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Innovatlve CONCEPTS and TECHNOLOGY for RAILROAD-HIGHWAY GRADE CROSSING MOTOR IST WARN ING SYSTEMS Volume I: Overview and Concept

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Innovatlve CONCEPTS and TECHNOLOGY for RAILROAD-HIGHWAY GRADE CROSSING MOTOR IST WARN ING SYSTEMS Volume I: Overview and Concept PB273354 - fff "fl fl 11111111 I11/1111111 Report No. FRA/ORD-77137.I INNOVA TlVE CONCEPTS AND TECHNOLOGY FOR RAILROAD-HIGHWAY GRADE CROSSING MOTOR I ST WARN ING SYSTEMS Volume I: Overview and Concept Generation and Analysis F. H. Raab M. C. Brooker T. E. Ryan J. R. .; ae c ht (; r Cincinnati Electronics Corp. 2630 Glendale Road Cincinnati OH 45241 SEPTE MB ER 1977 FINAL REPORT OOCUMENT IS AVAILABLE TO THE U.S. PUBLIC THROUGH THE NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE. SPRINGFIELO. VIRGINIA 221111 Prepared for U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION FEDERAL RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION Office of Research and Development Washington DC 2059U REPRODUCED BY NATIONAL TeCHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE u. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE SPRINGFIELD. VA. 22161 NOTICE This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Govern­ ment assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof. NOTICE The United States Government does not endorse pro­ ducts or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers' names appear herein solely because they are con­ sidered essential to the object of this report. Technical Report Oocumttntation Poge 1. Reporl No. FRA/ORD-77/37.I 4. Tille and Sybldle S. R.po" Oat. IINNOVATIVI CO~CEPTS A~D TECHNOLOGY FOR September 1977 IRAILROAD-HIGHWAY GRADE CROSSING MOTORIST I~ARNI~G SYSTEMS Vol. I: Overview and Concept I Genera t ion and Ana 1vsis t-s=-,' '"='P-.r-'O-"-"'-"ll-""'O-rll-O"-'-'O-',-o"-R-.~-o-r'-N-o-. -----l o1 r 7, Au o '.1 F.B. Raab, r-l.C. HroOJ<er, DOT-TSC-FR.4.-76-19.I ~. Ryan, and J.R~ Waechter I 9 Pe"O"fllnlil Orgonlzotlon Nom, and Acld,e •• 10, Work Un,' No (TIlAIS) Cincinnati Electronics Corp.* RR602/R.7337 2630 Glendale Road 11. Con',act or Gran' Ne. I Cincinnati OH 45241 DOT-TSC-841-1 ----------------------------1 13, Typ. of Il.~or, o"d P."od Co,.red I i 2 SI:IOr'lorlnv Age"cy Nome ond Add'••• Final Report Iu.s. Department of Transportation March 1974-March 1976 lFederaI Railroad Administration Office of Research and Development '~ashington DC 20590 I I 15 S".~le"'e"'o·y No'" U.S. Department of Transportation I*Under contract to: Transportation Systems Center I l\endall Square Cambridge ~IA 02142 116 Ab"'OC' I This document includes a general revie~ of innovative conceptual and technical approaches to train-activated motorist \\arning systems lfor use at railroad-highway grade crossings, and also contains a 'specific report describing a study directed toward the generation, analysis and evaluation of innovative concepts. The reviev.' includes a discussion of communication-link systems, radar train detection, locomotive-mounted transmitters and several other concepts. The Ibasic application constraints of safety, reliability, resistance ~to serve environments and low cost are used as the basis for evalu­ ating the merits of the alternative concepts. The special study reported here explores the communication-link Iconcept in detail, with particular emphasis on train-detection techni­ !ques. The use of microproces~or technology is advocated, along with ,substantial changes in motorist warnings. Volume II consists of ;96 pages. I I I I I 17. K.yWo,d. Railroad-Highway Grade Crossings, DOCUMENT IS AVAILABLE TO THE U.S. PUBLIC Grade Crossing Warning Systems, THROUGH THE NATIONAL TECHNICAL Grade Crossing Signal Systems INFORMATION SERVICE. SPRINGFIELD, VIRGINIA 22181 I •. 19. Securl'Y Clo".f. (of ,toll. r.port) Xl, S.....;I~ CI.lld. (0' tho. p.,.l ~ Poge. 22. Price Unclassified Unclassified I IUD - 11 if> / Form DOT F 1700.7 (S-72) R.prod"ction 01 compl.r.d po,. o"rho,ia.d , . II PREFACE The work described in this report is part of an overall program at the Transportation Systems Center to provide a technical basis for the improvement of railroad-highway grade crossing safety. The program is sponsored by the Federal Railroad Administration. Office of Research and Development. This volume contains an overview of the subject of grade crossing motorist warning systems. followed by a concept genera­ tion and evaluation study carried out under contract. Volume II consists of the report resulting from a second parallel contract. The executive summary for both volumes is contained in Volume I. Preceding page blank . iii I.. ; . ," Ip • i . I " .. I i ") t o i 1 o • ..• : iiil ili nitH ! o ·S .. • ..: .. • • • z ... ... ~• ~ ~ II: ell ! ::I.IU ~ ~ ; 0 ... .,; 0:lt": ~ o · ! •... ... C . .. :ao II: ·! • .. ..c ... i .. • , •I • ... o • -• II •~ :: u • ,. -. ~ . : ~ :; ~ · ~ ••• I ! o I: ·;, ... lui , : j .. 0 0.., ..., .., 'i i i "Ii '"'Ie III .. ..... - .- =...II: Col ...C z =iii ...II: ..:­ Col= '1'1"'1"'1'1' '1'1'1'1"'1'1' "T'r'I'" '1'1'1'1"'1'" '1'1'1'1"'1'1' '1'\'1'1"'1'1' '1'1'1'1'1'1'" 'I,!,I,!,,"'" "'1'1'1'1'1'1' "'" ...iii :E 'a ..1 ,u .-" " r •• .i i i .. i i ! & ! -- ! ~ I r :; ;• ·iii nq .... .j . d · • ! ~ r ~ Bih LI 1: - •·: · '"" •.. :; ! z ... ~~~~~~ ~ - '= .. _ =00 ·:eIOOQ~OO .. 1 : f ... •~ i ~ • •~ .. ; c : .. ,. II: i c ..... u • ... ! i I ) .~ •~ 5 J !. •I ." ~ I I" "a"J" .J.-i ! u'l'~i·I .. • ! Iit ii iii- HLI iH i i I.. ! • l' a. ,. NOT REPRODUCIBLE iv TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I- OVERVIEW Section 1. INTRODUCTION 3 1.1 Background..................................... 3 1.2 Scope and Objectives 5 2. REVIEW OF INNOVATIVE CONCEPTS 8 2.1 Point Detection/Communication-Link (Check-In, Check-Out) .a ,•••••••••••••••••••••••• •• 8 2.2 Radar Train Detection 10 2.3 "Track Radar".................................. 10 2.4 Locomotive-Mounted Transmitters 11 2.5 Train Indicator 13 2.6 Malfunction Indicators 15 2.7 Hotorist Warnings 16 3. SUr.1MARY. .......................................... .. 17 PART II - CO~CEPT GENERATION AND ANALYSIS 1. INTRODUCTION ....................................•.... 23 1.1 Objective 23 1 . 2 Scope...... ..... ............................ .. 23 1. 3 Present System and Its Problems 25 1.4 Desired Features of New System 26 1. 4.1 Constant Warning Time 26 1. 4.2 Reliability 26 1. 4.3 Failsafe, Self-Check, and Malfunction \'larning. .............................. .. 27 1. 4.4 Ease of Maintenance 27 1. 4.5 Weather and Vandal Resistance 27 1. 4.6 Flexibility 27 1. 4.7 Economy 28 1. 4.8 No Connection to Track 28 1.5 System Concepts Summary 28 1. 5.1 Sensor Subsystem......................... 29 1. 5.2 Continuous Sensing Methods .........•.... 29 1. 5.3 Discrete Sens ing Methods................ 31 1. 5.4 Selection and Use of Sensor .........•... 33 1.6 Communications Subsystem 33 1.7 Control Subsystem 34 1. 8 Signal Subsystem 35 v TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED) Section Page 1.9 Remote Power Subsystem 36 1.10 Recommended System Description 36 2. SENSORS. ••.•........•..............•........•.....• .• 39 2.1 Purpose......................................... 39 2.2 Possible System Concepts 39 2.2.1 Continuous Sensing Techniques 39 2.2.2 Discrete Sensing Techniques 53 2.2.3 ~1agnetic Sensors 64 2.2.4 Beam Interruption 79 2.2.5 Thermal Detectors........................ 79 2.3 Selection of the Preferred Sensor 80 2.3.1 Experimental Verification 80 2.3.2 Final Selection 84 3. COMMUNICATIONS SUBSySTEM 89 3.1 Requirements 89 3.2 Evaluation 90 3.3 Wire Links 92 3.4 Carrier System.......................•.......... 97 3.5 Wireless Systems 103 3.5.1 Frequency Selection.••................... 103 3.5.2 The VHF System 108 3.6 Common Coding and Failsafe Techniques 113 3.6.1 Coding and Format 114 3.6.2 Failsafe Operation 115 3.7 Conclusions .................•...................116 4. SIGNALS ...........................•...•............... 118 4.1 Purpose 118 4.2 Motorist Crossing Warning Signal .............•.. 118 4.2.1 General Requirements 119 4.2.2 Stop for Train Display.........•.........126 4.2.3 Failure Warning ....•......•....•......... 136 4.3 Motorist Advance Warning Signal 139 vi TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED) Section Page 4.4 Engineer Warning Signal. ......................... · .141 4.4.1 Objectives . 141 4.4.2 Characteristics •. ...•. 142 4.5 Conclusions .. .......................................... .144 s. CONTROL SUBSYSTEM. ....................................................................... .145 5.1 Purpose .. · .145 5.2 Computation and Timing Circuits .. • •. 145 5.3 Computations . .148 5.4 Display Control Circuits. ..160 5.5 Failsafe Operation ..... .161 5.6 Power Supply Circuits .. .162 5.7 Packaging . .162 6. REMOTE POWER. .165 6.1 General .. .................. .. 165 6.2 Battery Power. · .165 6.3 Wind Power. · .166 6.4 Conclusions · .. 167 7. COST ANALYSIS ... .168 7.1 Proposed Crossing System Cost Factor. .168 7.1.1 System Options. · .168 7.1. 2 System Cost . .• 171 7.1. 3 Sensors . .172 7.1. 4 Remote Station. · .172 7.1. S Local Station .. · .. 177 7.1. 6 Advance Warning. · .184 7.1. 7 Maintenance Factor. .186 7.2 Present System Cost. · .186 7.3 Cost Conclusions ..... .187 8. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. ......................................... .188 8.1 Subsystems . · .188 8.2 Recommended System.. .188 BIBLIOGRAPHY ... ................................................................ ..192 APPENDIX REPORT OF INVENTIONS ...•.•..•.•.•.•...•...•.•...•.195 vii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PART II - CONCEPT GENERATION AND ANALYSIS Figure 1-1 • COMPOS ITE PROBLEM RHGC............................. 30 1-2. SYSTEM USING DISCRETE SENSORS AND COMPOSITE COMMUN ICATION LI NKS. ••.•.••••••••••••.••••.•••••••• 37 2-1. TRANSMISSION LINE MODEL OF TRACK APPROACH •.•••••••• 41 2-2. TRACK EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 42 2 - 3. S HIPLIFIED RAIL IMPEDAl\JCE TRAIN DETECT ION SYSTEM... 44 2-4. INPUT IMPEDANCE VS DISTANCE TO
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