 times the compressional travel time given above.

A density versus K20 (or gamma ray) Figure 4. K2O versus Gamma Ray relationship for analog Sclumberger tools circa 1960 - 1980, run in open hole crossplot helps to define which minerals with oil based mud. Tools from other service companies may differ. Correlation between log and core assay data for specific cases is strongly recommended. might be present.

POTASH ANALYSIS CONCEPTS K2O from GRc – OLDER LOGS GR API K20 Since potassium is radioactive, the K2O 0 0.0 content can be derived from gamma ray 45 2.5 logs, and this technique has been used 90 5.0 since the mid 1960’s (Crain and Anderson, 135 7.5 JCPT, 1966). 175 10.0 220 12.5 Most analog oil-field GR logs were non- 265 15.0 linear above about 300 API units due to dead time in the counting circuit. These 310 17.5 older logs are still available in the well 355 20.0 files. The non-linear relationship is shown 400 22.5 below. Digital tools from the 1980’s and 435 25.0 onward were more linear. Hole size and 470 27.5 mud weight corrections are still needed 505 30.0 for both the old and the new versions of 530 32.5 the logs. 550 35.0 565 37.5 POTASH ORE GRADE FROM GAMMA RAY LOGS 580 40.0 Figure 5. Empirical neutron porosity chart for old K2O content was derived from GRc using 590 42.5 neutron logs. the lookup table shown at the right. 600 45.0 It is linear up to 400 API units and 605 47.5 they were not usually calibrated to any exponential thereafter. Values in the table standard, suffered from larger borehole represent a 6 inch borehole filled with The non-linear relationship must be effects, and were recorded in counts diesel at 7.2 lb/gal. The linear portion honoured while analyzing these older logs per second (cps). Specific correlations of the lookup table is represented by: for potash. The effect is negligible for to core assay data on a well by well conventional oil field applications. Modern basis are required. For more on this, see 3: IF GRc <= 400 digital tools are linear up to about 1000 www.spec2000.net/17-specpotash.htm . 4: THEN K2O = 0.05625 * GRc API units so the discussion in this section 5: OTHERWISE Use Lookup Table does not apply. USING ANCIENT NEUTRON LOGS Due to the water of hydration associated The slope in the above equation can be NON-OILFIELD GAMMA RAY TOOLS with carnallite, the neutron log is very determined by correlation to core assay Many potash exploration wells in the USA useful for distinguishing between carnallite data for other hole sizes or other tool and elsewhere were logged with slim hole and sylvite. High neutron count rates mean types. GR tools intended for uranium work. low hydrogen index, thus sylvite and not While they may have been more linear, carnallite.

22 RESERVOIR ISSUE 07 • JULY/AUGUST 2014 in ancient service company chart books. Once K2O has been found from the GR, With the advent of the sidewall neutron log we can set up a set of linear simultaneous in 1969 and later the compensated neutron equations and solve them. The minerals log, this transform was no longer required. sought are halite (rock salt), sylvite, carnallite, and insoluble (clay). The only logs available on USING SONIC AND DENSITY LOGS old wells are resistivity, sonic, neutron, and Some older wells were logged with sonic total gamma ray. The resistivity is not a helpful and/or density logs which also could discriminator, except as a shale bed indicator, be used quantitatively with the GR and so it is not used in the simultaneous solution. neutron to provide a potash assay. This was important where core was lost or for In middle aged wells, the density log is also regional exploration when core data, but helpful, and in modern wells the PE curve can not the logs, were proprietary. The logic be added. Further, the gamma ray response is behind these models is shown below. A linear on modern wells so the transform to later section of this article deals with the K2O is not as difficult to obtain. use of more modern logs. Figure 6. K2O vs GR correlation for a modern GR log. The linear equations are: POTASH ANALYSIS MODELS • 1.00 = Vsalt + Vsylv + Vcarn + Vclay To quantify the relative amounts of The original computer program for potash • K20 = 0.00 * Vsalt + 0.63 * Vsylv + carnallite and sylvite, the neutron response analysis was written for the IBM 1620 in 0.17 * Vcarn + 0.05 * Vclay must be converted to porosity from count Regina in 1964. The model was based on • PHIN = 0.00 * Vsalt + 0.00 * Vsylv + rates using the standard semi-logarithmic four simultaneous equations that define the 0.65 * Vcarn + 0.30 * Vclay relationship. A typical transform for a 1960’s response of the available logs. Although • DELT = 67 * Vsalt + 74 * Vsylv + 78 * era Schlumberger tool is shown at the this seems like a long time ago, nothing has Vcarn + 120 * Vclay right. Charts for other tools can be found changed except the improved tool accuracy. (Continued on page 24...)

Figure 7. Example log analysis showing excellent match to core data (Crain and Anderson, 1966). Raw data is shown but note the scales are opposite polarity to normal oilfield presentations.

RESERVOIR ISSUE 07 • JULY/AUGUST 2014 23 (...Continued from page 23) 4: Vsalt = 1.00 - Vclay - Vsylv - Vcarn can solve for halite, sylvite, carnallite, clay K2O is obtained, after borehole correcting (insolubles or shale stringers), and water the GR, from the equations and lookup These equations were derived with DTC in (occluded in many salts as isolated pores). table shown earlier, or from a fresh usec/ft, PHIN and K2O in decimal fraction. The potassium curve from a spectral correlation based on specific data from All constants will be different if DTC is in gamma ray log might also prove useful, if the wells under study. Note that the chart us/m. the detector system is linear and does not and table given earlier are in percent K2O saturate. and this set of equations expects fractional To convert from mineral fraction to K2O units for K2O, neutron porosity, and all equivalent (K2O equivalent is the way The mathematical methods are similar to output volumes. Parameters in the sonic potash ores are rated), the final analysis those shown above, except that more log equation are in usec/foot. follows: curves can be added to the simultaneous equation set, and constraints for occluded When solved by algebraic means, these 5: K2Osylv = 0.63 * Vsylv water can be replaced by specific numerical equations become: 6: K2Ocarn = 0.17 * Vcarn solutions. 7: K2Ototal = K2Osylv + K2Ocarn 1: Vclay = 0.0207 * DTC - 0.23 * K20 - If other potash minerals are present, 0.29 * PHIN - 1.3891 With a modern suite of calibrated logs, such as polyhalite, these can be added 2: Vcarn = 1.54 * PHIN - 0.46 * Z we can use conventional multi-mineral to the equation set if enough log curves 3: Vsylv = 1.59 * K20 - 0.41 * PHIN + models to calculate a potash assay. With are available to maintain an exactly- or 0.04 * Vclay GR, neutron, sonic, density, and PE, we over-determined solution. Matrix rock

Figure 8. Potash evaluation of 1960’s logs with a modern log analysis program using Crain and Anderson’s original algorithms, calibrated to core data (see data in K2OS and K2OC tracks). (Example log analysis courtesy Encanto Potash, analysis performed by Chapman Petroleum Consultants)

24 RESERVOIR ISSUE 07 • JULY/AUGUST 2014 properties for the minerals were shown Honourary Member and Past President of earlier in this article. Water is treated as a the Canadian Well Logging Society (CWLS), “mineral” so that it can be segregated from a Member of Society of Petrophysicists and the water of hydration in carnallite. Well Log Analysts (SPWLA), and a Registered Professional Engineer with Alberta Professional The first step is to correct the gamma Engineers, Geologists and Geophysicists ray for borehole and mud weight effects, (APEGGA). using the appropriate service company correction charts. The other logs seldom need much correction as the potash is not especial deep or hot. However, if a water based mud was used, it will have a high salinity, so a salinity correction for the neutron log may be required. ABOUT THE AUTHOR The second step is to confirm the GR E. R. (Ross) Crain, P.Eng. is a Consulting to K2O correlation using any available Petrophysicist and a Professional Engineer potash core assay data. Since modern GR with over 45 years of experience in reservoir logs are more linear than older tools, the description, petrophysical analysis, and relationship should be a relatively straight management. He has been a specialist line and can be extended beyond the in the integration of well log analysis and available core data, as shown in Figure 8. petrophysics with geophysical, geological, engineering, and simulation phases of oil POTASH ANALYSIS EXAMPLES and gas exploration and exploitation, with A sample of computed results from this widespread Canadian and Overseas experience. log analysis model compared to core data is shown below. The GR was borehole His textbook, “Crain’s Petrophysical Handbook corrected but no bed thickness corrections on CD-ROM” is widely used as a reference were applied. to practical log analysis. Mr. Crain is an

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RESERVOIR ISSUE 07 • JULY/AUGUST 2014 25 GEOCONVENTION 2014: Focus

The annual CSPG, CSEG, and CWLS is a presentation style, developed in Japan GeoConvention for the oil and gas industry (Japanese for Chit-Chat), that offers a in Canada has come and gone and the concise, fast-paced and engaging method General Co-chairs would like to share some of delivery. Each presenter is allowed thoughts and impressions. Even though the 20 slides and each slide is only shown for industry in Canada is experiencing some 20 seconds, for a total time of only 6 minutes, CORPORATE SUPPORTERS challenges, this year’s GeoConvention was 40 seconds. The presenters were RIGSAT Communications a great success. The mood around the outstanding at distilling their 25 minute talk Apache Canada Ltd. Advanced Flow Technologies TELUS Convention Centre and the exhibit from 2013 into this new and fun presentation Crescent Point Energy hall was upbeat and positive, and delegate format – maximum content in minimum Enviro-Tech Surveys Ltd EV Cam Canada Inc. attendance was up, along with exhibitor time. The response was so positive that we Gran Tierra Energy Inc. participation. This year’s technical program are recommending the session be repeated Serpa Petroleum Consulting Ltd. Exova Canada Inc was particularly impressive, with numerous in GeoConvention 2015. Sigma Explorations play-specific integrated sessions allowing Pason System one to learn about, and keep abreast of, the This year we were treated to two fabulous Pulse Seismic Inc Shea Nerland Calnan LLP status and future of the basin. The Canadian keynote luncheon speakers, Ivo Vegter and SAExploration industry is fortunate to have regulatory Amanda Lang. Both events were very well Core Laboratories Cabra Consulting Ltd. regimes that require the sharing of a great attended and the speakers’ perspectives, Compass Directional Services percentage of data and information in the thoughts and ideas were genuinely Cougar Consultants, Inc. Canacol Energy Ltd. basin. This open sharing of information appreciated by everyone in attendance. Fekete contributes to outstanding opportunities Paramount Resources Sproule International Limited for the transfer of knowledge resulting in In spite of challenging fiscal environments, Statoil Canada Ltd. the technical strength that GeoConvention the industry was there to support EDGE Technologies Spectrum fosters. A great Thank You goes out to all GeoConvention 2014 and the organizing BDO Canada LLP the Session Chairs and presenters, whether committee would like to extend their thanks Birchcliff Energy Ltd. Cabra Enterprises Ltd. oral, poster or core. to all of our Sponsors and Exhibitors for Datalog Technology Inc. helping GeoConvention succeed. Of course GeoSpace Technologies Knowledge Reservoir This year the organizing committee, in we also need to express our sincere thanks Sproule Associates Limited association with industry input and to all the volunteers, without whom, putting Geotir support, was able to try a few new ideas on an event of this size and complexity Glacier Exploration Surveys Matrix Solutions Inc. in the technical program. A one-time-event would not be possible. We were fortunate McDaniel & Associates Consultants Ltd. session, a historical perspective and current to have the support of approximately 170 National Oilwell Varco GeoChemTech Inc. status celebrating the centenary of the volunteers aiding in keeping the conference Cossack Land Services Ltd. discovery of the Turner Valley field, was running smoothly. But most of all, thanks EPI Group FMQ Southern Exploration very well attended, and not just by ‘grey to all of you for attending and contributing Matrix Geoservices Ltd. hairs’ reminiscing. It was great to see a to the success of GeoConvention 2014. Maxam Seismic Explosives Petrel Robertson Consulting Ltd. significant number of young professionals With your help, it remains one of the Statcom Ltd. in the audience, gaining perspective on most important venues of the year for our Trident Exploration Corp. Sourcex how and why the industry developed the professions and industry. Caracal Energy Inc. way it did in Western Canada. In addition, Regent Resources Bankers Petroleum Ltd. two sessions were brought forward by the BJV Exploration Partnership AAPG Student Outreach group. Entitled Nickpoint Environmental Services SOCO International ‘On-Belay’, they related to students and 3e Royalties new members of the profession, and Bengal Energy supporting their growth and development Bounty Developments Ltd. Brasoil Corp. in the industry. Bukit Energy Central European Petroleum Ltd DualEx Energy International A truly unique session, The Best of 2013 Franconia Geoscience powered by Pecha Kucha, was introduced Korean National Oil Company Long Reach Resources Ltd. to curious attendees... This session Lorne LeClerc & Associates featured a selection of the best talks of Madison Petrogas Ltd. Martin Wittstrom 2013 presented in a unique format. Pecha Petroamerica Kucha (pronounced Paw-Chalk-Ahh-Cha) Serinus Energy Sherritt International Corporation Skyhawk Exploration Tretio Exploration Ltd. AS OF JUNE 10, 2014 CSPG welcomes our 2013 Corporate Supporters! The benefits of being a corporate member include: • Recognition in the monthly Reservoir and quarterly Bulletin • One associate membership • Reserved tables at the technical luncheons with your company logo • One free pass to the CSPG Core Conference…and more! Contact Kasandra Klein at [email protected] to be a corporate member today!

26 RESERVOIR ISSUE 07 • JULY/AUGUST 2014 Medal of Merit Call For Nominations

Each year the CSPG awards the Medal of Merit to authors of the best peer-reviewed paper published during the previous year on a subject related to the petroleum geology of Canada. A sterling silver medal is presented to each of the authors. The list of previous winners can be seen under awards on the CSPG website.

The Medal of Merit Committee searches the literature for potential candidates and selects the best paper, favouring well written and illustrated papers with novel ideas that have relevance to Canadian petroleum geology and/or the broader practice of petroleum geology. The committee will be evaluating papers published during the calendar year 2013 for the 2014 award. In addition to papers from academic journals, papers which form part of a special publication are also eligible. If you know of a 2013 peer-reviewed paper that the committee should consider, please submit the details by July 31, 2014 to:

Ian Kirkland, Chair Medal of Merit Committee [email protected] (403) 294-5548 Blueback Reservoir the preferred and chosen GeoScience Solutions Partner

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