BROWN TO GREEN: THE G20 TRANSITION TO A LOW-CARBON ECONOMY | 2018
GREENHOUSE GAS (GHG) EMISSIONS (INCL. FORESTRY) PER CAPITA FRANCE (tCO2e/capita)
5.7 8 Data from 2015 | Source: PRIMAP 2018 France G20 average
Based on implemented policies, France’s GHG emissions are expected to The gap: decrease to 396 MtCO2e by 2030 (excl. forestry). This emission pathway is 1 Is France on track not compatible with the Paris Agreement. + 4° + 3° to stay below the France committed to the joint NDC of the European Union. The EU’s NDC is C N C + 2° Paris Agreement not consistent with the Paris Agreement’s temperature limit but would lead temperature limit? to a warming of between 2°C and 3°C.2 + 1.5° + 1.3° France‘s sectoral policies are still falling short of being consistent with the ? Paris Agreement, especially with respect to transport and energy efficiency in buildings.3 Source: CAT 2018
French CO2 emissions increa In July 2017, the government President Emmanuel Macron Recent sed in 2017 and are now committed to develop a new has called for a European developments: overshooting the official long-term strategy aiming at carbon price and wants a What has happened carbon budget by 6.7%. carbon neutrality in 2050. carbon price within French since the Paris jurisdiction of €84/t by 2022, conference?? up from the current €44.
Brown and green SHARE OF RENEWABLES IN TRANSPORT EMISSIONS PER CAPITA CARBON REVENUES performance: POWER GENERATION (tCO2/capita) France’s carbon pricing schemes (incl. large hydro) revenues per GDP are well above Where does G20 average France lead or lag compared to G20 1.85 billion countries? 1.13 6.22 US$ CO2 ? 18% in 2017
G20 average: 24 % G20 average
Data from 2017 | Source: Enerdata 2018 Data from 2017 | Source: Enerdata 2018 Source: I4CE 2018
This country profile is part of theBrown to Green 2018 report. The full report and other G20 country profiles can be downloaded at: http://www.climate-transparency.org/g20-climate-performance/g20report2018 1 FRANCE Country Facts 2018 BROWN TO GREEN: THE G20 TRANSITION TO A LOW-CARBON ECONOMY | 2018
GDP PER CAPITA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX BACKGROUND INDICATORS: const 201 nt rnat ona FRANCE France G20 average low very high
Source: World Bank 2017 Data from 2017 | Source: UNDP 2018
FRANCE’S EXPOSURE TO CLIMATE IMPACTS6
This indicator shows the extent to which human society and its supporting sectors are affected by the future changing climate conditions based on an approximately 2°C scenario. This sectoral exposure will be even higher given that the efforts depicted in current NDCs will lead to an approximately 3°C scenario.
FOOD Projected climate impacts on cereal yields Projected increase of food demand due to population growth
low high low high
G20 country range G20
WATER Projected climate impacts on annual run-off Projected climate impacts on annual groundwater recharge
low high low high
G20 country range G20
HEALTH Projected climate impacts on a spread of malnutrition Projected climate impacts on spread of vector-borne diseases and diarrhoeal diseases low high low high
G20 country range G20
ECOSYSTEM Projected climate impacts on biomes occupying the countries Projected climate impacts on marine biodiversity SERVICE low high low high
G20 G20 country range
HUMAN HABITAT Projected climate impacts on frequency of high temperature Projected climate impacts on frequency and severity of floods periods low high low high
G20 country range G20
INFRASTRUCTURE Projected climate impacts on hydropower generation capacity Proportion of coastline impacted by sea level rise
low high low high
G20 G20
Own composition based on ND-GAIN 2017 (based on data for 2016) 2 FRANCE Country Facts 2018 BROWN TO GREEN: THE G20 TRANSITION TO A LOW-CARBON ECONOMY | 2018
GREENHOUSE GAS (GHG) EMISSIONS FRANCE
TOTAL GHG EMISSIONS ACROSS SECTORS7
tC 2 y ar 00 tC 2 ota ss ons c or stry 00 stor ca an ro ct
00 stor ca ss ons t r ss ons 00 ast r cu tur 200 o nt an ot r roc ss us n ustr a roc ss s 100 n r y
0 stor ca ss ons r o a s ro or stry 100
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 202 20 0 Source: PRIMAP 2017; CAT 2018
CCPI PERFORMANCE RATING OF GHG EMISSIONS PER CAPITA 8
Recent developments (2010-2015) very low low medium high very high France’s emissions decreased by 16% between 1990 and 2015. The trend is expected to continue towards 2030. The Current level largest share of emissions stems from the energy sector. (2015) very low low medium high very high Current level compared to a well below 2°C pathway very low low medium high very high
Source: CCPI 2018
9 ENERGY-RELATED CO2 EMISSIONS
ss ons ro u co ust on tC y ar 2 The largest driver for 00 overall GHG emissions tC 2 are CO emissions from 0 ar o tota C 2 2 ss ons n 201 energy, which have 00 decreased slightly % rans ort (-2%, 2012–2017) in 2 0 France. Unlike other ous o s % s r c s G20 countries, transport 200 a r cu tur is responsible for the 1 0 n ustr s largest share of CO2 % nc auto emissions in France. 100 ro uc rs
0 ctr c ty % at an ot r 0 1 0 1 2000 200 2010 201 2017 Source: Enerdata 2018
3 FRANCE Country Facts 2018 BROWN TO GREEN: THE G20 TRANSITION TO A LOW-CARBON ECONOMY | 2018
DECARBONISATION FRANCE
ENERGY MIX 10
ota r ary n r y su y ar n 201 12 000
% t r 10 000 % n a s nc y ro an c 8 000 r s nt a o ass
% uc ar 000
000 % as
2 000 % % 0 Coa 1 0 1 2000 200 2010 201 2017
Source: Enerdata 2018
SHARE OF FOSSIL FUELS AND ’ZERO-CARBON’ FUELS IN ENERGY SUPPLY 11 PERFORMANCE RATING OF SHARE ar o oss ro car on n r n a s an ot rs n n r y su y OF FOSSIL FUELS12 100 Recent developments (2012-2017) 80 very low low medium high very high
Current level (2017) 0 very low low medium high very high
Source: own evaluation 0
Zero-carbon fuels include nuclear, 20 hydropower, new renewables. France has the highest share of zero-carbon fuels in the energy 0 1 0 1 2000 200 2010 201 2017 mix (49%) in the G20, mainly from nuclear power. Foss ro car on ota ro car on c n r n a s t rs tra t ona o ass n r s nt a r n a s PERFORMANCE RATING OF SHARE ZERO-CARBON SHARES OF ZERO-CARBON TECHNOLOGY12 Recent % % % developments % r n a s (2012-2017) FRANCE y ro very low low medium high very high uc ar % % Current level (2017) very low low medium high very high
Source: Enerdata 2018 Source: own evaluation 4 FRANCE Country Facts 2018 BROWN TO GREEN: THE G20 TRANSITION TO A LOW-CARBON ECONOMY | 2018
DECARBONISATION FRANCE
NEW RENEWABLES13 ota r ary n r y su y ro n r n a s of total PJ 00
00
00 ar o n 201 % 00 o ar
% n 200 % ot r a 100 % o ass c tra t ona 0 o ass n r s nt a 1 0 1 2000 200 2010 201 2017
Source: Enerdata 2018 PERFORMANCE RATING OF ”New renewables“ excludes unsustainable renewable NEW RENEWABLES12 sources such as large hydropower. New renewables account Recent for only 5% of energy supply in France, but total supply from developments new renewables has increased by 52% between 2012 and (2012-2017) very low low medium high very high 2017. The main drivers are biomass and wind energy. Current level (2017) very low low medium high very high
Source: own evaluation
ENERGY USE PER CAPITA 14 PERFORMANCE RATING OF ota r ary n r y su y r ca ta 12 ca ta FRANCE 20 ENERGY USE PER CAPITA Recent 200 developments (2012-2017) very low low medium high very high GJ/capita 1 0 Current level (2017) very low low medium high very high
100 7A Source: own evaluation
0
Energy use per capita in France is well above the G20 average but 0 decreased by 6% between 2012 1 0 1 2000 200 2010 201 2017 and 2017.
Source: Enerdata 2018 5 FRANCE Country Facts 2018 BROWN TO GREEN: THE G20 TRANSITION TO A LOW-CARBON ECONOMY | 2018
DECARBONISATION FRANCE
ENERGY INTENSITY OF THE ECONOMY15
ota r ary n r y su y r un t o on 201 FRANCE 20 8
TJ/million$ This indicator quantifies how much energy is used for each unit of GDP. France’s energy intensity is 2 below the G20 but is decreasing 1 (-9%; 2012-2017) at slower pace than the G20 average (-11%). 0 1 0 1 2000 200 2010 201 2017
Source: Enerdata 2018
PERFORMANCE RATING OF ENERGY INTENSITY12
Recent developments Current level (2012-2017) (2017) very low low medium high very high very low low medium high very high
Source: own evaluation
CARBON INTENSITY OF THE ENERGY SECTOR16
onn s o C 2 r un t o tota r ary n r y su y tC 2 FRANCE 20 0
0
0
0 tCO2 0 France’s energy sector shows the 20 lowest carbon intensity in the G20, reflecting the low share of fossil 10 fuels. However, recent years show a slight increase. 0 1 0 1 2000 200 2010 201 2017
Source: Enerdata 2018
PERFORMANCE RATING OF CARBON INTENSITY 12
Recent developments Current level (2012-2017) (2017) very low low medium high very high very low low medium high very high
Source: own evaluation 6 FRANCE Country Facts 2018 BROWN TO GREEN: THE G20 TRANSITION TO A LOW-CARBON ECONOMY | 2018
DECARBONISATION FRANCE
The trend number shows developments over the past five years, where data SECTOR-SPECIFIC INDICATORS Legend for trend: negative positive is available
POWER SECTOR
ELECTRICITY DEMAND EMISSIONS INTENSITY SHARE OF RENEWABLES SHARE OF POPULATION SHARE OF POPULATION PER CAPITA OF THE POWER SECTOR IN POWER GENERATION WITH ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY WITH BIOMASS (kWh/capita) (gCO2/kWh) (incl. large hydro) DEPENDENCY 6,625 57 18% 0% 3,920 490 % G20 France G20 average G20 average: 24% 100 Trend: - 1% Trend: - 21% Trend: +49% Trend: 0%
Data from 2017 Data from 2016 Data from 2017 Data from 2016 Data from 2014 Source: Enerdata 2018 Source: Enerdata 2018 Source: Enerdata 2018 Source: World Bank 2018 Source: IEA 2016
TRANSPORT SECTOR TRANSPORT EMISSIONS MOTORISATION RATE PASSENGER TRANSPORT FREIGHT TRANSPORT MARKET SHARE OF ELECTRIC PER CAPITA (Vehicles per (modal split in % of (modal split in % of VEHICLES IN NEW CAR SALES
(tCO2/capita) 1000 inhabitants) passenger-km) tonne-km) (%) 1.13 1.85 643 1.70 %
G20 average car road air bus rail pipeline Trend: - 2% rail inland waterways
Data from 2017 Data from 2016 | Source: Data from 2016 | Source: Data from 2016 | Source: Data from 2017 Source: Enerdata 2018 Agora Verkehrswende 2018 Agora Verkehrswende 2018 Agora Verkehrswende 2018 Source: IEA 2018
INDUSTRY SECTOR BUILDING SECTOR AGRICULTURE SECTOR FOREST SECTOR
INDUSTRY EMISSIONS BUILDING EMISSIONS AGRICULTURE EMISSIONS FOREST AREA INTENSITY PER CAPITA INTENSITY COMPARED TO 1990 LEVEL
(tCO2e/thousand US$2015 (tCO2/capita) (tCO2e/thousand US$2015 (%) sectoral GDP (PPP)) sectoral GDP (PPP)) 0.48 1.09 0.21 2.04 118 %
G20 average: 0.357 G20 average G20 average: 0.95 Trend: - 8% Trend: - 5% Trend: - 6% Data from 2015 Data from 2016 Data from 2015 Data from 2015 Source: PRIMAP 2018 Source: Enerdata 2018 Source: PRIMAP 2018 Source: PRIMAP 2018
7 FRANCE Country Facts 2018 BROWN TO GREEN: THE G20 TRANSITION TO A LOW-CARBON ECONOMY | 2018
CLIMATE POLICY FRANCE COMPATIBILITY OF CLIMATE TARGETS WITH THE PARIS AGREEMENT2
ota ss ons across s ctors tC 2 y ar
00 ota ss ons c or stry 00 stor c an ro ct
00 a ss ons un r t at on tar ts 00 n ss ons un r t at on tar ts 200
100
0 stor ca ss ons r o a s 100 ro or stry
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 202 20 0 Source: CAT 2018
France has a national target of reducing GHG emissions by 40% CLIMATE ACTION TRACKER (CAT) EVALUATION OF NDC2 below 1990 levels by 2030 but the government plans to revise its target in 2018. As an EU member state, France did not submit its own NDC under the Paris Agreement but committed to the EU NDC. The CAT rates the EU’s NDC “insufficient” as it is not ambitious critically highly insufficient 2°C 1.5°C Paris role model insufficient insufficient compatible Agreement enough to limit warming to below 2°C, let alone to 1.5°C. Under compatible current policies, the EU is not on track to meet its 2030 target. Source: CAT 2018
NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION (NDC)
The table presents the NDC of the European Union that includes contributions from all member states.
MITIGATION FINANCE Targets Overall targets Conditio- Not applicable At least 40% domestic GHG emissions reduction nality compared to 1990 by 2030 Investment Not specified Coverage needs 100% of emissions covered (all sectors and gases) Actions Not mentioned Actions Not mentioned International No contribution from international credits for market the achievement of the target mechanisms ADAPTATION Targets Not mentioned Source: own compilation based on UNFCCC 2018 Actions Not mentioned
8 FRANCE Country Facts 2018 BROWN TO GREEN: THE G20 TRANSITION TO A LOW-CARBON ECONOMY | 2018
CLIMATE POLICY FRANCE
17 POLICY EVALUATION Legend: low No action The ratings evaluate a selection of policies that are essential medium Some action high Significant action and a long-term vision pre-conditions for the longer-term transformation required frontrunner Significant action, and a long-term vision that is compatible with 1.5°C to meet the 1.5°C limit. They do not represent a complete most important measures picture of what is necessary. ! based on share of emissions and political relevance
low medium high frontrunner
GHG emissions target for 2050 or beyond
Long-term low emissions development strategy
In its long-term strategy, France aims to cut GHG emissions by strategy aiming at carbon neutrality by 2050 that is supposed to 75% by 2050 compared to 1990, and includes sectoral targets and be adopted in 2019. interim targets. France is currently developing a new long-term
POWER
Renewable ! energy in Coal phase-out power sector low medium high frontrunner low medium high frontrunner
France strives towards 32% renewable energy in 2030 (100% In January 2018, Macron announced that France will shut down renewables by 2050 are 1.5°C compatible). In 2018, the French all coal plants by 2021, two years earlier than planned. The revised government presented a ten-point plan to accelerate new wind multiannual energy plan covering 2018–2023 and 2024–2028 may projects and double its wind power capacity within five years. provide a detailed phase-out plan.
TRANSPORT BUILDINGS
Phase-out fossil Near-zero fuel light duty ! energy new vehicles low medium high frontrunner buildings low medium high frontrunner
In 2017, the government announced an end to the sale of petrol France presents a 1.5°C compatible policy in the building sector by and diesel cars by 2040 (2025/30 would be 1.5°C compatible). A making the construction of low-consumption buildings the norm national scheme taxes the purchase of emission-intensive vehicles by 2012 and the construction of energy-plus houses the norm by to finance subsidies for the purchase of electric and low-emissions 2020. In 2018, the government reaffirmed its target to renovate cars. To quintuple the number of electric cars within the next three 500,000 homes every year to make them energy efficient. years, the French government announced in 2018 to continue its subsidies and to extend the battery charging infrastructure.
INDUSTRY FORESTS
Low-carbon Net zero ! new industry deforestation installations low medium high frontrunner low medium high frontrunner
France supports energy efficiency in industrial production but has France‘s forest law (No.2014-1170) offers guarantees for sustainable no target for new installations in emission-intensive sectors to be forestry management, however a national zero deforestation target low-carbon. is not in place.
Source: own evaluation 9 FRANCE Country Facts 2018 BROWN TO GREEN: THE G20 TRANSITION TO A LOW-CARBON ECONOMY | 2018
CLIMATE POLICY FRANCE
CCPI EXPERTS’ POLICY EVALUATION18 Experts rate France‘s performance in climate policy at the national level as medium. They praise France for developing its long-term carbon strategy but criticise its failure to implement policies on the national level, adding that targets for 2030 are not ambitious enough. France is one of three G20 countries with a “very high” rating for its international climate policy performance. Experts acknowledge the country‘s leading role in international negotiations.
ry CCPI EVALUATION OF CLIMATE POLICY (2018)
u a uat on o nt rnat ona c at o cy
o a uat on o nat ona c at o cy
ry o Source: CCPI 2018 CC CC CC CC CC CC CC CC CC CC CC CC 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
JUST TRANSITION19 “Just transition” emerged in French political discourse following to make up for the loss of revenue for local President Macron’s election in 2017, with the formation of the authorities caused by the closures. Meanwhile, Ministry of Ecological and Inclusive Transition. Government action similar local support schemes have already so far has focused on supporting local projects that reduce fossil been agreed with nine other regions, which fuel use and foster low-carbon alternatives. support local mitigation projects or green start-ups, rather than wholesale industrial France’s Climate Plan prioritises closing the four remaining restructuring. coal power plants by 2022. National coal and shipping unions have expressed opposition to this deadline. The plan calls for a “managed transition”, emphasising the need to support affected workers in the short and medium term. Subsequently, the draft finance bill for 2019 plans to create a ten-year compensation fund
10 FRANCE Country Facts 2018 BROWN TO GREEN: THE G20 TRANSITION TO A LOW-CARBON ECONOMY | 2018
FINANCING THE TRANSITION FRANCE
n FINANCIAL POLICIES Through policy and regulation governments can overcome challenges to mobilising green finance, including: real and perceived risks, insufficient returns on investment, AND REGULATIONS capacity and information gaps.
APPROACHES TO IMPLEMENTING THE RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE TASK FORCE ON CLIMATE-RELATED FINANCIAL DISCLOSURES (TCFD)20
This indicator establishes the degree No formal Political and Formal Publication of of government engagement with the engagement regulatory engagement with guidance and Encoding recommendations of the G20 Financial with TCFD engagement private sector action plans into law Stability Board‘s Task Force on Climate- Related Financial Disclosure.
Source: CISL 2018
France is the only G20 country to have TCFD encoded into law. The 2015 Energy Transition Law mandates climate disclosure for institutional investors (both on financial risks and measures to tackle them). In 2017, the Autorité de Contrôle Prudentiel et de Résolution backed by President Macron, jointly established the Central Banks and Supervisors Network for Greening the Financial System to progress this agenda.
n FISCAL POLICY LEVERS Fiscal policy levers raise public revenues and direct public resources. Critically, they can shift investment decisions and consumer behaviour towards low-carbon, climate-resilient activities by reflecting externalities in prices.
FOSSIL FUEL SUBSIDIES Foss u su s s ons In 2016, France provided US$5.8bn in fossil fuel subsidies (from US$2.8bn in 2007). Between 2007 and 2016, subsidies were lower (US$0.002) than the G20 average (US$0.003) per unit of GDP. Subsidies were provided through direct budget support and tax exemptions, targeting consumption (94%). The largest subsidy is the 2 reduced excise tax on the use of diesel fuel in the farming, forestry and construction sectors 1 (US$1.9bn in 2016). 0 200 2010 201 201 Source: OECD/IEA 2018
CARBON REVENUES Car on r nu s ons CO2 France’s 2014 national carbon tax generated US$5.9bn in 2017. It covers 35% of domestic emissions, priced at US$55/tCO2. Under the EU Emissions Trading Scheme, a further US$0.4bn was generated in France alone. It is also exploring a joint carbon pricing scheme with Germany. From 2012 to 2017, France’s carbon 2 revenues were higher (US$0.0009) than the G20 1 Estimates only average (US$0.0005) per unit of GDP. 0 available from 2012 200 2010 201 201 Source: I4CE 2018
11 FRANCE Country Facts 2018 BROWN TO GREEN: THE G20 TRANSITION TO A LOW-CARBON ECONOMY | 2018
FINANCING THE TRANSITION FRANCE
n PUBLIC FINANCE Governments steer investments through their public finance institutions including via development banks, both at home and overseas, and green investment banks. Developed G20 countries also have an obligation to provide finance to developing countries and public sources are a key aspect of these obligations under the UNFCCC.
NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC FINANCE IN THE POWER SECTOR21
From 2013 to 2015, France’s public finance institutions spent an annual average of 2013-2015 annual average of power finance (US$ billions) Proportion of total public finance US$0.6bn brown, US$0.9bn green and to power 1.0 US$0.9bn grey financing in the power sector, domestically and internationally. The largest transactions were a loan guarantee 0.8 (US$288m) for the Nghi Son refinery and FRANCE petrochemical complex in Vietnam, and the 0.6 Ichthys natural gas extraction project loan guarantee (US$236m) in Australia. 0.4 coal, oil and gas projects brown 0.2 (and associated infrastructure) large-scale hydropower, biofuels, biomass, grey 0.0 nuclear, incineration, transmission, Brown Green Grey distribution, storage, energy efficiency, other general electricity support
renewable energy projects green Source: Oil Change International 2017 (excluding grey financing)
PROVISION OF INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC SUPPORT
France is the second largest G20 contributor OBLIGATION TO PROVIDE of climate finance through bilateral channels. CLIMATE FINANCE YES NO A significant proportion of its climate UNDER UNFCCC finance is delivered through the French Development Agency. It is the fifth largest contributor to the multilateral climate CONTRIBUTIONS THROUGH Annual average Theme of support funds. France’s spending is, however, less THE MAJOR MULTILATERAL contribution Cross- 22 Adaptation Mitigation concessional than other donors, making CLIMATE FUNDS (mn US$, 2015-2016) cutting use of concessional loans rather than grants. Note: See Technical Note for Funds remain biased towards mitigation. multilateral climate funds included and method to 20% 56% 24% While France may channel international attribute amounts to countries 116.35 public finance towards climate change via multilateral development banks, this has not Source: Climate Funds Update 2017 been included in this report.
BILATERAL CLIMATE Annual average Theme of support FINANCE CONTRIBUTIONS23 contribution Cross- (mn US$, 2015-2016) Mitigation Adaptation cutting Other
3,217.70 67% 17% 16% 0% Source: Country reporting to the UNFCCC
12 FRANCE Country Facts 2018 BROWN TO GREEN: THE G20 TRANSITION TO A LOW-CARBON ECONOMY | 2018
ANNEX G20
For more detail on sources and methodologies, please refer to the Technical Note at: https://www.climate-transparency.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Technical-Note_data-sources-and-methodology.pdf
1) The 2030 projections of the future development of greenhouse gas 8) The ratings on GHG emissions are taken from the Climate Change (GHG) emissions under current policies are based on the Climate Performance Index (CCPI) 2018. The rating of “current level compared Action Tracker (CAT) estimates. to a well below 2°C pathway” is based on a global scenario of GHG neutrality in the second half of the century and a common but 2) The CAT is an independent scientific analysis that tracks progress differentiated convergence approach. towards the globally agreed aim of holding warming to well below 2°C, and pursuing efforts to limit warming to 1.5°C. The CAT 9) CO2 emissions cover only the emissions from fossil fuels combustion ”Effort Sharing“ assessment methodology applies state-of-the-art (coal, oil and gas) by sector. They are calculated according to the scientific literature on how to compare the fairness of government UNFCCC methodology (in line with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for efforts and (Intended) Nationally Determined Contribution ((I) National Greenhouse Gas Inventories). NDC) proposals against the level and timing of emission reductions consistent with the Paris Agreement. The assessment of the 10) Total primary energy supply data displayed in this Country Profile does temperature implications of a country’s NDC is based on the not include non-energy use values. Solid fuel biomass in residential assumption that all other governments would follow a similar level use has negative environmental and social impacts and is shown in the of ambition. category “other”.
3) This assessment is based on the policy evaluation on page 9 of this 11) Zero-carbon fuels include nuclear, hydropower and new renewables Country Profile. (non-residential biomass, geothermal, wind, solar).
4) Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita is calculated by dividing 12) Climate Transparency ratings assess the relative performance across GDP with mid-year population figures. GDP is the value of all final the G20. A high scoring reflects a good effort from a climate protection goods and services produced within a country in a given year. perspective but is not necessarily 1.5°C compatible. Here GDP figures at purchasing power parity (PPP) are used. Data for 2017. 13) New renewables include non-residential biomass, geothermal, wind and solar energy. Hydropower and solid fuel biomass in residential use 5) The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite index are excluded due to their negative environmental and social impacts. published by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). It is a summary measure of average achievement in key dimensions 14) Total primary energy supply (TPES) per capita displays the historical, of human development. A country scores higher when the lifespan current and projected energy supply in relation to a country’s is higher, the education level is higher, and GDP per capita is higher. population. Alongside the intensity indicators (TPES/GDP and CO2/ TPES), TPES per capita gives an indication on the energy efficiency of a 6) The ND-GAIN index summarises a country’s vulnerability to country’s economy. In line with a well-below 2˚C limit, TPES per capita climate change and other global challenges in combination with should not grow above current global average levels. This means its readiness to improve resilience. This report looks only at the that developing countries are still allowed to expand their energy exposure indicators as part of the vulnerability component of use to the current global average, while developed countries have to the ND-GAIN index for six sectors. It displays the exposure scores simultaneously reduce it to that same number. provided by the ND-GAIN on a scale from low (score: 0) to high (score: 1). 15) TPES per GDP describes the energy intensity of a country’s economy. This indicator illustrates the efficiency of energy usage by calculating 7) The indicator covers all Kyoto gases showing historic emissions in the energy needed to produce one unit of GDP. Here GDP figures at each of the IPCC source categories (energy, industrial processes, PPP are used. A decrease in this indicator can mean an increase in agriculture, etc.). Emissions projections (excl. forestry) under a efficiency but also reflects structural economic changes. current policy scenario until 2030 are taken from the Climate Action Tracker and scaled to the historical emissions from PRIMAP (see 16) The carbon intensity of a country’s energy sector describes the Brown to Green Report 2018 Technical Note). CO2 emissions per unit of total primary energy supply and gives an indication of the share of fossil fuels in the energy supply.
13 FRANCE Country Facts 2018 BROWN TO GREEN: THE G20 TRANSITION TO A LOW-CARBON ECONOMY | 2018
ANNEX (continued) G20
17) The selection of policies rated and the assessment of 1.5°C 21) This data includes bilateral public finance institutions such as national compatibility are informed by the Paris Agreement and the Climate development banks and other development finance institutions, Action Tracker (2016): “The ten most important short-term steps to overseas aid agencies, export credit agencies, as well as key multilateral limit warming to 1.5°C”. The table below displays the criteria used to development banks. The analysis omits most finance delivered assess a country’s policy performance. See the Brown to Green Report through financial intermediaries and significant volumes of multilateral 2018 Technical Note for the sources used for this assessment. development bank (MDB) development policy finance (due to a lack of clarity on power finance volumes). Given a lack of transparency, 18) The CCPI evaluates a country’s performance in national climate other important multilateral institutions in which G20 governments policy, as well as international climate diplomacy through feedback participate are not covered. See the Brown to Green Report 2018 from national experts from non-governmental organisations to a Technical Note for further details. standardised questionnaire. 22) Finance delivered through multilateral climate funds comes from 19) See the Brown to Green 2018 Technical Note for the sources used for Climate Funds Update, a joint ODI/Heinrich Boell Foundation database this assessment. that tracks spending through major multilateral climate funds. See the Brown to Green Report 2018 Technical Note for multilateral climate 20) The University of Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership funds included and method to attribute approved amounts to countries. (CISL) in early 2018 reviewed the progress made by the national regulatory agencies of G20 members in making the Task Force on 23) Bilateral finance commitments are sourced from Biennial Party Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD) recommendations reporting to the UNFCCC. Financial instrument reporting is sourced relevant to their national contexts. See the Brown to Green Report from the OECD-DAC; refer to the Brown to Green Report 2018 2018 Technical Note for more information on the assessment. Technical Note for more detail. Figures represent commitments of Official Development Assistance (ODA) funds to projects or programmes, as opposed to actual disbursements.
On endnote 17) Criteria description Low Medium High Frontrunner GHG emissions No emissions reduction Existing emissions reduction Existing emissions reduction Emissions reduction target target for 2050 or target for 2050 or beyond target for 2050 or beyond target for 2050 or beyond to bring GHG emissions to at beyond and clear interim steps least net zero by 2050 Long-term No long-term low emissions Existing long-term low Long-term low emissions Long-term low emissions low emissions strategy emissions strategy strategy includes interim strategy towards full development steps and/or sectoral targets decarbonisation in the strategy second half of the century; includes interim steps and/ or sectoral targets, plus institutions and measures in place to implement and/or regularly review the strategy Renewable energy Allianz Monitor 2018 Allianz Monitor 2018 Allianz Monitor 2018 Allianz Monitor 2018 in power sector Category 1.2 (targets) and Category 1.2 (targets) and Category 1.2 (targets) and Category 1.2 (targets) and 2 (policies), average 0-25 2 (policies), average 26-60 2 (policies), average 61-100 2 (policies), 61-100 plus 100% renewables in the power sector by 2050 in place Coal phase-out No consideration or policy in Significant action to reduce Coal phase-out decided and Coal phase-out date place for phasing out coal coal use implemented under implementation compatible with 1.5°C or coal phase-out under consideration Phase-out of fossil No policy or emissions Energy/emissions National target to phase out Ban on new fossil-based fuel light duty performance standards for performance standards or fossil fuel LDVs in place LDVs by 2025/30 vehicles (LDVs) LDVs in place support for efficient LDVs Near zero-energy No policy or low emissions Building codes, standards National strategy for near National strategy for near new buildings building codes and or fiscal/financial incentives zero-energy buildings (at zero-energy buildings by standards in place for low emissions options least for all new buildings) 2020/25 (at least for all new in place buildings) Low-carbon new No policy or support for Support for energy efficiency Target for new installations Target for new installations industry installations energy efficiency in industrial in industrial production in emissions-intensive in emissions-intensive production in place (covering at least two of the sectors to be low-carbon sectors to be low-carbon country’s sub-sectors (e.g. after 2020, maximising cement and steel production)) efficiency Net zero No policy or incentive to Incentives to reduce National target for reaching National target for reaching deforestation reduce deforestation in deforestation or support zero deforestation zero deforestation by 2020s place schemes for afforestation / or for increasing forest reforestation in place coverage
14 FRANCE Country Facts 2018 BROWN TO GREEN: THE G20 TRANSITION TO A LOW-CARBON ECONOMY | 2018
CLIMATE TRANSPARENCY
Partners:
Supported by: Funders:
based on a decision of the German Bundestag
Data Partners:
http://www.climate-transparency.org/g20-climate-performance/g20report2018
15 FRANCE Country Facts 2018