AVRDC Progress Repoirt Summaries 1982 IPA

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Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center. 1983. Progress Report Summaries 1982. Shanhua, Taiwan, Republic of China. AVRDC publication 83-195 About AVRDC

AVRDC Is the international research and training center responsible for improving vegetable crop production in the humid and subhumid tropics. Its scientific staff, representing eleven countries, conducts research aimed at increasing the production potential of tomato, Chinese cabbage, sweet potato, mungbean, and soybean. The Center's research agenda also includes studies on the nutritional, environmental, and !!!!1|!!!1! , management factors that influence vege­ table production in the tropics. Empha­ sis is similarly directed to scientific and training programs conducted in colla­ boration with national and international research organizations, agricultural development agencies, and institutions of higher education. About This Report Progress Report Summaries 1982 number will be printed, however, It will contains condensed reports representing not be available for general circulation. most of tne research projects conducted Readers who do not have access to the at AVRDC during the 1982 calendar report, or those who wish a repiint of a year. The reports are intended to serve specific section, may request complimen­ as a handy reference for readers who tary copies by sending the attached require an overview of AVRDC research postcard to AVRDC's Office of Informa­ and related activities. Those who would tion Services. Reprints are available like more detailed information are asked according to crop and discipline (e.g. to consult the Center's Progress Report tomato breeding, tomato pathology etc.) for 1982 which will be available in many and correspond directly to the summaries major libraries during the latter part of found in the following pages (not includ­ 1983. This publication provides in-depth ing bilateral projects, training, germ­ accounts of AVRDC research conducted plasm conservation, new crops, and d, ring the year. Because only a limited statistical services). Contents

Director's Foreword 1 Nutrition, Environment, and Management Nutrition Chemistry 37 Tomato Garden P-rograms 39 Soil Science 40 41 Breeding 4 Crop Management Plant 43 Pathology 7 Agricultural Economics I0 Social Anthropology 44 Entomology 45 Physiology I0 Statistical Services 46 Training Chinese Cabbage Bilateral Projects (Outreach) Plant Breeding 12 Pathology 14 Korea 47 Entaology 15 Philippines 48 Physiology 16 Thailand 49 Taiwan 50 Sweet Potato New Crops 52

Plant Breeding 17 Genetic Conservation 53 Entomology 20 Physiology 21 Germplasm Recipients 54 Publications Available 55 Mungbean Conference and Miscellaneous Papers 60 Plant Breeding 23 Pathology 25 Seminars 63 Frtamlogy 25 Physiology 26 Collaborating Organizations 65 Board of Directors 68 Sobean, Personmel 69 Plant Breeding 27 Pathology 30 Training Scholars 73 Entrology 33 Physiology 35 Finances 77 Director's Foreword

Advances were recorded in several hybrids. The discovery of a new areas this past year as a result of strain of turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) AVRDC's search for improved, tropic- also clears the way for resolving a ally-adapted vegetables. The following disease problem that has concerned our are a few of the noteworthy highlights: pathologists for the past several sea­ sons. Indeed, we now hope to incorp­ Sweet Potato - orate resistance to TuMV, softrot, and downy mildew into our major breeding A series of sweet potato breeding lines, one of the last remaining goals of lines were developed that combine the our Chinese cabbage breeding program. improved characteristics of established AVRDC materials (high yield and B-caro- Tomato - tene) with 20% dry matter content. Roughly translated, this represents 8 A new generation of tomato varieties t/ha of dry matter, .. figure equivalent was developed that combine the heat and to or better than many cereal crops. disease tolerance of our established Progress was also made in breeding breeding lines with better tomato mosaic selections that can be consumed as green virus and bacterial wilt resistance and leafy vegetables. These varieties, which larger fruit size. These results are very have proven highly acceptable in organo- encouraging and we are hopeful that the leptic tests, are capable of providing as new varieties will be available for testing much as 5 kg of tender tips every two in the near future. weeks from a 9 m2 garden plot. More­ over they are high In vitamins A, B2 , Mungbean - and protein and are far more tolerant of pests and diseases than most other leafy Several elite AVRDC mungbean lines vegetables, provided consistent yields of 2.5 t/ha at AVRDC and a ton or more per hectare in Chinese cabbage - international trials at 20 locations. Several lines demonstrated marked im­ Progeny of crosses from our ad- provement in uniform maturity, and vanced Chinese cabbage hybrids proved certain selections were noted for their distinctly superior to their parents in resistance to the major mungbean dis­ terms of yield and early maturity and eases, especially line VC 1560 D which is may well result in varieties that are even resistant to both Cercospora leafspot and better than our current generation of powdery mildew. Progress Report Summaries 1982 2 AVRDC Asian region. Soybean - programs in the Southeast This project, in cooperation with the and the Advanced soybean breeding lines staff of Kasetsart University Bank, also provides provided consistent yields at 1.5 to 2 Asian Development three successive cropping AVRDC training programs to researchers t/ha through to attend the and a number of lines also who were formerly unable cycles, courses. Combined demonstrated early maturity and field Center's training to rust. Progress made in with our various legume and horticultural tolerance available in Taiwan, understanding the rust organism should training programs predictability we are now able to offer a greater also provide for improved a potential yield loss, as number of educational programs to of occurrence and Indeed, as the means for developing higher more diverse group of scholars. well the Thailand train­ levels of varietal resistance. in 1982, even before ing program was formally underway, a Development record number of persons, 71, par­ ticipated in AVRDC educational pro­ of results, while gratifying, are grams, bringing the total number These 4900 during the little practical value, however, unless participants to more than of have offeied training extended to national programs and, nine years that we through them, to farmers. For this courses. reason, AVRDC is giving increasingly Ahead greater emphasis to collaboration with A Look including those in national programs, far, and Latin America. This includes Despite the progress made thus Africa we are to expansion of our germplasm dis- a great deal of work remains If an of vegetable tribution and literature exchange ser- realize the full potential and a greater emphasis on train- crops in the lowland humid tropics. In vices, of the ing and communication between scien- Asia, as in most other parts developing world, far too few people eat tists. are One indication of how this effort is vegetables. This Is because they off is the fact that 16 of the either unaccustomed to vegetables, are paying find Center's advanced breeding lines were unaware of their value in the diet, released by our collaborators in them too costly or simply because they officially Yet, these 1982, the single largest number of lack access to vegetables. releases in the history of the Center. are the very people who need vegetables were Chinese cabbage varieties the most. Included must approved for use in Fiji, Taiwan, and Government policymakers latter being the world's therefore be persuaded to give a higher Korea (the the past consumer of the crop); soybean priority to vegetable crops. In largest progress has in Malaysia, Korea, and Zimbabwe; four decades remarkable in Australia, Fiji, and Korea; been made with staple crops, partially mungbean them tomato in Panama, the Seychelles, because government has given and be done Sri Lanka, and Taiwan. priority status. The same can marked the first full year with vegetables. This will require, 1982 also on of operation for our new bilateral project however, both a greater emphasis which functions as a link research and better production incen­ in Thailand, risk. between AVRDC and several national tives that reduce the farmer's 3

prelim­ Government should also promote small- What can be done? As a such as those now being inary step we at AVRDC are expanding scale gardens a tested at AVRDC and in Thailand, and our germplasm storage facilities, rural areas, but in villages project that will be completed with the not just in the cities where nutritious vegetables assistance of the ROC government, and sometime in can be grown on small plots at low cost. IBPGR, and other donors concerning vege- 1984. Considering the large number of Extension policies of crops also require attention, par- vegetable crops and the impossibility table them, we are ticularly in relation to the Important role providing storage for all of and children play in so- also studying several proposals con­ that women includ­ called farming/family living systems. cerning germplasm conservation, small gardens can play a ing such novel approaches as the estab­ Here again, wild role either in the home, at school, or as lishment of natural preserves where cash earners. The success of such species can be protected. however, will depend upon Clearly, all things that need programs, But at the availability of qualified extension doing cannot be done at once. to work with urban and the very least we must ensure that specialists to re­ village vegetable gardeners. genetic resources are available Another priority is genetic conserv- searchers of the future. An effort must All programs that work with therefore be made to save our dwindling ation. not vegetable crops depend on the avail- supplies of vegetable germplasm, and of sufficient sources of germplasm just in Asia, but throughout the world's ability steps are to sustain high yields and fight diseases tropical regions. Unless It Is therefore extremely taken, and soon, we may well lose one of and insects. fight important to recognize that many natural our most precious resources in the species are disappearing because of against hunger and malnutrition. rapid encroachment by industry and agriculture.

G.W. Se leck Director General October 1983 Progress Report Summaries 1982 4 AVRDC

Tomato

Plant Breeding

Heat Tolerance Evaluation Trials

Only two lines, L 4841 and L 4964, compared favorably with the best check cultivar in two trials, each including 48 new accessions, planted in late June, 1982. The fruit setting score system was used to evaluate new entries for heat tolerance against two checks, CL 143-0-10-3-0 (3.8) and CL 1131-0-0­ 38-4-0 (4.0). Five promising accessions, with mean fruit setting scores ranging from 3.0 to 4.5, will be retestod in 1983.

Yield Trials of Tropical Breeding Lines

In three of six advanced yield trials (AYTs) that survived summer flooding, line CL 1131-0-0-7-2-0 showed the most promise due to its tomato mosaic virus resistance (Tm2a gene), relatively large fruit size, and consistently high yield. The trials, each including 13 breeding from previous years' tests trials will not be transplanted later than lines selected another three checks, were transplanted in July). CL 1131-0-0-7-2-0 and and the checks in May, July, and August. Yield and fruit Tm2a line that outyielded quality tended to improve with later the earliest trial, CL 1131-0-0-13-0-6, regression analysis may have good potential for tropical planting. Stepwise further contributing to variation in areas and are undergoing of variables traits revealed that trials planted in late breeding modifications to improve yield resistance to summer are of little value In screening such as size, firmness, and for high temperature fruit set (future cracking. 5

necrosis after Inoculation Cool Season Trials (Processing Lines) oped systemic with ToMV strain 1. Moreover, in four times significantly outyielded detection tests performed No entries period, local lesions CL 1561-6-0-5-1-3-1 and during the growth the checks, Nicotiana sylvestris leaves observational, preliminary, developed on TK 70, in leaf samplas of yield trials (OYT, PYT, inoculatel with and advanced (+/+.Tm2 a/Tm2 ) from processing cultivars suited (+/+.Tm2 /+) and and AYT) of plot, as well as cool subtropical areas or the inoculated to relatively (Tmi/Tm.+/+), and (+/+.+/+) tropical highlands. Trials were trans- (Tm/+.+/+), both the inoculated and non-inocu­ planted in September, 1982. Three from plots. Mosaic developed on plants firm-fruited lines from the PYT and five lated of the susceptible line with and without lines from the OYT were advanced for virus inoculation. Evidently ToMV is further evaluation. In the AYT, fruits present in AVRDC soil, the Tm gene of higher yielding lines were too soft to prevent ToMV infection under selection. The highest yielding cannot merit conditions, and high temperature line in this trial had the lowesZ fruit Taiwan high concentration of ToMV virus setting rate, indicating that fruit set and induce necrosis on plants with a during the cool season is not an impor- can resistance gene. The Tm2 gene, tant yield component. Tin2a Tm2 gne, or two gene resistance 2 (Tm/Tm2 or Tm/Tri ) should be into AVRDC lines. Cool Season Trials (Fresh Market Lines) incorporated Selection for ToMV No line was found outstanding in an Pure Line Among AVRDC Lines observational trial conducted to identify Resistance fresh market lines suitable staked-type plants were found in subtropical areas and for tropical ToMV resistant for lines that originated Nineteen entries and a local twelve of thirteen highlands. a stock but had hybrid, KY 301, were from crosses with ah-Tm2 fresh market ToMV resistance early October. Two not been selected for transplanted in seeds per and CL 4802, signi- during breeding. Fifty to 100 entries, CL 4805 soil in KY 301, and CL 4805 line were sown in sterilized ficantly outylelded with ToMV-1 comparably large fruits wooden flats and inoculated also produced stage. Fifteen However, the cracking at the first true leaf (189 g/fruit). all CL 1131-0-0­ and light green shoulder of days after inoculation, tendency symptomless. They (dark green shoulder is 38-4-0 plants were these lines indicating an are major draw- also had green stems, preferred in Taiwan) (ah) gene linked closely backs. anthocyaninless with a Tm2a gene. CL 1104-0-0-71-4-3-0 (76% symptomless) and nine of its pro­ for resis­ of ToMV Resistant Genotypes genies were all segregating Reaction can be fixed to High Summer Temperatures tance, but ToMV resistance among segregating lines in the next resistance was also found When ToMV resistant genotypes generation. of CL 143-0-10-3-1 (42% were grown under summer field condi- among seedlings 0 Line CL 9-0-0-1-3-0 is tioni (max. 350C, min 28 C), plants of symptomless). to ToMV-1. Tm2 1+ and Tm2 a/Tm2 genotypes devel- susceptible 6 AVRDC Progress Report Summaries 1982 of ToMV Resistance Genes the highest fruit setting rate among the Introduction were Into AVRDC Promising Lines Fls. Two plants of each line that treated with Tomatotone (P-chlorophen­ days A total of 113 crosses (Fl) were oxyacetic acid) every three to four of 10 to made in 1982 with four AVRDC tropical showed a fruit weight increase tomato lines and four processing tomato 40% in all lines except CL 143-1-10-3-1. recurrent parents and 22 ToMV The increase of fruit setting rate and lines as heat resistance donors of various genotypes. yield was most pronounced among backcross generation, seedlings sensitive lines and their Fls, parti­ In each with were inoculated with ToMV-1 and symp- cularly the Fls of CL 143-0-103-1 tomless plants were selected 10 to 14 ToMV resistant stock. days later and planted in the field. Based on horticultural traits and disease Evaluation of AVRDC and Introduced resistance, 30 combinations were selected Processing Tomato Lines for the backerossing program. Fls g (Tm2/ using the resistance of Moperou tomato project was (Wm2a/Xm a), and Mocimor A processing Tm2), Momor 2 in fall, 1982, to incorporate (Tm/Tm, Tm2 /Tm2 ) showed hybrid initiated traits in disease resistance into firm fruited, vigor and better horticultural cultivars that contain Twenty Bls were selected; uniformly maturing the field. of heat resistance. In a with CL 1104-0-0-71-4-3-0 and some degree those trial of AVRDC selections aimed at CL h131-0-0-38-4-0 (which carry the ah- fall Rhowed identifying possible parental materials for Tm2 gene) as recurrent parents was Tm2, Tm2 , and the program, line CL 2728-0-3-2-2 high resistance. The lines in terms will still be introduced the best of nine advanced Tm/Tm2 genes yield, fruit size, and into these lines, because some undesir- of marketable with the ah bacterial wilt resistance. (Seedlings able traits are associated wilt.) CL Bls were planted in the were inoculated with bacterial gene. Resistant exhibited the best field and production of B2 seeds began 2729-1-1-5-5-0-4 yield, wilt resistance, and fruit set of 23 in late 1982. preliminary lines, with the disadvantage, however, of small, soft fruits. Heat Tolerance and the As part of a six-year project, 47 Effect of Hormones on processing cultivsrs and breeding lines ToMV Resistant F~s and Their Parents introduced from the USA, New Zealand, South America, and Europe were tested Twenty crosses between AVRDC in a replicated trial. Fifteen lines that tropical and processing tomato lines and exhibited one or more desirable traits TMV resistant materials were trans- (high yield, large fruit, firmness, early planted in the field July 22 with their uniform maturity, and/or good fruit set) parental stocks for comparison of fruit were identified for potential use In the set and other horticultural traits under breeding program. Only one of these high temperature. Tropical tomatoes lii.,s exhibited resistance to ToMV. CL 143-0-10-3-1 and CL 1131-0-0-38-4-0 AVRDC line CL 1561-1, which provided had abundant fruit set while processing good yield and firmness, was released in tomatoes and ToMV resistant materials Taiwan In late 1982 as processing culti­ had poor fruit set. The Fls of tropical var Tainan Selection No. 2. lines with ToMV resistant stocks showed Another 55 potential parental lines 7 were selected from the Center's germ­ plasm collection and evaluated in a non-replicated cool season trial. Hy­ bridization and combining ability tests will be conducted In 1983.

Selection and Evaluation of Parthenocarpic Tomato Lines Fourteen parthenocarpic tomato lines planted in May had fruit set as high as or higher than the heat tolerant check, CL 1131-0-0-38-4-0, indicating that parthenocarpy has potential for in­ creasing the heat tolerance of tropical tomatoes. Seven of these lines gave 100% seedless fruit, suggesting possible difficulties in propagation during the hot Collecting samples for ToMV strain detection. season.breeinglines However, and sevencultivars parthenocarpicplanted in Isolates were strain typed according to breeding lined 307to plantedless Rast's method, using the differential October produced 30.7 to 74.1% seedless host reaction on Lvcon ersicon esculentum fruits, indicating that it may be feasible host r on (+/+io esTulentu to multiply parthenocarpic materials cultivars GCR (++, CSTnW-18 during Taiwan'sseaonevlutin, cool eelesnsshadseason. In the coolno Delisa(Tmii/Tmi),(Tm-2 2PerouITm-2 2).(Tm-2/Tm-2), ToMV-0 and season evaluation, seedlessnes ToMV-1 were the most common strains, In addition to these tests, genera- and according to the combined two years' tion advance and selections for better surveys they occur in almost equal proportions. ToMV-2 was found in only horticultural traits and disease resistance 2 (ToMV and bacterial wilt) in families two samples and ToMV-2 was not identi­ parthenocarpic sources fied. The five Isolates suspected to be derived(pat and frompat-2) two were continued in 1982. ToMV-2 2 in 1981 were retested and found o 1to be ToMV-1. ToMV strains 0 and 1 were also detected in sweet pepper and Pathology chili, and ToMV-0 in black nightshade.

Detection of Tomato Mosaic Virus Tomato Mosaic Virus in Tomato Seeds Strain Detection in Tomato and Other Solanaceous Crops in Taiwan ToMV was recovered from the seeds of 19 of 23 tomato cultivars from four In the 1982 continuation of a survey major seed companies and AVRDC. For initiated In 1981, tomato mosaic virus each cultivar, 4 x 100 seeds were (ToMV) was detected in 242 of 295 ground in 10 ml 0.1 M phosphate buffer tomato leaf samples collected from the pH 7.2 and inoculated on half leaves of major tomato-growing areas of Taiwan. Nicotiana tabacum Xanthi. Seven culti­ Report Summaries 1982 8 AVRDC Progress vars produced more than 50 local lesions on each half leaf, indicating strong infection by ToMV. Strain typing by Rast's method identified ToMV-0 in 11 samples and ToMV-1 in eight samples. Infected seed evidently contributes to the high Incidence of ToMV in tomato plantings.

Seed Treatments to Eliminate Seed Borne ToMV and the Effect of Heat Treatment on Germination

Dry heat treatment of 780C for two days completely eliminated ToMV in tomato seeds without reducing germination rate, while soaking in 12.5% trisodium phosphate for twenty minutes Mass inoculatlon with ToMV. was not consistently effective. Four been harvested as long as five months 100-seed lots of three heavily infected before sampling, even when tomato was varieties were used to test both followed by i-ice. Since ToMV can treatments. Heat treated seeds were survive in the soil for such extended first brought to a moisture content of periods on infected plant debris, it is 5-6%. The effectiveness of the recommended that two cycles of a non­ treatments was judged by the absence of solanaceous crop be grown for a period local lesion formation when the ground of at least six months between tomato seed lots were inoculated on Nicotiana was crops to reduce infection. tabacum Xanthi. Germination measured in petri dishes (300C moist chamber, observation for 21 days) and Survival of Tomato Mosaic Virus in soil at various intervals up to 48 in Artificially Flooded Soil weeks after heat treatment; It was not found significantly reduced. Flooding was demonstrated to have no measurable effect on survival of ToMV in soil. Soil taken from a field where was of Tomato Mosaic Virus tomato had recently been harvested Detection with In Agricultural Soils packed in four boxes and amended ToMV-inoculated tomato plant debris. with well Tomato mosaic virus was detected In Two of the boxes were flooded 20 g soil soil at 16 of 41 Taiwan tomato fields water. At monthly intervals the box and Soil samples taken from 1 to samples were taken from each surveyed. of ToMV. 20 cm depth in each field were crushed, assayed for the presence large amounts in shaken in 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH ToMV was present in soils for up 7.2, and inoculated on half leaves of N. both flooded and unflooded four months, tabacum Xanthi. ToMV (strains 0 and-f) to three months. After sharply, but the was detected In fields where tomato had levels of ToMV declined 9

dwarf could still be detected up to five bean golden mosaic virus, wheat virus and cassava months in unflooded soil and six months virus, maize streak virus, in flooded soil. After seven months no latent virus. ToMV could be detected in flooded or unflooded soil. Cucumber Mosaic Virus Strain Detection Survival of Tomato Mosaic Virus Twenty-five of 152 tomato leaf in Soil from Fields with samples, collected in a 1982 survey to Different Cropping Patterns identify cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) in the major tomrto of the two preceding strains present The results areas of Taiwan, contained CMV were corroborated when the growing experiments ToMV was compared in four astesan evidenced elcrnmroop.Tlvby differential host range survival of Twelve by tests and electronstrain microscopy.typed using 20 dif­ fields wherediffrentcropingpattrnsoftomato had been followed n,.- isolates were systemically different cropping patterns of no . ferential hosts. All isolates al s lolat ot crops, flooding, and fallow. feti solanaceous infected Physalis floridana but not Vigna Soil samples were collected from each the seven strains of-igreationshipsubgroups C-i,to fiel atmon~ynteralsandassyedand assayed ______,idf field at montnly Intervals C-2 an C-raine soe whic for ToMV by inoculation on N. tabacum which began to C-2, and C-3. One isolate, Xanthi. In all fields, ToMV on Beta vulgaris, months after the produced mosaic tomatodecline harvest,two to fourwas evident at five appears to be strain TN. The other been conclusively months,tmtoth butvebu was was noo longerneridetet detectable at at identified.isolaces have not yet six months. Flooding had no effect on survival of ToMV. Transmission of Tomato Mosaic Virus to Investigation of Tomato Leafcurl Disease Tomato Seedlings from Infected Soil Tomato samples previously collected In a pot experiment, tomatoes from Tainan County and other tomato planted in flats containing autoclaved growing areas in Taiwan, that exhibited compost and transplanted five weeks leafcurl-like symptoms, were observed later to soil amended with ToMV "--!ected through electron microscopy to contain plant debris experienced a slower rate of gemini-type particles similar to those of virus transmission than plants seeded tomato yellow leafcurl virus (TYLCV) directly in ToMV infected soil. All seeds and tobacco leafcurl virus (TLCV). The were first heat treated to eliminate seed disease could be transmitted by grafting borne ToMV. In directly sown plants, and by whiteflies, but not by mechanical ToMV first appeared in the sixth week, inoculation. In agar gel double-diffusion and at harvest 50% of the plants were tests, the virus reacted positively with infected. In transplanted seedlings, antiserum to TLCV from Japan. No however, ToMV was first detected in the reaction was obtained, however, in fifth week after transplanting, and at immunoabsorbent electron microscopy harvest 33% of the plants exhibited (ISEM) tests using antisera to five other infection. All plants reached maturity gemini viruses - TLCV German isolate, concurrently. 1982 10 AVRDC Progress Report Summaries Evaluation of Insecticides for Friltworm Control

Four synthetic pyrethroids - fen­ valerate, permethrin, decamethrin, and cypermethrin - controlled tomato fruit­ worm and beet armyworm (H. armigera and S. exiua) better than ?fve organo­ phosphate and carbamate chemicals and chemical combinations screened from November, 1981 threugh January, 1982. Standard AVRDC insecticide screening procedures were followed. Insectides were sprayed at weekly intervals from the first fruit set until one week before harvest.

Physiology

Evaluation of Heat Tolerance in Tomato Lines Tomato fruitworm (Heltothis armigera) damage. Parthenocarpic Study of Fruitworm Resistance in Line 31 (24% parthenocarpic) and Tomato Segregating Materials Ventura (62% parthenocarpic) yielded equal to the heat tolerant line CL 1131­ In winter, 1981 screening (October 0-0-38-4-0 (5% parthenocarpic) in a March) of progenies from greenhouse evaluation of fruit setting at through 0 between two lepidopterous pest high temperatures (mean max. 35 C, crosses 0 resistant Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glab- mean min. 26 C). Seven varieties were ratum accessions and cultivated tomato, evaluated for fruit setting and component 1-entries with characteristics of cul- factors in flowers of the second to tivated tomato were selected that showed fourth clusters. CL 1131-0-0-38-4-0 had resistance to both Heliothis armigera the highest fruiting rate and lowest (tomato fruitworm) and Spodoptera rates of stigma exsertion and antheral e (beet armyworm). Fifty plants cone splitting, but very small fruits. each of these 13 entries were evalu- Ventura had higher rates of antheral ated in fall, 1982, with the natural cone splitting and stigma exsertion and a fruitworm population augmented by the lower fruit setting rate. Family 12 (94% release of laboratory-reared insects. parthenocarpic) and Severianin (88% Undamaged entries with good horticul- parthenocarpic) produced large but few turdl characters were selected for back- fruits and had low yields at high tem­ crossing to cultivated parents, and the peratures. Path coefficient analysis progenies will be evaluated under a revealed that stigma exsertion and shorter photoperiod (when resistance antheral cone splitting each contributed levels are lower) in 1983. 31% toward reduction of fruit setting. Regulators evaporated, and adjusted to pH 3.0 with Effect of New Growth was on Tomato Fruit Setting ethyl acetate. Auxin-like activity reduced 8 and 24 hours after heat treat­ of recovery In summer pot and field experi- ment, but showed a trend A similar decrease in ments, two newly released growth regu- after 24 hours. as well as ABA gibberellin-like levels was noted in lators, Cytex and Pix, levels acid) and Kinetin, failed to L 387, but endogenous gibberellin (abscisic auxin levels. increase fruit setting rate at high tern- were much lower than peratures, while conventional growth regulators CPA (4-chlcrophenoxyacetic of acid) and GA3 (Gibberellin A3 ) increased Evaluation of Heat Tolerance fruit setting but induced parthenocarpic Fruit Setting Processes fruits. Only CPA increased fruit yield. n Heat Tolerant Accessions In the outdoor pot experiment, various concentrations of five chemicals were first two clusters of High fruit setting in heat tolerant applied to the accessions tested during the hot, wet CL 9-0-0-1 plants; in the field experi- to stable to sixth season appeared to be related ment, newly flowered second rates. Thirty­ into the chemical and low stigma exsertion clusters were dipped and a breeding line were Maximum and minimum tem- nine accessions peraturessolutions. from anthesis to fruit setting sown in April, May, June, and August, chosen plants from peraes fro an th240es tfisetg and six randomly for were 3100 and 2400, respectively, each replicate were investigated physiological characteristics related to High Temperature fruit set. Fruit set was lower in earlier Effect of i-ates Auxins and Gibberellins plantings and stigma exsertion on L 3690 in Tomato Reproductive Organs were higher, with accession providing the exception with high fruit at the onset of the set in spite of high stigma exsertion. Heat treatment had higher fruit-setting process (380C for five Heat susceptible accessions reduced auxin-like stigma exsertion rates than heat tolerant hours) significantly with in all three tomato reproductive ones, with differences less marked activity and precipitation. organs, implicating heat as a factor in decreasing temperature which has been related to Other factors - e.g. pollen production auxin activity, - also Cultivars L 387 and CL lid- and pollen and ovule viability fruit set. Antheral cone 0-2-2-0-3 were heat treated at the first affected fruit setting. of the second splitting was similar in heat tolerant and macroscopic appearance it Flower buds, open flow- susceptible accessions, suggesting that inflorescence. heat toler­ and flowers with small developing is not solely involved in the ers, tested. However, fruits were sampled at various intervals ance of the accessions for auxin-like and gib- splitting tended to be less at lower and bioassayed was compounds using a chroma- temperatures. No relationship berellin-like growth and togram obtained from reproductive or- observed between vegetative gans ground in cold methanol, filtered, fruit setting. AVRDC Progress Report Summaries 1982

Chinese Cabbage

Plant Breeding

Evaluation of Germplasm for Heat Tolerance

Six of 43 untested accessions were rated heat tolerant in a preliminary trial soWn August 6 and transplanted August 25, using AVRDC Hybrid 62 as the heat tolerant standard. Accessions B 763, B 775, B 792, B 794, B 795, and B 801 yielded firm heads; in 1983 they will be reevaluated earlier in the summer season for confirmation of heat tolerance (a June 198? planting was destroyed by flooding).

Advanced Yield Trials Combining Ability Trials

Of ten new heat tolerant lines In four combining ability trials 1982 to selected from 1981 trials, three entries, (CATs) conducted in summer, combina­ 80-32, 80-37, and 81-29, performed identify superior hbet tolerant no entry consistently well In three advanced yield tions among inbred lines, Hybrid trials (AYTs) in summer, 1982. They significantly outyielded AVRDC were selected significantly outyielded the checks, Wen 62, but seven combinations of Wu and AVRDC Hybrid 62, In AYT-II for further study based on absence good overall (transplanted June 2) due to early soft rot Infection and tested maturity and hence low incidence of soft appearance. Two other CATs B 129, rot. In the later trials, when rainfall combinations of a local variety, and was lower and soft rot was not a factor, with selected inbred lines (CAT-,IV) open-pollinated their yields matched the checks'. with other selected use as AVRDC entries in general had better cultivars (CAT-V), for possible cyto­ heading rate and heading efficiency male parents to match with future B 129 in the (ratio of head weight to non-wrapper plasmic male sterile (CMS) Two inbred leaf weight) than Wen Wu. CMS backcross program. 13

were taken two open-pollinated combinations vigorous heading selections and four backcross families with lower yield and head weight than from three of maturity and with a self-fertile inbred line, 7252-1 AVRDC 62, but comparable In were selected (generations B 5P/3A to B 7P/3A). heading and harvest rates, though weak­ for further evaluation, general both populations, er, resembled their recurrent parents. In a selection response study, when Further Improvement of B 5P/3A through B 8P/6A generations AVRDC Hybrids 58,. 59, and 62 were grown on seed flats for comparison with the recurrent parent, B 129, vigor In a test of new combinations with improved with the number of back­ the inbred parents of Hybrids 50, 59 crosses; chlorosis decreased and fresh 62, only two were selected for weight increased. However, CMS flowers and and potential advantages over the original sometimes exhibited abnormalities hybrids. Six, eight, and nine were generally smaller and had fewer combinations selected from the 1981 trial nectar glands than those of B 129. No were evaluated against the original selection pressure for functional nectary Hybrids 58, 59, and 62, respectively, had been applied to these families. Hybrid 58-19 was selected for further Vigor, leaf color, and nectary evaluation based on earlier maturity, development showed more promise in higher harvest rate, and higher yield progenies from 12 families selected from than Hybrid 58, although differences another backcross program begun in 1981 were not significant because large with CMS lines that had been preselected coefficients of variation affected the at the University of Wisconsin, using two sensitivity of the test. Combination AVRDC lines as recurrent parents. 81639 consistently outperformed Hybrid A backcross program begun in 1981 59 in yield, maturity, and harvest rate. with Brassica juncea (mustard) and a No advanced combination of Hybrid 62 line from B129 is proving even more outperformed the original hybrid. successful because of B. juncea's genetic Hybrids 58-19 and 81639 will be proximity to Chinese 'ab ag . Twenty­ reevaluated in 1983 and may replace the eight plants from seven of eight BC 1 original hybrids if the advantages prove families were selected for further back­ signifinant. crosses. Chlorosis was minimal and nectary development was improved even over the advanced CMS lines from rad­ Cytosterility Backcross Program ish. The best selections showed nectar the few problems of The cytoplasmicThecytplami maemale serlitsterility (CS)(CMS) flowerproduction, developmentwhile are expected to respondeopmenther e pecte. program aims to replace self- pressure. backcross of respond to further selection incompatibility (SI) as a mechanism production for Chinese cabbage. hybrid Resistance In the advanced program of backcrosses Turnip Mosaic Virus with CMS radish (Raphanus sativus) to Backcross Program cabbage accession 129, 15 Chinese from back­ good heading, vigorous plants of three Nine selections derived selected in the fall crosses of turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) B 8P/6A families were good plants of each of four resistant B 141 to an AVRDC season from 150 line, families. At the same time, eight combining heat tolerant inbred Progress Report Summaries 1982 14 AVRDC B 18, were found immune to the virus in Pathologiy field and greenhouse tests in 1982. Forty of 300 plants of one BC 3 family Turnip Mosaic Virus Strain Detection and 26 plants from three BC 2S1 families early (80 plants each) were selected for to detect tolerance, and TuMV In an island-wide survey maturity, heat Chinese cabbage, when grown in the field in strains of TuMV on resistance and tendergreen mustard in August-Septembei' and inoculated with radish, assayed Taiwan, strain C-4 was found to be the TuMV. Of 6F, field selections strain, in the green- most prevalent strain. A new for TuMV after flowering from C-4, were virus-free and which may have differentiated house, only nine tentatively named for further crosses. Since was also identified and acpeptable TuMV isolates were resistance of B 141 is specific to C-5. Fifty-six the from a total of 92 leaf samples TuMV strain C-1, a 1983 backcross recovered (PI 418957), through inoculation on Nicotiana tabacum program will use B 708 idasiuMV on carries immunity to strains C-1 White Burley, and identl which differential host range - -3and resistance to C-2 and C-4. the basis of and reactions, serological tests, and particle shape. TuMV was present in all nine major vegetable areas surveyed. Strains Downy Mildew and Soft Rot Resistance were classified through inoculation of Backcross Program four differential Brassica campestris ssp. pekinensis cultivars. All four known In fall, 1982, 10 selections were strains were found. The new fifth made from 500 plants of the BC 2 genera- strain, isolated from Chinese cabbage tion of crosses between Hakuran (Bras- and mustard, infected cultivar PI 41857, x B. oleracea) accesson which is resistant to the four other -39sica pekinensiswh d ha hown good levels of known strains. Previous resistance resistance to soft rot and downy mildew, screenings were conducted with only one and a local heat tolerant cultivar. Soft strain; thus the presence of several rot and TuMV were artificially inocu- other strains in AVRDC fields may lated, while downy mildew infection explain the recently noted "loss of occurred naturally. After only two resistance" in some cultivars. backcrosses, heading rate was high (85%) and the morphotype of Hakuran was observed in only 5% of the popula- Physical Propertiea, Purific:tinon, resistance levels remained and Antiserum Production of tion. Soft rot C-5 high In the progenies (21% as compared Turnip Mosaic Virus Strain with 11% for the resistant parent). Five of the ten selections carried relatively The newly identified strain C-5 was high levels of resistance to downy mii- found to have a thermal inactivation The material carries little or no point (TIP) of 60 to 650C, dilution end dew. -4 - 5 , resistance to TuMV. point (DEP) of 10 to 10 and longe­ Downy mildew resistance was found vity in vitro (LIV) of 6 to 7 days. dominant in some Fls in a program TuMV-C-'-"as purified by PEG ard to be dif­ initiated in 1981 to transfer the res'as- Triton X precipitation followed by tance of B 742 to seven heat tolerant ferential and sucrose gradient centri­ Inbred lines. fugation. It had a UV absorption curve 15

TuMV were rescreened in 1982. Twenty plants of each accession were inoculated separately with strains C-4 and the newly detected C-5 at the seedling stage and kept in a growth room (260 C day, 16-200C night, 9000 lux). Symptoms were recorded 21 days after inoculation. Four lines were resistant to TuMV C-4, but none was resistant to C-5, indicating that resistance to TuMV may be control­ led by multiple genes. As stable resis­ tance requires that resistance genes for several TuMV strains be incorporated into breeding materials, the search for resistance to strain C-5 will be contin­ ued.

Entomology

Screening of Chemical and Biological Insecticides for Diamondback Moth and Aphid Control Electron micrograph of TuMV C-5 in leaf dip preparation. In two insecticide screening tests typical of nucleoproteins with maximum conducted in winter and one in summer and minimum absorption at 268 and at AVRDC, Bacillus thuriniensis gave 250 nm, respectively. The UV absorp- some control of diamondback moth and provided the tion rates of E280 / 260 and Emax/mIn were triazophos and parathion 0.9 and 1.03, respectively. Electron best control of aphids. Screening micrographs of negatively stained puri- followed standard AVRDC procedures. fled virus showed flexuous rods 700 to Nine insecticides and insecticide com­ 800 nm long, which are typical for binations were tested in each trial. In TuMV. C-5 antiserum, produced from the first winter test, B. thuringiensis rabbits that bad received intramuscular and decamethrin gave the best diamond­ injections of purified virus preparations, back moth control. In the second winter had a titer of 1/512 in ring interface test, Decamethrin. (0.025 kg ai/ha), precipitin tests. Decamethrin + B. thurinesis, and diflubenzuron + trazophos alowed higher Screening of AVRDC Chinese Cabbage yields and gave the best control of Germplasm for Resistance to aphids, the dominant pest during the Turnip Mosaic Virus screening period. Only B. thuringiensis controlled diamondback moth. In sum­ Nineteen AVRDC Chinese cabbage mer, parathion provided the best aphid occessions previously rated resistant to control. AVRDC Progress Report Summaries 1992 16 Physiology

Effect of Temperature on Mineral Levels in Chinese Cabbage In a greenhouse experiment, heat affected N, K, and Ca levels in Chinese cabbage, particularly in the roots, while Mg levels were unaffected. Heat tolerant (Fl 58) and heat sensitive (B 6) entries were raised in the greenhouse (max. 0C, min. 16-20 0 C) and in a heat 26-35 0 compartment (max. 37-44 C, min. 19­ 220 C) and sampled every 10 days for mineral analysis. In both entries, N ovd K in the roots decreased with high temperature while K in the outer leaves and Ca in the roots increased. High temperature had a greater influence on mineral levels in the heat sensitive cultivar, which also had lower N and K levels in the roots and less K in the stem under both tempe'rature conditions. As N, K, and Ca have been related to temperature stress ret.stance, and K has also been related to ion uptake and carbohydrate translocation, levels of these nutrients may be important in the heading mechanism of Chinese cabbage. 17

Sweet Potato

Plant Breeding

Hybridization and Ou*rossing Populations A total of 149,579 true seeds were collected in 1982. Twenty-six hand crosses with Tainung #57 for eating quality and I 117 for witches' broom resistance produced 10,619 botanical seeds. Paired crossings in isolated open fields were initiated in fall, 1982, to increase seed production and avoid the labor of hand crossing. A total of 18,978 seeds were obtained from weevil resistance, dessert, and low sugar outcrossing nurseries. In addition, 120,000 open-pollinated seeds were obtained from parental stocks in the hand crossing blocks. Labor efficient polycrossing nurseries were established to improve traits such as protein and sugar content and stress resistance. 150 g of seedling roots at 24-270C, with Difficulties encountered included bloom- water adjusted to specific gravity of ing constraints and incompatibility be- 0.940 to 1.050 using NaCl and alcohol, tween certain parental clones, the relationship between dry matter (Y) and specific gravity (X) was calculated to be Y = -127.2482 + 150.130X. Rapid Dry Matter Determination Optimum brine specific gravity was 1.020 at 240 C for dry matter >26% and 1.000 Specific gravity was found to be for dry matter s23%. For seedling roots, closely correlated to the dry matter size does not affect the estimation. content of seedling roots, and can be Further investigation revealed that dry used as an indicator in rapid screening matter content of seedling roots was of large seedling populations for high negatively correlated with intensity of dry matter content. Using various sizes orange flesh dolor and positively and portions of mature roots and 20 to correlated with yellow flesh color. 18 AVRDC Progress Report Summaries 19892 Dry Season Yield Trials t/ha and mear. dry matter 27.6%. Eight high yielding liU's with superior horti­ From 100 entries tested during two cultural traits were selected from summer years of yield trials, seven elite breed- advanced yield trials (mean yield 17.3 Ing lines were recommended for dry t/ha; mean dry matter content 24.2%). season cultivation. Fall 1981 trials In two years of trials, four lines with included preliminary (61 entries) and over 24% dry matter yielded more than 20 advanced yield trials (22 entries selected t'ha under extremely hot-wet environ­ In 1980). Eighteen lines selected from ments (over 1,000 mm rainfall) during these trials were evaluated In 1982 the four-month growing periods. Seven advanced yield trials planted in late of the eight had orange flesh color sig­ August. Two orange-colored, good nifying high 0-carotene content. tasting lines were recommended as des­ sert cultivars; two high yielding, dry textured lines as staple cultivars; and Selection of Sweet Potatoes Suitable four others for use as animal feed. Two for Consumption as Vegetable Greens of these cultivars, CN 1108-13 (dessert) and CN 1028-15 (staple), successfully Three AVRDC selections yielded combined orange color with the prefer- more tips than the control cultivar, able dry texture, and both had dry Dilaw, In an advanced yield trial of matter content over 26%. The population seven elite lines planted in June and mean dry matter contents of preliminary harvested In September. Trials were lines was raised from 22.1% in 1981 to aimed at Identifying tender, high yield­ 28.1% in 1982. Moreover, the mean net ing varieties of this nutritious, moisture dry matter production now Is 6.58 t/ha tolerant vegetable. The elite lines had In advanced lines. In addition, low been selected from 29 clones of crosses vine/root ratio was found to be a good made in 1980, evaluated in an observa­ indicator of high yield in early selec- tional trial in fall, 1981 and In a pre­ tions. liminary trial planted in February, 1982. Cultural practices for leafy vegetables were practiced in these trials. In the Wet Season Yield Trials advanced trial, CN 1199-1, a bush type cultivar, yielded highest at 16.1 t/ha. Five elite lines, CN 1108-13, Bush and semi-bush types yielded more CN 995-23, CN 942-47, CN 1028-15, and tips than prostrate varieties, but tip CN 1038-16, were chosen for evaluation weight was less. in 1983 regional yield trials on the basis of performance in 1981 and 1982 trials. In spring trials (planted late February), Screening for Flooding mean marketable root yield of 60 preli- and Moisture Tolerance minary entries was 10.2 t/ha and mean dry matter content was 24.1%. Mean Twelve clones outyielded the local yield of 23 advanced lines was 15.2 t/ha wet season cultivar, Tainung 63, In a and mean dry matter content was 22.2%. moisture tolerance trial of 230 new Six selections yielded more than 20 t/ha. entries grown from May to October, Ten lines were selected from a 1982. Four lines had marketable root summer preliminary yield trial planted yield of almost 20 t/ha, which is June 1; mean yield of 32 entries was 8.4 comparable to AVRDC's wet season elite 19 lines. I 444 (Kin-men), which yielded clones and elite germplasm accessions, 19.7 t/ha, was also selected in drought new introductions were generally very tolerance trials, and represents wide low yielding, with a wide range of adaptability to different environments, protein, starch, and sugar contents. Eleven selected clones originated from The mean yield of 226 lines planted at the wet environment of Papua New AVRDC in February was only 1.6 t/ha; Guinea. when 211 of these lines were planted in In a flooding tolerance test of 370 April oi Penghu Island (in the Taiwan entries cunducted in the same period, 22 Strait) mean yield was 2.29 t/ha. clones outyielded Tainung 83, but only The mean yield of a second set of three of these yielded more than 353 entries grown at AVRDC from June 10 t/ha. Plots were flooded over the to October was 0.788 t/ha, but the best bed top at 63 and 102 days after accession, K 79 (from Papua New planting. Most of the cultivars appeared Guinea) had an unusually high yield of to lack the ability to initiate and develop 36 t/ha. sufficient roots in flooded soil. Further In four trials comprising 63 hybridization and selection is necessary accessions and breeding lines grouped to to develop flood tolerant cultivars. screen for particular traits (November planting), six entries were selected for sugar Selection for Drought Tolerance high protein crosses, six for low crosses, and two for crosses to improve No entry outyielded the local starch content. drought tolerant cultivar, I 444, in dry season evaluations transplanted in The Development of February and late August. As AVRDC Low Sugar Sweet Potato lacks a xeric environment, the 29 entries, derivatives of local drought Comparison of three populations tolerant cultivars selected from fall 1981 (single crosses, three-way crosses, and observational trials, were grown without open-pollinated) derived from 16 low irrigation. Only one selection, CN 1244- sugar crosses made in 1979 revealed that 5, approached the marketable yield of sugar content was not reduced below the control. This line has the advan- parental levels. The polycrossing nur­ tages of orange flesh and high dry sery established in 1981 was continued matter, but it requires further improve- through the second cycle of random ments for yield and maturity. A more mating in fall, 1982. Analysis of these critical environment or method is needed populations confirmed the negative to screen large populations for drought correlation, found in 1979, between tolerance, as according to an AVRDC sugar and dry matter contents; the survey 76% of the sweet potatoes in the specific gravity method developed for Asia-Pacific region are grown In areas rapid dry matter screening was therefore where drought poses a severe p:.-oblem. used as an indicator of sugar contents in these large populations. Population mean Evaluation of New !ntroductions sugar contents ranged from 10.1 to and Parental Materials 11.7%, compared with 10.1% for the original parents, which is higher than In three trials to evaluate yield and the 3 to 5% target set by AVRDC's horticultural characteristics of 541 new biochemist for low sugar staple and 20 AVRDC Progress Report Summaries 1982 and harvested animal feed cultivars. It is believed that at AVRDC in fall, 1981, selection will be a more effec- in spring, 1982, accessions I 413, I 416, recurrent levels of tive approach than the conventional aid Tis 2532 showed higher method for incorporating the resistance than other entries, although pedigree Three sets of low sugar trait. none was found immune. accessions were planted between rows of a susceptible cultivar that had been Survey on Sweet Potato Production previously infested with laboratory­ and Utilization in Asia and the Pacific reared weevils. Resistance, ratings were based on number of weevils and percent Preliminary results of a survey sent damaged roots. In addition, three sets to 170 cooperators in 40 countries and of materials, including 234 accessions trust territories in Asia and the Pacific from Papua New Guinea, were evaluated Indicate that variety improvement is the at Penghu Island in the Taiwan Strait. top research priority for sweet potato, Laboratory-reared weevils were released and that nutritional content and eating three times, but at harvest almost all quality (with dry texture preferred by roots of all entries were inexplicably free 60-80%) are greater concerns than high of weevil infestation. yield. By December, 1982, 48 copies (28%) of the questionnaires had been Flooding for returned. Indonesia, the Philippines, Sweet Potato Weevil Control and India were found to have the largest amount of land planted to sweet. potato in Two or more weeks of flooding Asia, excluding mainland China. In effectively eliminated sweet potato weevil Papua New Guinea, Oceania, and the from three previously infested fields at Philippines, where sweet potato is most AVRDC. Because sweet potato following important as a food crop, yields are paddy rice had been free of weevils, it very low (4.6 to 11.4 t/ha). In the was hypothesized that flooding alone more developed countries, average yields might control weevils by destroying their are high (e.g. 20 t/ha in Japan), and a food source, i.e. sweet potato parts higher proportion of sweet potato is food s r i e potatop processedfeed. Droughtindustriallyand excessiveor used asmoistureanimal Accordingly,emaining fromfieldsthein whichpreviousroots crop.and ee. rort asd thc e moistuvre crowns had deliberately been left behind were reported as the most severe were flooded for one to four weeks. production constraints. Weevil is the Eight weeks after the cessation of primary insect pest, and sweet potato flooding, volunteer sweet potato plants scab is the most important disease, and weevils feeding on them were minimal followed by nematodes and viruses, in comparison with the unflooded check. Rice cror cultivation, which entails about four months, is apparently unnecessary Entomology to control weevil on sweet potato planted repeatedly in the same field. Identification of Resistance to Sweet Potato Weevil Chemical Control of Sweet Potato Weevil

In three sweet potato weevil (C las Carbofuran 3G broadcast at 2 kg formicarius F.) screening tests planted ai/ha once every one, two, or three 21 weeks almost eliminated sweet potato in the crown and/or hollow vines. None in a screening trial conducted at of the entries was found immune, but weevil I 673 AVRDC from late 1981 to early 1982, 1 542, I 563, I 600, I 614, and using AIS 35-2 as the test cultivar. show promise as sources for resistance Carbofuran applications at different rates breeding. and intervals were initiated two weeks after planting, and laboratory reared weevils were released at six and ten weeks after transplanting. At harvest, insecticide residues were detected in the roots of all treatments by a routine gas method; however, con­ centrationschromatographic were very low and roots were deemed safe for human consumption.

Confirmation of Stem Borer Resistance in Sweet Potato For the third year, accessions I 55 and I 92 were moderately to highly Stemborer (Omphisa illisalls) larva. resistant to a species of stem borer, Omphisa illisalis, in screening tests at Penghu Isla'n'dT. In 1982, crops were Physiology raised with no insecticide at two loca­ tions on Penghu. One crop was des­ by a typhoon; at the other Evaluation of Storage Root Formation troyed Sweet Potato location the two accessions had only and Flooding Damage of and 17,0% damaged plants compared Using a Simplified 23.5% System with 83.3% for the susceptible cultivar, Blade-P6tiole-Root 35-2. Both resistant cultivars AIS in storage root yielded poorly, but can be used as Varietal differences in the breeding formation were apparent in blade-petiole­ sources of resistance and program. root systems. Using five accessions two breeding lines, the fourth, fifth, and sixth leaves from the vine tip were Search for Additional Sources of cut at the petiole base and planted in Resistance to Stem Borer vermiculite fertilized with Hoagland's in Sweet Potato solution. Growth parameters were investigated after eight weeks. A Five of 234 sweet potato accessions relationship was observed between leaf from Papua New Guinea demonstrated area and storage root dry weight accu­ resistance to stem borer equivalent or mulation. superior to two standard resistant To test the effect of flooding on checks, PI 324889 and PI 308208, in yield, pots in which leaf cuttings of the spring 1982 screening at Penghu. Stem same entries had been planted six weeks borer infestation was assessed one week earlier were immersed in water for one before harvest by the incidence of holes week, and investigated for storage root 22 AVRDC Progress Report Summaries 1982 formation and other growth parameters 0, 2, and 6 weeks after flooding. Flooding tended to reduce storage root formation, although reduction was signi­ ficant only for I 428 and AIS 0122-2. Fibrous roots were not affected. Root respiration rate and net assimilation rate of sweet potato blades were increased two weeks after flooding. After six weeks, however, no differences were observed between flooded and unflooded cuttings, indicating potential for re­ covery after flooding. With further improvements, the blade-petiole-root system may bo a useful tool for screening germplasm for characteristics such as flood tolerance and root storage potential.

Growth Analysis of Sweet Potato in the Hot, Wet Season

High rainfall and soil moisture were observed to benefit top growth but suppress storage root growth in a field experiment with two sweet potato vari­ eties planted in four blocks at monthly intervals from April to July. Plants were sampled at two week intervals for formation of AIS 35-2 (left), I 6 analysis, and soil cores were Storage root growth and TN 57 (right) as shown using weekly for moisture analysis. (middle), sampled the simplified leaf blade-petiole-root system. Top growth Increased with increasing soil moisture. Storage root growth benefitted from moderate soil moisture at early growth stages, and was not limited by low soil moisture at advanced growth stages. C 64-108 produced storage roots more efficiently than AIS 0122-2, and appeared resistant to flooding at early growth stages. Both entries were susceptible to flooding at later stages of growth. 23

Mungbean

Plant Breeding

Hybridization and Segregating Populations

In 1982, 116 single or multiple crosses were made to improve yield, disease resistance, and uniformity of In maturity of AVRDC selections. addition, 39 crosses were made for specific purposes, e.g. to incorporate study beanfly resistance and to inheritance of Cercospora leafspot and powdery mildew resisance. Four single crosses and six backcrosses were made to develop near-isogenic lines for dif­ ferent leaflet types to assess the merits of each type. Nine crosses were also made, by request, to incorporate charac­ teristics of three AVRDC high yielding lines into three lines from Pakistan. Segregating populations wevr grown in three seasons with two checks, programs for early and uniform maturity VC 1628 A fcr agronomic traits and were selected in a February trial and VC 1560 D for disease resistance, planted in July and September in ran­ domized complete block designs with replications. In the fall trial, Evaluation of Germplasm for three senesced prematurely from severe Early and Uniform Maturity plants root damage; nevertheless five lines were based on uniform maturity in Five lines wee selected in tests selected the preliminary evaluations. These lines conducted for three seasons to identify were low yielding, small seeded, and new accessions with early and uniform susceptible to disease. In 1983 they will maturity, as AVRDC breeding lines be reevaluated in spring and summer, produce at most 80% of the total yield at when genotypic differences for maturity the first harvest. Twenty-five of 67 are more clearly expressed. lines that had been improved by national Progress Report Summaries 1982 24 AVRDC Lines Yield Trials Performance of Breeding With and Without Management A total of 24 high yielding lines In a summer trial, yields of individ­ were selected from elite, advanced, and ual mungbean lines showed a significant intermediate yield trials (EYTs, AYTs, positive correlation to management versus and IYTs) over three seasons in 1982. no management inputs. In land adjacent Breeding line VC 2768 A yielded highest to the elite yield trial (standard manage­ in both spring and summer EYTs (2.36 ment), the same 24 entries at similar and 2.85 t/ha, respectively) and was population density, grown without in­ rated highly resistant to powdery mildew puts, yielded an average of 49.1% less, and moderately resistant to Cercospora due in particular to reduced growth and leafspot. VC 2307 A was the highest pods per plant. Higher yielding lines yielder in spring and summer AYTs (1.9 under good management also performed and 2.7. t/ha, respectively) axd better without management, suggesting VC 2768-16-B-3-B yielded highest at that selection for high yield under no 2.74 t/ha in those two season's IYTs. In management can be made under high EYTs, yielding conditions.t/ha. Six breeding lines addition, three lines from thefive lines exceeded 1.5 lines from the AYTs, and four selected for disease from the IYTs were or uniform maturity. In resistance Hybridization preliminary yield trials (PYTs), 33 lines Interspecific from PYT-I and 134 lines from PYT-I for high yield, disease Through intcrspecific hybridization were selected breeder, aim to im­ resistance, and/or uniform maturity. with black gram, prove disease and insect resistance, environmental stress and shattering tolerance, and methionine content of Development of Disease Resistant Lines mungbean. In spring, 1982, 26 crosses were made between 13 mungbean and two and 52 acces- black gram lines to identify mungbean Of 120 breeding lines to for disease resistance lines compatible with black gram, sions screened sterility, and in three seasons, nine breeding lines avoid the inviability, resistance to breakdown encountered in prior crosses. consistently showed higher only leafspot (CLS) and powdery The interspecific crosses produced Cercospora and empty seeds, mildew (PM) than the resistant check, V crinkled, cracked, rated highly with germination rates averaging 80%, 2773, and were accordingly Mungbeans resistant. Resistance to CLS was 30%, and 0%, respectively. and fall and to PM manifested clear genotypic differences in evaluated in summer seeds and spring and fall under natural ability to produce germinable in plants from the epiphytotic conditions (275 entries in surviving, fertile F1 438 in summer, and 193 in fall, crosses with black gram. Advanced spring, yet been evaluated. compared with resistant and susceptible generations have not As in 1981, line VC 1560 D In addition, 22 intraspecific mungbean checks). all gave normal was again rated highly resistant. An crosses were made and lines demonstrated fertile seeds, suggesting that no repro­ additional 68 breeding lines. to high resistance to both ductive barriers exist between moderate that crossed diseascq. Six mungbean accessions 25 successfully with both mungbean and 193-135-B-B-2, appeared resistant to black gram may be useful as genetic beanfly. Four of seven late maturing bridges between the two species, entries, screened in the fall, were also selected for resistance. In a second set of 862 entries tested at AVRDC, 24 entries, with Peed weight ranging from Path.Mio -N 2.8 to 5.1 g/100 seeds were free of beanfly inft tation and 45 had only one Controlling the Mungbean beanfly larva r pupa/20 plants. Bcan­ Root Disease Complex fly (especig&y 0. phaseoH) population pressure i, too low in Taiwan for reliable In a search for an alternative to selecticn, however. Future screenings soil fumigation with chloropicrin for will be conducted in Thailand and Indo­ control of mungbean root disease corn- nesia. plex, three fall treatments were ineffec­ The susceptible cultivar, V 2010, tive. for was planted in the mungbean root dis- Screening Accessions to Beanflies ease nursery with the fol1owizg treat- Resistance ments: 1) preplanting witi corghum and germplasm removing above-ground parts one month Of 1,346 mungbean for beanfly resis­ before preparing soil for mungbean; accessions screened time in fall, 1982, 222 2) soil fumigation with Basamid W.P. tance for the first resistant and 545 (25 g/m 2 ) 10 days before planting; and were rated moderately while others seed treatment with Captan 75% W.P. demonstrated low resistance, 3) Materials and boil application of granular Nemacur fell in susceptible categories. insect source (.,0 kg/ha) one day before planting. were screened bet,;een 10% snwn each Point survival was high only in the blocks, with 225 a,cessions to previously Basamid-treated plots, but plants were week in rows adjacent mean number of weak and stunted. Since Basamid was seeded accessions. The entry was used effective during early cr;p growth, it insects in plants of each resistance. may have potential at other concentra- as the criterion for judging of insect tions or application rates. Because of the wide variation 7,imbers in a particular screening, even the five least affected accessions, which Entomology averaged 0 insects/ten plants, could not be rated highly resistant. All moder­ ately resistant entries will be rescreened Study of Beanfly Resistance in 1983 under higher beanily population Inheritance in Mungbean pressure in Thailand and Indon.sia.

F 4 and F 6 populations descended from crosses between V 2184 and three Characterization of Beanfly accessions that had been rated moderate- Resistant Mungbean Accessions ly resistant to beanfly were screened with resistant and susceptible parents in Stems and unifoliolate and trifolio­ fall, 1982. Two of 29 early maturing F6 late leaves of resistant accessions dif­ entries screened in late summer, fered significantly from those of suscep­ VC 2832-4-133-93-B-f -K and VC 2832-4- tible accessions in a study of the mor­ Report Summaries 1982 26 AVRDC Progress phological and physiological characteris­ tics involved in beanfly resistance in mungbean. Three moderately resistant and two susceptible cultivars were grown at AVRDC in summer with no insecticide and in fall with monocrotophos spray to ' control beanflics. Plant samples were -' taken at three and five weeks after emergence to investigate characters of leaves, stems, stem nodes and branching tendencies, plant height, petioles, and flowers. Beanfly resistant mungbean accessions had more trichomes in leaves and stems and lower leaf moisture con­ tent. Unifoliolate leaves of resistant Beanfly (Ophiomyla phaseoll) larva. entries were smaller and thinner, weighed less, and were less visited by MK-936, also controlled beanfly; MK-936, beanfly than those of susceptible en- an antibiotic type, was slightly more tries. Higher levels of phenolic com- effective than the other two. pounds were noted in the stems of and fewver insects resistant accessions stems, indicat­ were recorded in damaged ing antibiosis as a possible machanism of Growth and Yield of Multiple Leaflet resistance. and Lobate Leaflet Mungbeans

Chemical Control of The characteristic of small or lobate Beanflies on Mungbean leaflets showed potential for incren-ing dry matter production of mungbean uy in the Monocrotophos, dimethoate, and allowing high light transmission omethoate effectively controlled beanflies, canopy. V 2773 and VC 1973 A (nolmal V 2773 S (lobate as in past AVRDC trials, when applied trifollolate leaves), (9-leaflet as foliar spray at the rate of 0.5 kg trifoliolate leaves), and V 5926 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after leaves) were planted in July at various al/ha for growth mungbean germination. All three insec- crop densities and evaluated were ineffective, however, when parameters and light transmission 35 and ticides VC 1973 A applied as granules at sowing time. 55 days after emergence. screening followed standard had the lowest leaf area index (leaf Fall, 1982, matter AVRDC procedures. To test the efficacy area/ground area) and total dry three chemicals as soil systemics, yield, but high net assimilation rate, of the 1000-seed gran-d ar formulations were prepared seed yield, harvest index, and sand as the carrier base. weight in all population densities. using Ottawa and, .Efficacy was judged according to the V 2773 S had the lowest seed yield of beanfly larvae and pupae along with V 5926, the highest total dry number of within stems, the extent of plant dam- matter, indicating that distribution age, and seed yield. Three new insec- dry matter (i.e. through better light ticide sprays that were included in this penetration) overrides total dry matter screening, isofenphos, flucythrinate, and in influencing economic yield. 27

Soybean

Plant Breeding

Evaluation of Soybean Germplasm Seventeen accessions were selected for maturity, large seed size, and/or high yield potential from 210, 178, and 224 accessions planted in February, July, and September, respectively. Early maturing entries matured from 73 to 92 days after planting, large-seeded entries had 100-seed weight ranging from 33 g, and high yielding selections2 25 to per 5 m yielded from 459 to 1,316 g plot. The new selections will serve as sources of increased genetic variability in the breeding program.

Evaluation of Vegetable Soybeans In summer and autumn preliminary trials (PYTs), eight of 42 vege­ yield A correlation was found between 100 table soybean accessions were selected autumn plant hight, seed weight in summer and (on the basis of seed size, that selection for pod number, and yield (0.56**) indicating node number, be carried out in both for inclusion in the first seed size can potential) seasons. AVRDC Vegetable Soybean Evaluation Trial (AVSET), which will be conducted locations in spring and at multiple and Intermediate Yield Triels summer 1983. In the summer PYT, five Preliminary gave yields of 1.6 to 1.9 accessions Of a total of 325 entries tested in t/ha, and 55% of the entries had the Of 174 preliminary and intermediate yield trials preferred grey pubescence. three seasons, 56 planted for seed (PYTs and IYTs) over additional accessions and 76 summer entries and observation, about 25% spring entries multiplication 3 t/ha or more. Yields were had 100 seed weight in excess of 25 g. yielded 28 AVRDC Progress Report Summaries 1982 lower in autumn. In addition, two 25 Kr group; it flowered in 65 days and entries were tolerant to soybean rust, 28 matured in 107 days compared to AGS 2, were free from bacterial pustule, and 185 which flowered in 75 days and was not exhibited no downy mildew symptoms. mature at 150 days. The 119 M3 plants In 1982, entries were evaluated using a descended from this mutant, planted in lattice design, which proved more ef- June, flowered at 37 days (mean) com­ ficient for the Identification of superier pared to AGS 2's 55, and matured at 92 selections than the previously used days compared to AGS 2's 122. Of the 40 randomized complete block design. Lines 119 M4 lines planted in September, selected for yield. maturity, multi-season were selected for desirable qgronomic adaptability, seed quality, and disease traits. Remnant M2 seeds were also resistance will be entered in advanced planted in autumn, 1982; six selections yield trials. from the 15 Kr group, seven from the 20 Kr group, and three from the 25 Kr group were selected for high pod num­ Advanced Yield Trials ber, seed size, and short stem. The early maturing mutants will be evaluated A total of 28 AGS lines were evalu- for yield potential, stability, and soy­ ated with Shih-Shih and TN #15 as bean rust tolerance. checks in two sets of autanced yield trials (AYTs) during three seasons. Nine entries yielded from 1.4 to 3.1 Selection for Soybean Rust Tolerance (spring) 2.1 to 2.9 (summer), and 1.2 to 2.0 t/ha (autumn), which equalled or Potential soybean rust tolerance was surpassed Shili-Shih. In addition, AGS identified in 931 of 6,955 F7 , F8 , and 172, 180, 182, and 183 exhibited tole- F9 pedigree lines tested in spring and rance to soybean rust, and AGS 182 autumn, 1982. Entries were exposed to matured as early as Shih Shih. Bac- natural field rust infection. The sever­ terial pustule and downy mildew resis- ity of infection varied with location; tance were found in 59% and 69% of the under severe infection, yield losses on entries, respectively. The superior varied from 69 to 79% depending be breeding lines will be entered in the genotype. Selected lines will AVRDC Soybean Evaluation Trial screened further in 1983. (ASET). Genotypic Responses for Minimum Mutation Breeding in Soybean and Maximum Inpat in Soybean

Forty early-m;.turing, large--seeded Soybean genotypes showed a highly M generation mutants have been ob- significant correlation between yield 4 60 tained from AGS 2 irradiated with Co under maximum and minumum inputs, at the Korean Atomic Energy Agency. suggesting that cultivars suitable for low Seeds were irradiated at 15, 20, and 25 Input cultivation can be selected from Kr to generate variation in the germ- regular advanced yield trials. Eleven three check plasm. The M1 generation was grown in AVRDC AGS selections and autumn, 1981. From 365 M2 lines (about cultivars were grown with suggested 50,000 plants) planted In February, cultural practices (maximum input) and 1982, one mutant was selected from the with land preparation, planting, and 29 harvestng only (minimum input), in flowering until maturity. Germination three seasons over three years. The and 100 seed weight improved with later yield gap between minimum and maximum harvest, but seed quality deteriorated if input crops varied with season and with harvest was delayed until maturity. In genotype, and was smallest during the sprilg, good quality seeds of small­ summer. The highest yields under seeded genotypes were harvested 40 minimum input were produced by AGS days after flowering; otherwise, 50 days 143 (1.7 t/ha, spring) and AGS 59 (1.1 were required for seed production and t/ha, autumn). generation advance.

Techniques for Determining Continuous Cropping of Soybeans Soybean Seed Storability cropping over Continuous soybean three seasons on the same land, a com- Two treatments for predicting seed mon practice in Indonesia, showed no storability, accelerated ageing (40°C/100% deleterious effects when tested at R.H./3 days) and methanol stress (20% AVRDC. AGS 129 (narrow leaflet type) methanol/2 hours), appeared to differ­ and AGS 154 (broad leaflet type) were entiate genotypes for seed quality, but planted in January, June, and Septem- actual storage tests did not verify the ber. The spring, summer, and autumn results. The two techniques, in addition crops accounted respectively for 39%, to a hot water treatment (75°C/80 sec­ 36%, and 25% of the annual yield of AGS onds) which proved inconclusive, were 129 (7.8 t/ha) and 39%, 31%, and 30% of tested on six AVRDC selections with the annual yield of AGS 154 (7.2 t/ha). different seed sizes. Percent germina­ Maturity was later in spring and summer tion was compared to that of an un­ than in autumn Varietal yield dif- treated control. G 2120 (recognized for ferences were significant only in spring good seed quality) and GC 60011-6-12-6 and summer, when AGS 129 yielded Br, both small-seeded genotypes, exhib- higher than AGS 154. Ited highest germination after the two treatments. However, seeds of all selections lost viability after storage for Techniques to Hasten Soybean six months in the greenhouse and at Maturity for Generation Advance room temperature. Seed quality was maintained after nine months of cold Harvesting soybean plants 40 to 50 storage (15 to 180C), but no genotype days after flowering and subsequent air gave indication of superior storability. drying in the shade for ten days was a more effective measure for escaping rainy season damage than hastening Evaluation of Korean Soybeans maturity by spraying paraquat and harvesting after five days. Both treat- Two high-yielding, early-maturing ments were field tested using four accessions were selected from 12 soybean cultivars of different seed sizes breeding lines sent by the Korean Atomic in February and July planting seasons, Energy Research Institute for evaluation when rain Is likely to coincide with under AVRDC conditions. The lines maturity. Treatments were tested at were compared with three check cultivars five-day intervals from 20 days after in the September planting season. One Summaries 1982 30 AVRDC Progress Report higher than decreased gradually through the two entry, KAS 700-38, yielded Spore early as Shih-Shih. The subsequent cropping cycles. and matured as in the first entries will be reevaluated in populations were lowest selected two to three weeks 1983. survey, conducted after the fall soybean crop was planted. Again, Glomus mosseae, GI. etunicatus, Input for Maximum and AcausOra scroicuata were the Optimum Management only ones Economic Yield in Soybean dominant species and were the with distinctive increases in spore popu­ to management inputs lations vetween fall and winter samp­ Response are con­ with genotype and season, but lings. These three species varies to form mycorrhizal fur.,-icide, herbicide, and irrigation sidered most likely appear - be the most important inputs associations with soybean. for maximum z-onomic yield, according to a test conducted at Avi-vLd during three Fungi AGS 62 and 144 were Survey of Mycorrhizal seasons in 1982. in Pingtung County grown in an L64 orthagonal factorial of five input design with va ying levels vesicular-arbuscular mycor- Data analysis was not complete Sixteen factors. rhizal species and two unidentified at the time of publication, but according similar was most species with morphologically to yield trends, irrigation a survey of unnecessary in spores were identified in effective in spring and cropping systems in weed control was most important paddy rice-legume summer, districts of Pingtung County, fall, and disease control was important ten in Taiwan. The survey was conducted in In all three seasons. Fertilizer and in and May, 1982 after rice harvest, which insect control elicited no response, soybean. Ten were therefore considered unnecessary. most cases followed subsamples were collected from each of ten fields in each district and mycor­ rhizal spores were extracted and exam- Pathology ined microscopically. Three species, Glomus mosseae, Gl. etunicatus, and Mycorrhizal Population Dynamics in causpra scrobicuiata, were found in Soybean-Rice-Rice and almost all fields. They are evidently Soybean-Soybean-Rice Cropping Systems mycorrhizal either on rice, a legume (probably soybean), or both. Most Spore population dynamics of dif- species occurred over a wide range of ferent mycorrhiza species were found to soil pH and phosphorus concentrations. be similar in (fall soybean)-(spring soy­ bean)-(summer rice) and (fall soybean)­ (spring rice)-(summer rice) cropping The Effect of Cropping Systems on systems, in a series of four surveys Vcsicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizae taken at two sites in Pingtung County, Iricculum Potential Taiwan over a complete one-year cycle Under Greenhouse Conditions beginning in October, 1981. At both sites, spore population was highest at To investigate the inoculum poten­ of the first soybean crop tial of mycorrhizae under different paddy maturity crop (January), then remained constant or rice-soybean cropping systems, two 31

II

Reddish-brown (left) and tan (right) rust lesions. cycles were planted in pots containing grown soybean cultivars with both tan from which spring rice had just been and reddish-brown type lesions, inocu­ soil ap­ harvested, and in sterilized soil amended lated to six differential hosts, all spring rice roots, to simulate peared to belong to the USDA Plant with 4. summer rice, soybean, and fallow fie',is Disease Research Laboratory's race followed by fall soybean. Both mycor- This race was able to overcome the three rhiza spores and mycelium in rice soil pro'en independent specific resistance and mycelium in rice roots enhanced genes of cultivars Ankur, Pi 200492, and "summer" soybean yield. Spring rice PI 230970, showing evidence of multiple roots served as effective inoculuw. only virulence genes. It could not overcome in the soybean-soybean sequence, and the resistance of PI 459025 and "summer" rice roots did not enhance PI 339871, although the genetics of "fall" soybean yield; evidently mycor- resistance in these cultivars is not rhizal associations do not form on the known. "summer" rice crop, and the mycelium cannot survive a three-month fallow period. Spores were the primary inocu- Resistance to Development of lum source for soybean after "summer" Soybean Rust rice; however, the "summer" crop re­ duced the inoculum potential for the Reducing the rate of rust develop­ "fall" crop. Flooding pre-treatment did ment is thought to be a practical strat­ not reduce inoculum potential. egy for combatting soybean rust in developing countries. Significant varia­ tion was found in the rate of rust devel­ Identification of Soybean opment of diverse breeding lines and Rust Races at AVRDC germplasm accessions evaluated in sepa­ rate experiments under rust inoculated Soybean rust (Phakopsora achy- and fungicide protected conditions in rhizi) isolates collected from 10 field- spring and fall. Two advanced breeding 32 AVRDC Progress Report Summaries 1982 lines, SRE-Z-11B and SRE-Z-15A, and with low soluble phosphorous content (9 one accession, G 5095, demonstrated ppm), but also stimulated plant growth higher levels of rate-reducing resistance to such an extent that yield parameters than the check cultivar, Shih-Shih. were greater than those of the healthy However, the rate of rust development control. Mycorrhizal treatments received alone apparently does not indicate the inoculum containing approximately 200 level of a cultivar's resistance. An spores of Glomus mosseae, and plants interaction was also noted with environ- were inoculated--evith-IVat the primary ment (greater /ariation and higher rates leafstage. Virus concentration was occurred in the fall) measured by inoculating homogenate from of rust development vigars and with the rust intensity at completion infected leaves on Phaseolus of 70% of the soybean life cycle. Topcrop, a local lesion host of SMV. Mycorrhizae increased virus infection in leaves of the seventh and eight nodes by Yield of Soybean Cultivars 51% and 136%, respectively, but yield Under Stress from a Rust Epidemic reduction due to SMV was only 39% in mycorrhizal plants compared with 64% in Yields of two soybean populations non-mycorrhizal plants. (advanced breeding lines with commercial In a field experiment using the cultivars and accessions, and germplasm same soil and treatments, mycorrhizae accessions previously selected for rust had no effect. The inoculum may have resistance) varied significantly under been too low to stimulate response under stress from a severe rust epidemic field conditions, or native mycorrhizae induced by inoculation with rust spores may have already been present in the at stage V2 to V4. Selection for rust field. resistance did not always assure higher Moreover, yield under rust stress. of was absent between yield Isolation and Characterization correlation Soybean in Taiwan under rust stress and yield under Viruses on Segregating popu­ fungicide protection. virus therefore be selected first Leaf samples showing typical lations should mottle, mosaic, for high yield under rust stress and symptoms of chlorosis, under low or no rust and malformation were collected from then for high yield growing protected) conditions. The AVRDC and the major soybean (fungicide Samples were inocu­ term "tolerance to soybean rust" is areas of Taiwan. yielding lated to Phaseolus vulgaris Topcrop, the suggested to connote relative other epidemic stress, which is local lesionhost for SMV and ability under three single to assess than resistance. soybean viruses. Following easier local lesion transfers to purify the virus, 22 plant species were inoculated The Effects of Vesicular-Arbuscular for host range studies. Three isolates, Mycorrhizae on Soybean Mosaic 74, PN, and PM, induced necrotic lesions Virus Infected Soybeans on several soybean cultivars, as well as systemic reactions in two P. vulgaris In a pot experiment, mycorrhizal cultivars that have not been reported to infection significantly Increased soybean sustain systemic SMV infection, Bountiful mosaic virus (SMV) concentration in and Saxa. Isolates 74 and PN also leaves of soybean grown in sterilized soil infected Vigna umbellata systemically, 33

were and isolate PN induced necrotic lesions received a low resistance rating, 79 faba. Electron microscopic rated susceptible, and eight were rated in Vicia in examnia on-'67 leaf dip preparations highly susceptible. Fifty-two entries SMV-like flexuous rods 700 to which insects were absent were rated revealed all had 800 nm long, but on the basis of host only moderately resistant, as isolates are not believed to some beanfly damage. Four entries did range these had be SMV. The three isolates are being not germinate. Spring plantings further to establish their resembled their cultivated parent, but investigated small identity. fall plantings were all small, with leaves and stem diameters similar to the Glycine soja parent. Seed size and color Preliminary Yield Trial of Soybean Lines still resembled cultivated soybean, Resistant to Soybean Mosaic Virus however. Moderately resistant entries will be retested in 1983 in Thailand and Only one of 19 SMV resistant ad- Indonesia, where beanfly population vanced lines from INTSOY, Puerto Rico pressure is higher than in Taiwan. entered in a regional PYT matured early enough for growth in Taiwan's spring cropping season. PR 140-1, although Screening Soybean Germplasm somewhat late maturing (141 days) for Resistance to Beanfly yiclded comparably to the local check (7.25 g/plant). Although trial entries Of 2,169 soyb6an accessions were not inoculated with SMV, SMV-like screened for the first time in fall 1982, symptoms (strong crinkle and mottle) 32 were rated highly resistant, 315 were observed in several lines about six moderately resistant, 82 slightly resis­ weeks after planting. Local lesions did tant, 938 susceptible, and 63 highly however, when samples susceptible. Materials were screened not develop, 225 were inocult.'d to P. vulgaris Topcrop, between insect source blocks, with and the field symptoms, which were accessions sown each week in rows visible for only five weeks, were attri- adjacent to previously seeded accessions. buted to soil nutrient deficiency. Resistance ratings were based on mean number of insects/10 plants of each entry. Resistant accessions will be rescreened under higher beanfly popula­ Entomology tion pressure in Indonesia and Thailand in 1983. Resistance Study of Beanfly Inheritance in Soybean Evaluation of Insecticides In fall, 1982, 191 F entries des- for Beanfly Control cended from crosses bet een a Glycine soa accession rated highly resistant to As in past AVRDC screenings, Veanfly (G 3122) and a cultivated ,nonocrotophos, dimethoate, and ometho­ soybean cultivar (G 215) were screened ate controlled beanflies effectively when for beanfly resistance using standard applied as foliar sprays at 0.5 kg al/ha, AVRDC procedures. Based on numbers 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after soybean of larvae and pupae found within stems germination (fall, 1982). All three failed six weeks after planting, 48 entries to control beanflies when applied as AVRDC Progress Report Summaries 1982 34 granules at sowing time, however. Granular formulations with Ottawa sand as the carrier base were used to test the efficacy of the three insecticides as soil systemics. Efficacy was judged accord­ ing to the number of insects found within stems and the number of damaged plants. Three insecticide sprays, MK­ 936, isofenphos, and flucythrinate, were also included in this screening. MK-936, an antibiotic type, was effective on beanfly.

Host Range of Beanfly Species on Common Legumes

Three species of beanfly, Melana- (Spodoptera exigua) larva. Urmyza sojae, Ophiomyia phaseo-,and Beet armyworm 0. centrosematis, all demohstratd wide when con- red the leaves of GC 30067-0-8 Nost ranges in a fall, 1982 study, in a net commonly released In a petri dish and firming 1980 results. Fourteen plants of the four were planted in a cage containing potted grown legume crops PI 227687 was the least complete block design and accessions. randomized preferred entry. When 15 female and left exposed to the ambient beanfly in and seven male adult insects were released population. The number of larvae of resistant of a 20 to 30 a cage containing branches pupae inside the stems accessions for an ovi­ recorded for each crop and susceptible plant sample was study, the number of egg weeks. Snap bean was the position at five masses per branch and number of eggs preferred host for 0. phaseoli and greater centrosematis per egg mass were significantly soybean for M. sojae. -0. accession. In an in iiost crops. on the susceptible Infestation wgsh minor antiblosis test, insects reared on leaves of PI 227687 and PI 229358 in test tubes Armyworm Resistance showed a higher mortality rate, longer Beet weight, and in Selected Soybean Accessions pupal period, lower pupal limited growth compared to the suscepti­ accessions, PI ble check. Insects fed on PI 227687 and Three soybean when and PI 227687 demon- PI 171451 also appeared less fecund 171451, PI 229358, nylon cage moderate to high levels of re- pairs were released in a strated susceptible plant. sistance to beet armyworm, Spodoeta containing a potted test at AVRDU. Examination of unifoliolate and trifoliolate exigua, in a spring field of PI following emergence, leaf leaves revealed that the leaves Ten days with greater tri­ damage was significantly less than on the entries were thicker GC 30067-0-8. Lab- chome density than the susceptible susceptible entry, PI 227687 tests were conducted to charac- ch ck. In all parameters, oratory best source of resis­ terize the nature of the resistance. In a appeared to be the feeding preference study, Insects prefer- tance. 35

of insect The Effect of Defoliation on Yield each bed and the number and Yield Components of Soybean damaged plants. The greatest soybean yield loss Confirmation of Stinkbug occurred with hand defoliation (simulat- ReistatIn PI 227687 ing beet armyworm and scarabid green Resistance in PI 227687 R5 beetle damage) during R2 through field, greenhouse, in studies during 1980, In preliminary growth stages, tests conducted in sum­ -82 to determine the relation- and laboratory -81, and 1982, soybean accession PI 227687 ship between insect feeding and soybean mer, exhibited some resistance to at least two yield loss. In spring of each year, "free grown follo~i- stinkbug species. In a field cultivar GC 30067-0-8 was planted with PI cultural practices In- choice" Lest, one plot cludinging traditional the use of Insecticides. Starting 227687 and one planted with susceptible 30067-0-8 were enclosed in one 2 x 20 days after germination, plants in 'C by 10, 2 m cage and three stinkbug species individual plots were defoliated cages. In ­ or more consecutive were choice"released test, in separateresistant and suscep­ 25 , andad"no50% at one rescovere d s ep stages until 90 days after germi- tibl c cessions growth accessions were covered separately. nation. Yields and yield component6 tible In both tests, both Nezara viridula and were analyzed at harvest. A single stylet at any stage Piezodorus hybneri leftfewer defoliation of 25% or less PI 227687. The significantly, but a sheaths on pods of 50%did notsingle reduce defoliation yield or lower level of behavior of Riptortus clavatus, however, confinement in cages and at two or more consecutive was altered by defoliation insects died even when the suscep­ reproductive growth stages significantly most reduction tible cultivar was available. When first reduced soybean yields. Yield on R5 stage decreased seed size, instar nymphs were confined was attributed to in the greenhouse, seeds/pod. PI 227687 in pots pods/plant, and none of the insect species survived past the nymphal stage. When nymphs were Chemical Control of Beet Armyworm confined on R6 stage green pods in petri on Soybean dishes, significantly fewer stylet sheaths were found on pods of PI 227683, and at Decamethrin 2.8EC (12.5 g ai/ha), the end of the experiment P. hybneri alone or in combination with Bacillus had developed into abnormal-adults and thuringensis (.5 kg ai/ha), controlled other species remained in the fourth eet armyworm most effectively in a instar, compared with normal adults on spring insecticide screening. Larvin the susceptible cultivar. 75WP (.5 kg a/ha) was also superior to the other insecticides tested, which Included malathion 57EC, BPMC 50EC, Physlogy and MIPC 50WP, applied singly or in various combinations. Soybean breeding line GC 30067-0-8 was used as test Effect of Weathering on Maturing cultivar. Insecticides were sprayed Soybean and Mungbean Seeds weekly during the infestation period, and efficacy was judged by the number In field and in vitro tests, high of armyworm larvae/m2 at the center of temperature and hum-dijty--uring matura­ 36 A%RDC Progress Report Summaries 1982 tion reduced germination percentage four hours of imbibition, also decreased (GP) and germination rate index (GRI) more in these entries, suggesting that of seeds of two soybean varieties and RR may be useful in assaying for seed three mungbean varieties. Beans were vigor. Germination of all entries except grown in the field In spring and fall and AGS 66 decreased with increasing mois­ sprinkled with simulated rain for two ture content; germination, GRI, and RR hour.- daily beginning at soybeans' R6 of AGS 66 were the lowest of all entries mungbeans' first flush of full- at 8% moisture and were not further stage and Seeds pods. Germination of mungbean reduced by increasing moisture. sized 300C did was decreased in spring plantings and of AGS 66 stored at or above soybean in fall plantings. In in vitro not germinate. tests, soybean pods were harvesteU-t the R7 stage and mungbean at early darkening. Seeds were placed in beak- Seed Emerence Under Anoxia Conditions ers at 300C and 80% relative humidity, and air dried at 300 C in an incubator. Germination of large-seeded soybean soybean G 2120 withstood variety G 9053 was reduced to less than Small-seeded of water weathering comparatively well, but 15% by six or more hours germination of mungbean VC 1562 A was imbibition, in an experiment to determine completely inhibited. Hot dry conditions the relationship of low oxygen availabil­ (air dried at 300C) induced hard seed ity in wet soil to poor vegetable seed coats in mungbean. emergence during the rainy season. Sterilized soybean, mungbean, Chinese cabbage, tomato, and rice seeds were Effect of Storage Conditions on immersed in sterile water flushed with for 6, Germination and Vigor of Soybean air for 6 and 24 hours or with N2 24, 48, and 72 hours. Emergence was Storage for one month or more then tested in seedling flats containing decreased the germination and germina- moist sand. Dissolved 02 in water was tion rate index (GRI) of four soybean depleted rapidly by G 9053, probably varieties at all temperatures and moisture because the large seeds (34.3 g/100) contents tested. Moisture content of require large amounts of 02 for respira­ G 2120, G 8285, G 8707, tion. N2 flush further accelerated the six-month-old or and AGS 66 seeds was adjusted to 8, 13, reduction of dissolved 0 2 . After six 18%. Seeds in sealed vials were then more hours of immersion in water flushed or had stored in incubators at 10, 20, 30, or with air or N2 , most G 9053 seeds 400C and evaluated one, two, and three cracked. Small-seeded soybean variety months later. After three months, seeds G 2120 germinated well even after three of G 2120 (low oil content) and G 8707 days of anoxic imbibition. Emergence of had survived best, with highest viability tomato (variety Li) and to a lesser when stored at 100C and 8% moisture. extent mungbean (VC 1562 A and Germination of G 8285 and AGS 66 de- V 2773) was reduced by anoxic water creased more than 50% in one month, and imbibition. respiration rate (RR), measured after 37

Nutrition, Environment, and Management

Nutrition Chemistry

Cost Estimate of Manufacturing Mungbean Supplementary Effect of Sweet Potato Starch by Air Classification and Legume Proteins Soybean was a better supplement It was estimated that for an input than mungbean for increasing the protein cost of approximately US $11,100, mung- of a sweet potato diet. Laboratory rats bean starch valued at US $12,700 could were fed steamed, dried, and ground be produced commercially using the air sweet potato (AIS 35-2), supplemented classification process developed at with either soybean (AGS 66) or mung­ AVRDC (Progress Reports 1980 and bean (VC 1973 A) powder to contribute 55% of the diet's protein. 1981). In this dry process, dehulled 100, 85, 70, or potato diets, mungbean seeds are pin-milled and air For the mungbean-sweet a starch-rich fraction the protein efficiency ratio (PER, cal­ classified to derive first protein-rich fraction (PRF). tulated on animal growth from the (SRF) and and the Input costs include equipment, materials, to fifth week after weaning) (FE, measured by labor, water, electricity, and depreci- feeding efficiency ation. The output products are the weight gain) were highest with 85% SRF, PRF, and hull fraction, which can mungbean protein/15% sweet potato be used for animal feed. The cost protein. PER and FE for soybean-sweet estimate was based on the assumptions potato diets were not significantly .that noodle manufacturers would buy the different with sweet potato protein 30% SRF at about twice the price of mung- or less. The soybean-sweet potato diets bean, and that the PRF, which can be had consistently higher FE values than used to fortify other food products, mungbean-sweet potato diets, although could be sold at the price of wheat S-containing amino acids are the limiting flour. Fortification with 10% PRF amino acids for both. improved both content and quality of protein in wheat flour; utilizable protein Development of a High Performance increasod from 7.15 to 14.4%. The b' 4 ter Liquid Chromatography System for taste normally associated with the PRF Provitamin A Activity Determination was not detected in organoleptic tests of breads made from PRF-fortified wheat An isocretic solvent system was flour. developed for HPLC analysis, consisting 38 AVRDC Progress Report Summaries 1982 of methanol: acetonitrile: acetone = 40:40: 20 applied on a Merck RP-18 1OU column, that could accurately and economically resolve lycopene and the major provita­ min A carotenoids, c-carotene, 0-caro­ tene, and 0-cryptoxantlb4. A Waters liquid chromatograph was used with elution patterns monitored at 436 nm and recorded with a Hewlett-Packard 3390 A integrator. Four different columns were te ted. Anthinic carotenoids isolated from plant tissues were used as standard compounds. The system, which is sensitive to the 1 pg level, had a slow flow rate, 0.7 ml/min, and hence a lower operating cost than other HPLC solvent systems. Saponification is recommended to avoid interference from chlorophylls, which are difficult to separate from HPLC analysis for provitamin A determination. lycopene and cryptoxanthin. Separation pigment. Seponification was chloroplast xanthophylls, which elute dominant of for analysis of green chlorophylls, was poor but found unnecessary out before but essential for yellow and Iid not affect the estimation of Pro- vegetables orange colored fruits. vitamin A activity. Peak area was a more stable representation of pigment of Vegetable Soybean quantity than peak height. Chemical Properties vegetable and g-: in Provitamin A Activity of Although only in maturity, a com­ Selected Vegetables and Fruits soybean differ parison study showed vegetable soybean Comparison of the HPLC provitamin to have higher starch, iron, glutelin, A analysis system with the present and non-protein nitrogen, and lower AOAC method, which simply separates protein, sugar, phosphorus, phytate, carotenes from oxygenated compounds albumin, and globulin contents than and measures the color of the carotene mature grain soybean. Four soybean mixture, showed that the AOAC method varieties were analyzed according to overestimates provitamin A activity of standard procedures. Harvested vege­ and orange vegetables and fruits table soybeans were first air-dried yellow 0 that contain a mixture of several pro- (45 C) for two days. Available amino vitamin A carotenoids. Analysis of frs.sh acid contents, determined microbiologi­ samples followed recommended standard cally using Streptococcus zymogenes were procedures for the AOAC method. HPLC NCD0 5 9 2 as the assay organism, analysis was carried out as described similar, although leucine and valine above. Both methods gave comparable appeared higher in grain soybean. rates of 8-carotene recovery in analysis Further chemical and physical properties of leafy and non-leafy green vegetables such as color, beany flavor, and fatty (green pepper, broccoli, green peapods, acids patterns will be investigated in etc.) in which 8-carotene is the single 1983. 39

Garden Programs

School Garden

A 10 x 18 m garden designed for school use can contribute significantly to 'the vitamin and mineral requirements of 134 children by providing each with per day, five 113 g of cooked vegetables ...... days per week. Four seasonal gardens consisting of twelve 10 x 1.5 m beds were tested at AVRDC from June, 1981 vegetables to June, 1982. Twenty-seven ...... were grown, based on their nutritional value and cultural acceptability, with low input cultural procedures including hand " weeding and hand pest control. The i. ,. gardens yielded an average of 15.2 kg 2.. .. exceeding the objective of per day, garden designed for use in Thailand. 113 g per day for 80 children. Ai . sis A home of the nutritional content of the vege- removal, and rice straw mulching. tables showed that 113 g can contribute Average yield/day of the four gardens 6.4% of the protein, 22.7% of the cal- ranged from 1.11 to 1.66 kg, and contri­ cium, 59.1% of the iron, 59.4% of the bution to the RDA for two adults and vitamin A, and 261.7% of the vitamin C three children ranged from 20-25% for to the recommended dietary allowance protein, 72-81% for calcium, 78-112% for (RDA) of a 10-year-old child. iron, 128-186% for vitamin A (excluding the vitamin A garden) and 425-525% for Home Gardens vitamin C. The vitamin A garden con­ tributed 213.7% to the RDA of vitamin A Pilot gardens in the AVRDC home for a family of five. garden project significantly exceeded the objectives of providing, towards the RDA of a family of five, 40% of the calcium Market Gardens 80% of the vitamin A, 100% of and iron, to the vitamin C, and measurable amounts A 10 x 20 m garden designed Small 4 x 4.5 m gardens grow salable crops to supplement the of protein. shown designed for Indonesia, the Philippines, income of rural families was Thailand, and another developed to capable of increasing a poor household's and Vegeta­ supply as much vitamin A as possible, per annum net income by 30%. grown with variations from June, bles shown by surveys to be in demand were four 1981 to June, 1982. In each garden, a in local markets were grown in acceptable intercrop of vege- seasonal gardens from June, 1981 to culturally of 23 tables and a few fruits was planted on June, 1982. Over the year a total three raised beds, with low inputs vegetables wcre grown, on 13 raised comprising hand weeding and insect beds, following standard AVRDC cultural Progress Report Summaries 1982 40 AVRDC vege- of organic matter were found to Improve practices. A total of 2,356 kg of plots during the year yield. After a previous crop, tables were harvested of flooding, non­ wholesale at local markets for received treatments and sold or flooding with puddling. US $460. Net profit after deduction of flooding, costs was Some plots were first amended with rice seed, fertilizer, and pesticide or compost. Labor costs were not deducted straw, soybean stalks, US $394. was sown after one month of under the assumption that labor would Mungbean - Profit treatment. Yield was poor among the be performed by family members. than selling produce unflooded treatments, but more could be increased by Flooding with to consumers rather than to doubled after flooding. directly further favored mungbean wholesalers. puddling growth; the highest yield of 1 t/ha was recorded In the puddled plot that had Soil Science been amended with soybean stalks.

Chinese Cabbage Fertility Comparisons of Nitrogen Application for Taiwan Soils four years of experiments Following alluvial soils (Kaohsiung, testing N fertilizer treatments, basal Three 140 kg/ha is slate origin; Tainan and AVRDC, both application only of 110 to salt Chinese cabbage in sandstone and shale origin), a now recommended for sandstone rather than the previously affected alluvial soil (Yuensul, all seasons, latosol (Chiayi), and standard split application. In spring and shale origin), basal and split a hill soil (Fongshan) were collected as and autumn 1982, various ypes in ranging from 80 to 200 representative of major soil applications evaluated in pits with a kg/ha were applied to cultivar Fong Taiwan and years' experi- mungbean-rice-soybean cropping system. Luh. As in previous highest rates did not affect Mungbean and rice yields were ments, nitrogen due to good nutrient marketable yield, and basal dressing was in Chiayi latosol top dressing. content and physical properties. All found more efficient than hill soil application was accor- crops yielded lowest in Fongshan A single basal and phosphate con­ judged most economical. In the because of low pH dingly Tainan and Yuensul soils, autumn experiment (October planting), tent. In also tested. mungbean yield was low but rice yield five types of composts were is 30) was observed was high, indicating that mungbean Wide C/N ratio (21 to Soybean initial growth, causing a de- sensitive to soil moisture. to delay in Kaohsiung and Tainan crease in yield. yielded highest soils, reflecting bigh clay content.

Preparation to Minimize Stunting Field of Organic Materials on in Continuous Cropping of Mungbean The Effect Nodule Activity and Yield of Soybean In a 1982 field study, soil prepa­ satisfactorily Experiments were conducted to ration techniques did not mat­ of mungbean grown determine ff application of organic prevent stunting nitrogen, upland crops, but flooding ter, which surpresses soil after various use of N ferti­ treatments with and without the addition could facilitate optimum 41 days after lizer by encouraging soybean nodulation. destroyed the plants 54 isollnes Tol-1 (nodulating) and transplanting, preventing yield assess­ Soybean number of Tol-0 (non-nodulating) were grown In ment, but fruits/plant and in root boxes with various fruit-bearing clusters increased under all the field and did not N applications with and without the hormone treatments. Shading addition of organic matter (rice straW or benefit these yield attributes. crotalaria). Nodule weight of nodulating soybean decreased with nitrogen applica­ yield increased, although not tion, and Screening for Tomato In proportion to nitrogen application. Herbicide Rice straw application caused a signifi­ cant increase in average nodule weight. Metribuzin controlled grasses and The non-nodulating isoline responded broadleaf weeds more effectively than well to increased N with and without rice oxyfluorfen and napropamide in October straw. The relationship of nodule tomato plantings. All herbicides were activity and yield was not determined, applied preemergence at various rates. Metribuzin was also applied postemer­ gence. Yields were as low as the weedy Crop Management check in the oxyfluorfen-treated plots because of grass escapes and in the plots because of Age and Yield of napropamide-treated Seedling and crop injury. Transplanted Tomato broadleaf escapes Metribuzin applied either pre- or post­ selectively Seedlings of three tomato cultivars emergence above 0.5 kg/ha different ages (15 to 35 controlled forbs and grasses. Tomato were planted at plots sur­ determine the optimum age at yields in metribuzin-treated days) to check. which seedlings could both withstand passed the weed-free field stress and escape transplanting shock. Seedlings planted at 25 days yielded substantially higher than those Seedling Nursery Methods for planted at 20 days, due to more fruits Transplanted Chinese Cabbage per plant. Thirty- and 35-day-old seedlings yielded the same as 25-day-old Fruit size was n,-t affected A less time- and labor-consuming seedlings. to by seedling age. "slot" nursery method was devised prevent transplanting shock to Chinese cabbage seedlings. Seedlings were Cultural Practices for Summer Tomato grown in flats partitioned with PVC strips to confine and protect the roots of Various cultural practices were individual plants. This method was PE pot tested to counteract yield loss due to compared with traditional flat and high temperature: Shading tomato plants methods. Both seedlings raised in slots with nylon net and with rows of corn, and pots were significantly more vigor­ and spraying tomato flowers with plant ous than seedlings raised in flats. hormones Tomafix, Tomatotone, and Yields were highest with the slot treat­ Tolerone. The test cultivar was heat ment, due to larger heads, and lowest sensitive CL 1561-6-0-5-1-3. A typhoon with the flat treatment. 42' AVRDC rrogress Report Summaries 1982

Leaf-tying and Shading for Summer Chinese Cabbage

Leaf-tying significantly improved both heading rate and head weight of two heat sensitive cultivars grown in Taiwan's summer season. Leaf-tying and three levels of shading (light reduction of 30-40%, 50-55%, and 60-65%) were tested. Heading rate and yield of leaf-tied Bing Luh were 17.6% and 48.7% higher, respectively, than the untreated control, and leaf-tying improved Wen Wu's heading rate by 21.9% and yield by 33.4%. Seedlings raised using the PVC slot method. schedules. Only applications split in at planting and at 30, Screening for Chinese Cabbage half and applied Herbicide 40 or 50 DAP increased yields over the control. The highest yielding plot DCPA was the best of five herbi- received half the N at planting and half cides tested for Chinese cabbage in the 50 days after planting. fall season at AVRDC. Pendimethalin, nitralin, butralin, and alachlor, applied at various rates prior to transplanting, all caused crop injury; severe injury by Sweet Potato Yield and Planting Date alachlor significantly reduced 'ield. DCPA-treated plots suffered no crop A study was carried out to deter­ injury and yielded as much as the weed- mine the most suitable time for planting free check. sweet potato using temperature as the determinant factor. Three sweet potato cultivars were planted at 10 day inter­ 7 to November 25, 1982 and Rate for Sweet Potato vals from August N Scheduling and harvested at 130 DAP. Accumulated temperatures of the 0 to 60 DAP period, A field trial was conducted to which correlated most closely with yield, determine the best N fertilizer appli- were compared for each planting. With cation schedule for sweet potato. Selec- high accumulated temperature, top tion I 57 was the test cultivar. All plots growth increased while number of roots/ (with the exception of an untreated plant was reduced. With low tempera­ weight control) received 90 kg/ha N fertilizer ture, both top growth and root that applied according to different schedules: were reduced. The data indicated Single application at planting, N split in the best time to plant was between at AVRDC, half and applied at planting and 20, 30, September 16 and October 16 or 50 days after planting (DAP), or when the 0-60 DAP accumulated 40, and and fertilizer split three ways and temperature was between 690 applied according to four different 919°C-days. 43

Competition in Soybean Herbicide Screening for Mungbean Weed cm of three herbicides Soybeans planted with 10 x 25 Several rates weeding to identify season-specific spacing require only one hand were applied study conducted in herbicides for mungbean (VC 1628 A) iri. at 30 DAP. In a seasons. In spring, spring, 1982 to determine the critical three planting soybean was Galex 500 (metolachior + metobromuron) period of weed competition, best, controlling kept weed-free, or allowed to be infested at 3.0 kg/ha performed of time broadleaf weeds to the with weeds, Tor varying lengths grasses and were signi­ of the weed-free check. In after planting. Seed yields equivalent by weed infestation summer, Galex at 1.5 to 3 kg/ha and ficantly reduced kg/ha contul~lld longer than 30 DAP. Soybean kept metolachlor at 2 to 2.5 yielded better than butralin, the weed-free for only 30 DAP broadleaf weeds check. AVRDC standard. Due to low weed as much as the weed-free pressure in the fall, treatments were not significantly different. Agricultural Economics in Mungbean Weed Competition Feasibility of weeding 30 days after Socioeconomic A single AVRDC's Gardening System in Asia planting can minimize labor without significant yield loss of mungbean intra- A methodology that was developed spaced 10 cm and inter-spaced 25 cm. using 1982 results demonstrated that In a spring, 1982 study, mungbean was AVRDC's home, market, and school economically extendable to withkept weedsweed-free for ordifferentallowed lengthsto be infestedof time gardens are witheds fornti fferen ets ofe other South and Southeast Asian coun­ after planting. Mungbean kept weed- tries. Nutrient input costs for calcium, free for at lea,;t 30 DAP or left infested iron and vitamin A (calculated by divi­ for less than 30 DAP yielded as much as ding the total production cost by nutri­ the weed-free check. Weed infestation ent component) were found to be lower than the relative nutrient costs in for more than 30 DAP significantly on the Taiwan Balance reduced yield. Taiwan (based sheet and food prices), indicating that can be obtained economi­ Herbicide Screening for Soybean these nutrients cally from the gardens. The gardens of pro­ metolachlor, pendime- were not an economical source Oxyfluorfen, The three cheapest thalin, and Galex were applied preemer- tein, however. summer for compari- vegetables for the target nutrients, gence in spring and cost, were the AVRDC standard. ranked by nutrient input son with alachlor, amaranth, and gar­ In spring, Galex and pendimethalin water convolvulus, predominant land chrysanthemum. Total production performed best on the yield to weeds, and all treatments cost was divided by marketable broadleaf break-even market price except alachlor and metolachlor permitted determine the for each vegetable. Radish, eggplant, yield equal to that of the weed-free the metolachlor and and tomato were thus shown to be check. In summer, in the most effective on grasses, three most profitable vegetables Galex were no clear correlation the predominant weeds in that season. gardens. Although 44 AVRDC Progress Report Summaries 1982 was found between vegetable intensity tion cost, certain cultural practices index (a time-weighted land use index) increased yield. Half of the farmers who nutrient production input costs, planed to grow soybean again asked and the intensive intercropping may not be cost specifically for another subsidy; efficient. other half said they recognized that Retrospective analysis using data soybean requires fewer inputs than rice. from a 1976 survey showed that the Thailand garden could provide the highest value of farm-produced family Economic Analysis of Soybean food and the market garden the highest Breeding Experiment profit for an existing farming/family total of living system in Taiwan. A comparative According to economic analysis hand budgeting procedure was used to the soybean breeding experiment "Opti­ evaluate the farm's resources, input mum Management Input for Maximum requirements, profit, and cash flow Economic Yield in Soybean," fungicide feasibility (total income minus cash spraying, at least one irrigation, and obligations). Data for the AVRDC herbicide application are the three gardens were then substituted in the management inputs that contribute most farmer's system and the economic conse- to high income. Profitability of inputs quences evaluated, was assessed based on current soybean In addition, worksheets were de- prices and marginal productivity, defined signed for applying these microeconomic as the cost of additional input used to methodologies in the transfer of AVRDC's generate one additional unit of output. gardens to farming/family living systems Yield response of AGS 62 to total vari­ in Thailand. able costs conformed best to a simple linear regression (Y = a + bX) in all seasons, while for AGS 144 the Cbb- Socioeconomic Survey on Summer Soybean Douglas production function (Y = aX at Nei-men, Kaohsiung County, Taiwan Y = soy- bean yield, X = total variable treatment cost) gave a better fit, im­ A survey to evaluate the accepta- plying that AGS 62 is more responsive to bility of AVRDC soybean AGS 12 re- high inputs than AGS 144. vealed that 68% of Nei-men farmers subsidized to substitute soybean for rice in summer 1982 would plant soybean Social Anthropology again. Farmers also preferred AGS 12 to the competitive variety, Kaohsiung No. 8, because of better yield, germina- Research on Group Vegetable Farming tion rate (88% versus 77%), and response to inputs. Despite the subsidy, the Research conducted at two locations farm income from rice (also subsidized) in Taiwan disclosed that cooperative was superior. Late planting and unusual farming can provide advantages such as rainfall patterns in 19P2 may have influ- economies of scale, large capital base for enced the comparative yields. Moreover, better investment potential, higher, the suggested cultural practices for steadier profits, and equitable distri­ soybean were not always followed. bution of benefits, when practiced under Although no exact correlation was pin- favorable conditions that include low risk pointed between yield and total produc- of crop failure from ecological factors, 45 Statistical Services Experimental Design for Field Trials Field trials are meant to provide a basis for comparison between varieties or treatments. A border row effect can distort the uniformity of the data, however, and increase the calculated variability (error of variance) of an experiment. Since variability is used to detect differences between varieties or treatments, true differences may not be noted if the variance is too high. In a 1982 study, large ljoovder row effects were found in munigbezn field trials. On the basis of these trials, the following recommendations were formu­ long beds should prodt.ction cooperative in Taiwan. lated: Plots with fewer A vegetable be used, rather than those with many availability of technology and potential to short beds; superior results can be mechanize, shba'tage of labor or need for obtained if the outer two to four beds better labor oirynagement, good marketing (1-2 m) and the first and last 2 m bed of are discarded; and, data should be infrastructuP'e, and the availability 2 government'i incentives (e.g. tax bene- taken from an area no smaller than 6 m fits and technical support). In the on the inside of each plot. Hsingang area, where research was conducted for six months in 1981, marketing cooperatives were well estab­ lished, but the first attempt at joint farming, undertaken in 1980, failed after one year because of weak leadership, shortage of labor, inconvenient farm location, and financial losses due to drought. Summer 1982 research in the Pull area found crop specialization parti­ cularly advantageous for group produc­ tion. Seven radish producing coopera­ tives with varying organizational struc­ tures and sizes were al" financially successful. Disadvantages of coopera­ tives were identified as limited individual freedom, potential leadership problems, lower mctivation and labor efficiency due to lack of personal returns, and restric­ tion of long-term planning where land and resources remained privately owned. Report Summaries 1982 46 AVRDC Progress

Training

Two vegetable production training were held at AVRDC in 1982, courses pal *am& i ,A ,.,. encompassing both classroom work and individual field research for scholars from nine rations. In addition, ad­ vanced programs were conducted for graduate students and practicing re­ searchers in such varied disciplines as plant breeding, nutrition chemistry, seed technology, and farm management. In all, 71 persons attended AVRDC training programs, including the Center's first scholars from Belgium and Sri Lanka (see Training Scholars). Preparations were also completed in 1982 for the establishment of the Cen­ ter's Thailand Production Training A joint field project conducted by production Course, which will accomodate scholars scholars from Papua New Guinea and the who were previously unable to attend Philippines. AVRDC training programs. Sponsors for the 1982 training programs included: The Bayer Thai, Co. Ltd., Chung Teh Co., Ltd. CIM- GTZ, Japan International Cooperation Agency, Papua New Guinea Union Mission of the Seventh Day Adventist Church, Resource Management International, Inc., Second Laguna de Bay Irrigation Project, Sukarami Agricultural Research Institute for Food Crops/IADS, USAID/Agricultur­ al Education Outreach Program, and TOP/AVRDC. Sixty-seven percent of all 1982 participants also received some form of financial or in-kind contribution from AVRDC core funds. 47

Bilateral Projects Korea

Hybrid Tomato Evaluation Trials Chinese Cabbage Combination Trials Three combinations of cultivar 79078 Twenty-one Chinese cabbage com­ (x TK 70, UC 134, and CF 1612) pro- binations were tested in lowland summer duced yields of 70.2, 79.2, and 90.0 trials. Two combinations (0264A x t/ha, respectively, compared with a mean 76M(2)-18-3-4-9 and 0264A x 77M(2/3)­ yield of 73.7 t/ha for 14 other F1 hy- 43-2-1-12) met the head size and the brids. Total fruit set, however, was thin-ribbed leaf characteristics required highest in those hybrids where the for the commercial market in Korea. variety Wakefield was used as a parent. Evaluation of Tomato Accessions Screening for Downy Mildew Resistance

The varieties Peelette (95.4 t/ha), Chinese cabbage variety PI 418957 US 28 (97.2 t/ha), and AVRDC CL 1591- was the only line rated resistant to 6-0-4-3-3 (84.6 t/ha) appeared to have downy mildew in a field trial of 46 promising yield potential in a trial of 12 accessions. Chunpakeukchosaeng and new accessions. CL 1561 was noted for three other commercial lines were rated its firm fruit characteristics. All of the susceptible and will be used to propogate noted accessions will be reevaluated in the downy mildew fungus under green­ 1983. house conditions. Evaluation for Heat Tolerance Screening for TuMV A combination of tomato varieties Tamu Saladette x Nagcarlan proved A total of 14 Chinese cabbage lines superior to nine other varieties and and combinations were tested in TuMV combinations in heat tolerance trials. resistance screening trials. Five acces- Fruit set/10 plants was 582 compared sions and combinations were rated as with a mean of 436 for all other varieties resistant (PI 418957, P1 418959, PI tested. AVRDC selection CL 1561-6-0- 419069, P1 419105, and P1 419106 x 19-1-4 (304 fruits/10 plants) was con- Haekbaechu). Three breeding lines sidered superior to Tamu Saladette x (0264, 0025, and 0345) that were pre- Nagcarlan, however, In terms of fruit viously rated as resistant were subse­ quality, especially size (92.7 g compared quently designated as only tolerant after with 50.6 g). displaying stunting symptoms. 48 AVRDC Progress Report Summaries 1982 Cytoplasmic Male Sterility Studies Processing Tomato Evaluations tomato processing lines Backcrosses using a newly intro- Forty-two in a preliminary dry duced cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) were evaluated Twelve AVRDC lines Brassica juncea source from India were season trial. outyielded the local check's made to improve Chinese cabbage hybrid significantly CL 2816-2-2-14 was the seed production methods. Twelve breed- 2.0 t/ha. yielder with 12.1 t/ha. ing lines were used as recurrent par- highest Germination rates ranged from 57 es.,s. Eight processing tomato breeding 100% and the ratio of healthy trans- to were evaluated at 4 locations to the number of germinated seeds lines plants 1981-82 dry season. Average from 18 to 100%. Chlorosis, one during the varied from 23.4 to 31.7 t/ha. Important defects of CMS yields ranged of the most and CL 2784-10-2-4 were was considered mild in most CL 2715-1-1-7 plants, for production at all loca­ lines. Fifty plants were selected recommended tested tions. for use as female parents for the next generation of backcrosses. Chinese Cabbage Evaluation Trials

To improve seed production of CMS Five heat tolerant Chinese cabbage lines, selections were made according to lines proved well adapted to lowland seed yield/plant. The selection process nsp vd wladpd to lowland increased seed yield and pod conditions: AVRDC Hybrids 58, 59, and number/plant, but had no obvious effect 62, and 77M (2/3)-43 and (5) 77M (2)­ on chlorosis rate and floral shape. 25. Mean marketable yields ranged from 12 to 18 t/ha. The vestigial nectaries associated with Raphanus-originated CMS are be­ lieved to e a barrier to practical seed Sweet Potato Evaluation Trials A simple trial was thus production. sweet potato entries to assess the ability to pro- Twenty-five conducted during the dry season, duce hybrid seeds by open pollination, were evaluated CI 950-27 (56.9 t/ha) signifi­ in spite of apparent nectary problems. but only demonstrated that nectary cantly outyelded the check variety's The results LS 27-12, CI 946-3, and LS function may not be a critical limitation, 45.9 t/ha. insects were 1-14 (marketable root yields of 41.0, even though pollinating were less attracted to male sterile 20.7 and 17.3 t/ha, respectively) apparently good eating quality. plants. rated as having Regional Sweet Potato Trials Philippines Sixteen sweet potato entries were evaluated during the 1982 wet season, Tomato Single Seed Descent Trials with AVRDC accession LO-323 ranking fourth in terms of yield (18.4 t/ha Ten single seed descent tomato lines versus 21.7 t/ha for Visca 2-1, the evaluatell during the 1981-82 dry season highest yielder). However, LO-323 had outyielded the highest yielding check the lowest root dry matter of any of the (13.8 t/ha). CL 9-0-0-1-3 was the lines evaluated (22.5%) and was sus­ highest yielder (23.7 t/ha). ceptible to scab infection. 49

Mungbean Pathology Trials 2-7-7 (1.5 t/ha), GC 40001-1-0-1 (1.5 t/ha), GC 50232-2-17-75 (1.7 t/ha), GC Breeding lines VC 1560 D and VC 50062-5-10-7 (1.7 t/ha), and G 30251­ A, reported highly resistant to 10-43 (1.7 t/ha). AVRDC entries did 2719 1.8 Cercospora leafspot (CLS) and powdery not significantly outyield the check's mildew in Taiwan, were found to be t/ha during the rainy season. to CLS under Phi­ moderately resistant four lippine conditions. However, breeding On the basis of results from 1000 B and VC 2763-39-B-10-B seasons of general yield trials (two wet lines VC 73 were rated highly resistant to CLS. and two dry seasons) AGS 19, AGS and GC 30293-6-10 were selected for Yield Trials advanced performance test under the national soybean testing program. Sixteen promising mungbean lines with average yields of more than 1.0 t/ha for three cropping seasons were Thailand included in general yield trials. Aver­ yield was 1.6 t/ha for all age wet season Trial entries. The highest yield of 2.4 t/ha Tomato Evaluation was produced by breeding line VC 2768 with 1.7 t/ha from check In a trial conducted from November A, compared CL 9-0-0-1-3-0 cultivar Pagasa 1. through March, selection yielder of ten In general yield trials, VC 1147-66E (66 t/ha) was the highest local check, SVRDC 4 and VC 1168-2B-10-2B produced 1.3 and lines tested. The during the dry (a selection from an AVRDC breeding 1.9 t/ha, respectively, in 1980), wet seasons. The highest yielding line released in Thailand and 40 t/ha. check cultivar, V 1381, produced 1.2 yielded t/ha in the dry season and 1.4 t/ha in the wet season. Chinese Cabbage Yield Trials

Soybean Evaluation Trials AVRDC Hybrids 62, 80-39, 58, 80-37, and 80-36 and selection 77(2)-25 Of 20 early maturing breeding lines all yielded in excess of 15 t/ha in evaluated during the dry and wet sea- August or October trials at Kasetsart sons, entries GC 30229-8-7 and GC University. Heading rates in all cases 3024310-8 proved most promising in terms exceeded 80%. of bean yield and resistance to rust. Soybean Preliminary Yield Trials Mungbean Yield Trials In a preliminary trial of 93 acces- Twenty-two AVRDC advanced sions, all high yielding AVRDC lines... mungbean selections were tested in were rated as either., susceptible or preliminary mungbean evaluation trials. moderately .suscegtile to natural field V 3476 was the highest yielder (1.3 infection of soybean rust. Entries that t/ha) compared with the local check (0.9 demonstrated promising yield potential t/ha. VC 1973 A and VC 2778 A both during the dry season were GC 50231- yielded 1.1 t/ha). VC 1560 D did not 1982 50 AVRDC Progress Report Smmaries Taiwan

Processing Tomato Trials 4As a result of three years of* re­ gional trials, processing line CL 15616-0­ 5-1-3 was officially released under the local name Tainan Selection No. 2. In 1981-82 trials, its meaii yield for four locations was 69.7 t/ha compared with 62.9 t/ha for TK 70, the standard processing variety in Taiwan.

Chinese Cabbage Summer Mungbean yield trials in Thailand. Regional Yield Trial fertil­ perform well under the trial's low Chinese Cercospora leafspot was Seven promising AVRDC ity conditions. against a local throughout the trial period, cabbage lines were tested prevalent cultivar, Chin Ming #3, in five major production areas in Taiwan. AVRDC 62 (ASVEG 1) Sorbean Evaluation Trials hybrid 80-6, 80-38, and were the three highest yielding lines at all locations (647, 702, and 693 g mean Three AVRDC selections, AGS 156 head weight, respectively, versus 622 g (1.7 t/ha), AGS 19 (1.4 t/ha), and AGS for Ching Ming #3). 118 (1.4 t/ha) outyielded the local check variety, SJ4 (1.2 t/ha). Average yield of soybean in this experiment was low, Sweet Potato Regional Yield Trial however, due to an outbreak of anthrac­ nose and bacterial pustule, coupled with Two promising AVRDC sweet potato a scarcity of fertilizer...... lines (AIS 0122-2 and AIS 35-2) were included in Taiwan regional yield trials. In the fall 1981 planting, AIS 0122-2 Vegetable Soybean Evaluation Trials produced 29.3 t/ha compared with 23.9 t/ha for the local check, but produced Twenty AVRDC vegetable soybean 18% less chip yield (5.1 t/ha compared lines were evaluated for potential use in with the check's 6.2 t/ha). Thailand. Ten lines produced fresh seed yields in excess of 4.0 t/ha. AGS Sweet Potato Observation Trials 129, the highest yielder, produced 5.1 t/ha, matured in 76 days, and proved AIS Z43-2 yielded 23.6 t/ha corn­ tolerant to anthracnose and bacterial pared with the local check's 20.2 t/ha in pustule. G 5094, G 5019, G 5101, G a fall observation trial. In the spring, 9706, G 10137, AGS 9, AGS 19, and AGS AIS 243-2 yielded only slightly more than 129 may also have commercial potential in the local check but had 13% lower chip Thailand. yield. 51

Mungbean Regional Yield Trials

Regional trials were conducted at five locations in spring, 1982. TwG entries, VC 2764 A and VC 2719 A, yielded 1.7 t/ha compared with 1.6 t/ha for the check. In summ~er trials, VC 2778 A and VC 2530 C yielded 2.0 t/ha at two locations. The local check yield­ ed 1.8 t/ha.

Soybean Regional Trials

In spring 1982, soybean selections AGS 129 rnd AGS 66 yielded 3.5 t/ha Chinese cabbage regional trials In Taiwan. and 3.3 t/ha, respectively, compared with 2.5 for the local check. In the summer, AGS 129 and AGS 66 yielded highest of 12 lines tested (3.0 and 2.9 t/ha compared with the check's 2.4 t/ha). In autumn trials AGS 129 yielded 2.3 t/ha and was comparable to TARI No. 3 (2.4 t/ha). Progress Report Summaries 1982 52 AVRDC

New Crops

88 t/ha and 64 Cauliflower Observation Trials Autumn Wonder yielded t/ha, respectively, which were 330% and 26.7 t/ha. Of 104 cultivars evaluated in a 240% hig'ner than the check's trials, Chaoyang and spring 1982 trial, Autumn Treasure (55 In 'hj fall 13.5 t/ha and 13.4 and Zu Kwany (50 days) were the Putoungkan yielded days) compared with 6.7 highest yielders at 12.1 and 11.6 t/ha, t/ha, respectively, Summer trials were respectively. In fall trials, Mikado (55 for the check. rains. days) and Andes averaged yields of 22.2 destroyed by heavy t/ha and 21.2 t/ha, respectively, versus 13.0 t/ha for the check. Summer trials Pepper Observation Trials were destroyed by a typhoon. highest Agronomico G-10 was the spring Mustard Obse.-vation Trials yielder of all lines tested in the season, 12.2 t/ha compared with the Shamrock Nongseng Tashin was the best line check's 4.2 t/ha. Dalbon and of 10 lines in (45.9 t/ha) of 34 entries tested during were the highest yielders and 15.3 t/ha, the spring cropping season. Feng Wei the fall season (16.1 t/ha trials were Chun and Chih Yeh Pao Hsin were the respectively). Summer highest yie]ders in summer trials with destroyed by heavy rains. 20.1 t/ha and 18.8 t/ha, respectively, House compared with 14.3 t/ha for the local In spring trials, Bulam (9.6 check. All fall season entries were Pepper was the highest yielder Hongshanho attacked by TuMV, preventing data t/ha) of all lines tested. during the fall collection. was the highest yielder season (6.1 t/ha compared with the were Radish Observation Trials check's 4.3 t/ha). Summer trials destroyed by rain. 708 Champion was the highest Trial yielder (18 t/ha) in spring season ob- Snapbean Observation servation trials. In summer trials, and Sunray Crimson Gigante and Bellino yielded 12 Agaton (pole-type) the highest yielders t/ha and 10.4 t/ha, respectively, versus (bush-type) were t/ha, respectively) in 6.3 t/ha for the check variety. In fall (8.9 t/ha and 7.5 Witsa (pole-type) and trials, Rico and Robijn yielded 7.8 and fall season trials. yielded 29.7 t/ha 7.2 t/ha, respectively; the check yie'.ded Cascade (bush-type) in the spring 3.5 t/ha. and 20 t/ha, respectively, season. Summer trials were destroyed Korean cultivars Muzinzang and by heavy rainfall. 53

Genetic Conservation

Seed laboratory personnel distri­ buted a total 33,250 samples to coop­ erators in 102 countries in 1982 (see Germplasm Recipients) including complete sets of the Center's tomato, Chinese cabbage, and mungbean collections sent to the South Asia Regional Gene Bank in the Philippines. Extensive efforts were also made to sustain the Center's 22,500 line germplasm collection through routine regeneration programs. In addition, the first phase of a contract between AVRDC and the IBPGR was completed which will ultimately provide for the regeneration and long-term storage of the Center's entire collection of 800 Chinese cabbage cultivars. The project, which consists Samples from the Center's tomato germplasm of four one-year phases, is expected to collection. be completed in 1986.

Germplasm Holdings 1981/82 Crop 1981 1982 Chinese cabbage 782 801 Tomato 4,845 5,345 Sweet potato 429 981 'mngbean 5,016 5.,016 Soybean 10,130 10,382 Total 2i,202 22,525

Other Crops (11) 790 IBPGR-sponsored regeneration of the Center's I_ Chinese cabbage collection. 1982 54 AVRDC Progress Report Summaries

Germplasm Recipients

Organizations in the following countries and territories re- ceived AVRDC germplasm in 1982 for testing, incorporation with local cultivars, or direct release to farmers. All samples were prepared to meet the strictest international phyto­ sanitary regulations.

Antigua Haiti Qatar Argentina Holland Rwanda Australia Honduras Saint Vincent Bahrain Hungary Saudi Arabia Bangladesh India Senegal Barbados Indonesia Sierra Leone Belize Italy Singapore Belgium Ivory Coast South Africa Benin Jamaica Solomon Islands Bolivia Japan Somalia Brazil Kenya Sri Lanka Brunei Korea St. Kitts Bulgaria Lesotho Sudan Burma Liberia Suriname Canada Mainland China Swaziland Colombia Malawi Switzerland Cameroon Malaysia Tahiti Caroline Islands Mali Tanzania Chile Mauritius Taiwan ROC Cook Islands Mauritania Thailand Costa Rica Mexico Togo Cuba Nepal Tonga Ecuador New Zealand Trinidad and Tobago Egypt Nicaragua Upper Volta El Salvador Niger Uruguay England Nigeria USA Ethiopia Norway Venezuela Fiji Papua New Guinea Vietnam France Pakistan Virgin Islands Gabon Panama Western Somoa Germany (FR) Paraguay Yemen Ghana Peru Zaire Guam Philippines Zambia Guatemala Poland Zanzibar Guyana Portugal 55

Publications Available

R. T. and S. H. Lo. Journal Paper Reprints JP .3 Opena, 1978. Derivation of matroclinal D. R., L. Ho, T. D. diploids in Chinese cabbage and JP 1 Mackenzie, their significance in Liu, Henry B. F. Wu, and E. B. evaluation of J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Oyer. 1975. Photoperiodism of breeding. mung bean and four related Sci. 103(6):820-823. species. HortScience 10(5):486­ 487. JP 15 Shanmugasundaram, S. and Samson C. S. Tsou. 1978. and critical duration JP 2 Mackenzie, D. R., N. C. Chen, Photoperiod B. F. Wu, for flower induction598-601. in soybean. andTa D.E. .Liou,B. Oyer.Henry 1975. Re- Crop Science 18: bean (Vigna sponse of mung radiata (L.) Wilczek var. radlatay JP 17 Kuo, C. G. and J. S. Tsay. and soybean (Glycine max (L.) 1977. Propagating Chinese cab­ Merr.) to increasing plant den- bage by axillary bud culture. sity. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. HortScience, 12(5):456-457. 100(5) :579-583. 0. T. C. Wang, and JP 29 Lim, W. L., S. H. Wang, and JP 5 Mew, I-pin C., in T. W. Mew. 1975. Inoculum C. Ng. 1978. Resistance and evaluation of mung Chinese cabbage to turnip mosaic production 62:660­ bean varieties for resistance to virus. Plant Dis. Reptr. Cercos-,ora canescens. Plant Dis. 662. Reptr. 59: T97T-40. 1976. L. JP 33 Villareal, Ruben L. JP 7 Mew. T. W., W. C. Ho, and cropping and Observations on multiple Chu. 1976. Infectivity Philippine Journal of soft-rot bacteria in in Taiwan. survival of Crop Science, 1(3):129-136. Chinese cabbage. Phytopathology 66:1325-1327. JP 34 Villareal, Ruben L. 1976. The W. C. Ho. 1977. philosophy in the tomato and JP 9 Mew, T. W. and of of soil temperature on sweet potato breeding programs Effect Research and resistance of tomato cultivars to the Asian Vegetable wilt. Phytopathology Development Center. Philippine bacterial 1:32-35. 67:909-911. Journal of Crop Science, 1982 56 AVRDC Progress Report Summaries Horticul- JP 40 Villareal, R. L., S. C. Tsou, S. distribution. Scientia H. Lai, and S. L. Chiu. 1979. turae, 14:131-138. Selection criteria for eating S. and M. S. quality in steamed sweet potato JP 55 Shanmugasundaram, roots. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. Lee. 1981. Flower-inducing of 104(1) :31-33. potency of different kinds leaves in soybean, Glycine max 3 JP 46 Shanmugasundaram, S. 1979. (L.) Merr. Bot. Gaz.-IT)-? Variation in the photoperiodic 39. response of several characters in Adminis­ soybean, Glycine max (,.) Mer- JP 56 Chin, Michael. 1980. under rill. Euphfiyt 8.-W-5C7. tration of a research center constraints - some wairs of cut- + Landli- JP 48 Riley, James J. and erle R. ting costs. Entwicklung Menegay. 1978. Intensive agri- cher raum 5:5-9. cultural practices in Asia. J. Foci Proc. and Pres. 2:197-203. JP 58 Kuo, C. G., F. H. Hsu, J. S. Tsay, and H. G. Park. 1980. JP 49 Villareal, R. L., S. K. Lin, L. Variation in specific leaf weight S. Chang, and S. H. Lai. 1979. and RuDPCase activity in mung.- Use (f sweet potato (Ipomoea bean. Can. J. Plant Sci. batatas) leaf tips as vegetables. 60:1059-1062. Up.-.Agric. 15:113-116. JP 59 Chiang, H. S. and N. S. Tale- JP 50 Hubbell, John N., Jr. 1980. kar. 1980. Identification of The germplasm accession infor- sources of resistance to the mation system at the Asian Vege- beanfly and two other agromyzid table Research and Development flies in soybean and mungbean. Center (AVRDC). HortScience, J. Econ. Entomol. 73(2):197-199. 15(1) :17-21. JP 51 Tschanz. A. T and T. C. Wang. JP 60 Kuo, C. G., J. S. Peng, and J. S. Tsay. 1981. Effect of high 1980.J 1Ts . SoybeanA.yTan rust t developmentteprueC.eWan on oln gai on pollen grain Infection rates at temperature and apparent pollen tube growth, in Taiwan. Protec- germination, five locations yield of Chinese cab­ 2:247-250. and seed tion Ecology, bage. HortScience 16(1):67-68. JP C. G. and B. W. Chen. 53 Kuo, G. Kuo. 1981. 1980. Physiological responses of JP 61 Inouye J. and C. initiation of Brassica tomato cultivars to flooding. J. Flower under total darkness. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 105(5):751- species 16(2) :192-193. 755. HortScience

JP 54 Kuo, C. G., J. S. Tsay, C. L. JP 62 Villareal, R. L. and S. H. Lai. of Tsai, and R. J. Chen. 1981. 1981. Cultivar responses Tipburn of Chinese cabbage in tomatoes to relay cropping. relation to calcium nutrition and HortScience 16(4):552-553. 57

JP 63 Kuo, C. G., M. H. Chou, and H. H.T. Kao. 1983. Persistence of G. Park. 1981. Cultivar re- fenvalerate in subtropical soil. sponses of tomatoes to relay J. Econ. Entomol. 76: 223-226. cropping. HortScience 16(4):552­ 553. JP 74 Talekar, N. S., H. T. Kao, and J. S. Chen. 1983. Persistence of JP 64 Talekar, N. S. and Yuo Hwa Lin. selected insecticides in subtropical 1981. Two sources with differing soil after repeated biweekly modes of resistance to Calloso applications over two years. J. bruchusci chinensisci in mung- Econ. Entomol. 76: 711-716 bean. J. Econ. Entomol. 74(5):639-642. JP 76 Talekar, N. S. and Bor Shan Chen. 1983. Seasonality of JP 65 Shanmugasundaram, S. 1981. insect pests of soybean and Varietal differences and genetic mungbean in Taiwan. J. Econ. behavior for the photoperiodic Entomol. 76:34-37. responses in soybeans. Bull. Inst. Trop. Agr. Kyushu Univ. JP 77 Talekar, N. S. and Bor Shan 4:1-61. Chen. 1983. Identification of sources of resistance to limabean JP 66 Kuo, C. G., J. S. Tsay, B. W. podborer (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae) Chen, and P. Y. Lin. 1982. in soybean. J. Econ. Entomol. Screening for flooding tolerance 76:38-39. in the genus LXcopersicon. HortScience 17(1):76-78. JP 78 Ruelo, J. S. 1983. Integrated control of Meloidogyne incognita JP 68 Kuo, C. G. and R. S. Huang. on tomato using organic amend­ 1982. Effect of vesicular-arbus- ments, marigolds, and a nemati­ cular mycorrhizae on the growth cide. Plant Disease 67:671-673 and yield of rice-stubble cultured soybeans. Plant and Soil 64:325­ 330. Technical Bulletins JP 69 Talekar, N. S. 1982. Effects of TB 1 Menegay, M. R. Taiwan's spec­ sweetpotato weevil (Coleoptera: ialized vegetable production Curculionidae) infestation on areas. sweet potato root yields. J. Econ. Entomol. 75(6):1042-1044. TB 2 Menegay, M. R. Farm manage­ ment research on cropping sys­ JP 72 Talekar, N. S., J. S. Chen, and tems. H.T. Koa 1983. Long-term per­ sistence of selected insecticides in TB 3 Calkins, P. H. Four approaches subtropical soil: Their absorption to risk and uncertainty for use in by crop plants. J. Econ. Entomol. farm management extension. 76:207-214. TB 4 Calkins P. H. Farmer's viewpoint JP 73 Talekar, N. S., J. S. Chen, and on sweet potato production. 58 AVRDC Progress Report Summaries 1982 TB 5 Calkins, P. H. Vegetable con- 80-150 Opena, Romeo T. Cultural prac­ sumption in five Taiwan cities. tices for Chinese cabbage at AVRDC. TB 7 Huang, K. R. and P. H. Calkins. Vegetable production in Taiwan: Annual Progress Reports A survey of 300 farmers. 1972-73 Report J. Evaluation of TB 12 Riley, James environmental parameters in the 1977 Report humid tropics for crop scheduling purposes. 1979 Report International Guide Sheets 1981 Report 78-63 Park, H. G. Suggested cultural Crop Reports practices for mungbean. 1975 Chinese cabbage 78-64 Park, H. G. Procedures for mungbean evaluation trials. 1976 Chinese cabbage

73-65 Villareal, Ruben L. Pollen col- 1976 Sweet potato lector.

78-101 Villareal, Ruben L. and S. H. Symposium Proceedings Lai. Procedures to coordinate tomato evaluation trials. Chinese cabbage: Proceedings of the first international symposium. 78-112 Shanmugasundaram, S. Sug­ gested cultural practices for Mungbean: Proceedings of the first soybean. international symposium.

78-121 Hubbell, John N. Suggested Tomato: Proceedings of the first cultural practices for sweet international symposium on tropical potato. tomato.

78-125 Shanmugasundaram, S. Proce- Sweet Potato: Proceedings of the first dures for soybean evaluation international symposium. trials. 10th Anniversary Monograph Series 79-127 Kuo, C. G. Suggested cultural practices for tomato. Chandler, Robert F. The potential for breeding heat tolerant vegetables for the 80-134 Villareal, Ruben L. Procedures tropics. for sweet potato evaluation trials. Bressani, Ricardo. World needs for 80-144 Opena, Romeo T. Procedures for nutrition and the role of vegetables and Chinese cabbage evaluation trials. legumes. 59 Wittwer, Sylvan H. Frontiers for sci­ ence and technology in vegetable pro- How To Order duction. All of the publications listed on the Innes, N. L. Breeding field vegetables, preceding pages are available free of charge to researchers, development Liu, M. S. and Paul C. Ma. Postharvest officials, and educators in developing problems of vegetables and fruits in the countries. Students are asked to tropics and subtropics. consult their school libraries. Readers in industrialized countries will be Miscellaneous charged postage and handling fees for the symposium proceedings only. Weed control: herbicide evaluation tests. Journal paper reprints and other light-weight publications are available The AVRDC training program. free of charge. Please note that publications are normally shipped via The AVRDC vegetable preparation man- surface mail. Readers who require ual. that their publications be sent by air will be charged for the additional postage. All requests should be addressed to the AVRDC Office of Information Services. Summaries 1982 60 AVRDC Progress Report

Conference and Miscellaneous Papers

Chen, B. S., H. R. Lee, and N. S. strains on cruciferous vegetables in Talekar. Resistance of three soybean Taiwan and the possible detection of a accessions to beet armyworm and three new strain of TuMV (Annual Meeting of species of stink bugs (China Plant the Plant Protection Society of the Protection Society, Taiwan, ROC). ROC). Chen, B. S. and N. S. Talekar. Sea- Kuo, C. G. Screening for excess mois­ sonality and host-plant preference of ture resistance (Conference on Varietal beanfly species in Taiwan (Annual Meet- Improvement of Upland Crops for Inten­ ing of the Entomological Society of the sive Cropping, IRRI, Philippines). ROC). Kuo, C. G., R. S. Huang, and G. W. Chen, C. Y., H. H. Wang, S. C. S. Selleck. Mycorrhiza, its potential use Tsou, and R. R. del Rosario. Utili- for yield increases in soybeans (5th zation of mungbean through air classi- Australasian Vegetable Research Con­ fication (42nd International Food Tech- ference, New Zealand). nologists Meeting, Las Vegas, USA). Liu, C. P. and S. Shanmugasundaram. Chen, C. Y., H. H. Wang, and S. C. Frozen vegetable soybean industry in S. Tsou. Scanning electron microscopic Taiwan (Symposium on Vegetable and study of starch-protein separation in air Ornamentals in the Tropics, Malaysia). classification of mungbean (3rd Sympo­ sium of Chinese Electron Microscopy Sajjapongse, A., G. W. Selleck, and Y. Society, Taiwan, ROC). C. Roan. Weed control for transplanted tomato (XXI International Horticultural Chen, C. Y., H. H. Wang, and S. C. Congress, Hamburg, Germany). S. Tsou. Comparison of physiochemical properties of air-classified mungbean Sajjaponse, A. and Y. C. Roan. Effect starch-rich and protein-rich fractions of N application frequency and dosage on (Annual Meeting of Chinese Agricultural growth of sweet potato (74th American Chemistry Society, Taiwan, ROC). Society of Agronomy Meeting, USA). Green, S. K. and T. C. Deng. Investi- Selleck, G. W. Sweet potato: A sym­ gation on the occurrence of TuMV posium overview (First International 61

Forcing soybeans to mature by Sweet Potato, Taiwan, Toung. Symposium on spraying paraquat (Soybean Genetic ROC). Newsletter 9:99-101). Selleck, G . W. and Paul M. H. Sun. ­ Shanmugasundaram, S., T. S. Toung, Tropical and subtropical vegetables Yield evaluation (XXI hiaternational Horti- and R. B. Almodiente. future needs soybeans (Soybean Genetic Congress, Frankfurt, Germany). of immature cultural Newsletter 9:97-99). M. H. Sun. Selleck, G. W. and Paul S. and T. S. of vegetables in the Shanmugasundaram, The research needs Photoperiodic response of (University Pertanian, Malaysia). Toung. tropics soybean rust tolerant soybeans (Soybean Rust Newsletter 5:31-33). Shanmugasundaram, S. Development of in soybean photoperiod insensitivity S. and T. S. on Varietal Improvement of Shanmugasundaram, (Conference Field screening for soybean Crops for Intensive Cropping, Toung. Upland rust resistance at AVRDC (Soybean Rust IFRI, -hiiippines). Newsletter 5:27-30). S. and C. S. Ahn. Shanmugasundaram, N. S. Talekar. Devel­ and mungbean improvement Sun, L. Y. and The soybean an artificial diet for mass at AVRDC (FAO/IAEA Meeting, opment of programs of limabean podborer (Annual Korea). rearing meeting of the China Plant Protection Shanmugasundaram, S. and G. W. Society). - and energy saving Selleck. Soybean flies, protein and oil source (Platinum Jubilee Talekar, N. S. Soybean-agromyzid Nadu Agricultural soybean-podborer, mungbean-bruchid, Celebration, Tamil (Annual University, India). and sweet potato-stemborer Plant Resistance to Insects Newsletter). Shanmugasundarain, S. and G. W. Contributions of international Talekar, N. S., C. S. Tseng, and Selleck. to agricultural research centers to national K. W. Cheng. Sources of resistance research institutions (Platinum Jubilee a stemborer, Omphisa illisalis (Annual Celebration, Tamil Nadu Agricultural Meeting of the Entom01o' ociety of University, India). the ROC). S. and C. R. van. Talekar, N. S., C. S. Tseng, and K. Shanmugasundaram, sweet Screening for Immature green soy ieans W. Cheng. Chemical control of as a vegetable (Soybean Genetics News- potato weevil (Annual Meeting of the letter 9:95-97). China Plant Protection Society, Taiwan, R. Yen. ROC). Shanmugasundaram, S. and C. photoperiod, Relationships between N. S., Y. F. Chang, and S. solar radiation and grain Talekar, temperature, Lee. Tomato insect pests: major in soybean (Soybean Genetic News- T. yield management alternatives (Symposium on letter 9:93-94). Insect Pest Problems of Vegetables in Shanmugasundaram, S. and T. S. Taiwan). Report Summaries 1982 62 AVRDC Progress input con­ I. Some aspects of symbiotic drought stress and minimum Tanabe, Australasian Vegetable nitrogen fixation in tropical soybean ditions (5th Seminar on Promoting Nitro- Conference, New Zealand). gen(ROC-Japan Fixation in Agriculture). Wong, J. Y. Research on mycorrhizae Inter­ C. C. Chu. Soil char- in Taiwan (Annual Meeting of the Tanabe, I. and for Science, acteristics of horticultural fields and national Foundation paddy rice fields (Symposium on Vege- Malaysia). and Ornamentals in the Tropics, tables and A. T. Tschanz. Japan). Wong, J. Y. Population dynamics of vesicular­ W. S. Sheng, and arbuscular mycorrhizae in the rice-rice­ Tschanz, A. T., Meet­ Development of soybean soybean cropping system (Annual B. Y. Tsai. Foundation for rust resistance in advanced breeding ing of the International lines (Soybean Rust Newsletter 5:34-37). Science, Malaysia).

Tschanz, A. T. and B. Y. Tsai. Effect development Please Note of maturity on soybean rust5:38-41). (Soybean Rust Newsletter are not generally R. L., G. W. Selleck, S.M. Conference papers Villareal, for distribution. Lin arid S. H. Lai. Variation in the available yielding ability of sweet potato under 63

Seminars

(1981) - Biological control May 28 - Cooperative legume projects December 24 - an over­ of bindweeds (Convolvulus spp.) with between Korea and AVRDC Argus Tortoise beetle (Chelymorphia view, Seok-dong Kim. G. W. Selleck (omitted in errorcassidea), frm 1981 report). June 10 - Influence of soil temperature on yield components of the potato plant Gamint Randeni. February 11 - Soil and water management (Solanum tuberosum), for tomato after rice, Francisco A. Garcia R. June 17 - The present state of rural biogas utilization in mainland China, February 18 - Effect of flooding on John S. Caldwell. physiological and morphological changes of sweet potato and tomato, Jung-soo June 21 - Some experiences with the Moon. Philippine livelihood movement, Ernesto beanfly infes- Ordonez. February 18 - Studies on tation of soybean, Choochai Thepveera. June 24 - a) Persistence of surecide of pod- residues in Chinese cabbage and b) February 25 - Characterization its soybean accessions, degradation of phorate In soil and borer resistant and metabolism Chang-yun Hwang. absorption, translocation, by carrot and radish, Hae-keun Lee. February 25 - Effect of flooding and mulching on Chinese cabbage growth and June 28 - Mycorrhizae and their effect development, Kil-sun Yoo. on plant growth, Walter Splittstoesser. 8 - Agricultural productivity - March - a) Evaluation of continuous technology and resource base, Sylvan H. July 1 cropping of soybean using the same Wittwer. piece of land, and b) Evaluation of seed and seed storability of some soybean cultivars May 18 - Seed pathology Victoria B. Sinclair. using different techniques, health, James Matalog. May 21 - The farming systems approach in assisting farm families, Albert R. July 15 - Studies of insect defoliators on Hagan. soybean, Hyung-rie Lee. 64 AVRDC Progress Report Summaree 1982 carotenoid July 29 - a) Path-coefficient analysis of November 3 - Problems of yield attributes in AVRDC advanced analysis, K. L. Simpson. mungbean breeding lines, and b) evalua­ genotypes for cross- November 4 - Vegetable farmer coop­ tion of mungbean and pro­ compatibility with black gram, Rungsarid eratives on Taiwan: Problems Kaveeta. spects, Creighton Peet. 12 - Plant spachig and vege- November 18 - Some studies on Dremia August of lettuce tables, M. A. Nichols. Lactucae, the causal agent downy mildew, .Jonathan E. Yuen. 24 - a) Fungicide screening test August of TMV resistant for the control of soybean rust, and b) December 9 - Breeding fungicide application timing trial, for tomato, Kozo Toshimitsu. controlling soybean rust, Yunizar Salim. December 23 - Sweet potato research at John C. September 9 - Species of Endogonaceae the University of Maryland, and mycorrhizal association of rice in Bouwkamp. cropping systems, Chi­ rice-rice-legume near Infra­ guang Wu. December 30 - Application of red reflectance spectroscopy on agri­ C. F. Hsu. September 14 - '4oybean production and culture and food research, research in .azil, Jose Tadashi Yorinori.

- The use of polycross In September 16 Please Note sweet potato breeding at VISCA, Philippines, Florencio A. Saladaga. Seminar papers are not generally for distribution. September 23 - Greenhouses, a challenge available for the tropics: The Tahitian experience, Paul Vanhauwere. 65

Collaborating Organizations

r eBurma Haiti de Jesus Cia TRW-urma Project opagnes rord Ken & de Development du Naconal de CaOrganisme Instituto Canada Nord Technologa Agropecuaria of Agriculture and Techoloaro pecuar Ministry Honduras Semillero Elceibo Food King Grain Co., Ltd. EN Australia Escuela Agricola Panamericana Berrimiai Research Farm Mission and Colombia ROC Technical Commonweath Scientific UNHA industral Research Organi- International Center for Industrial Tropical Agelculture , India Department of Primary Costa Rica "prtment of Agriculture, Production Tamil Nadu of Biological Centro Agronomico Tropical de Institute G. B. Pant University of Resources nvestigacion y Ensenaza Universidad de Costa Rica Agriculture and Technology University of Queersland Inter-American Institute for Indian Agricultural Research Cooperation on Agriculture Institute Bahrain Indian Council of Agricultural .gricultural Directorate ut Research of Agricultural Maharashtra Association for the Banglate Cultivation of Science Bangladesl Agricultural Resea:rch Ministry of Agriculture and Research Institute Research Council of Plant World Relief Fisheries National Bureau Christian Reform Genetic Resources Committee Punjab Agricultural Uni.versity Institute of Nuclear Pulses Research Agrisi ,gatoka Research Station Regional lture Center, Tamil Nadu Mennonhe Central Committee Gambia of Agriculture Tamil Nadu Agricultural epament University Bolivia l.ilcas Ghana Colulte de Obras Indonesia ENC Oleaginosas TJM Mission ROC Technical Mission Germay Balittan Sukarami Bal'ttan Sukamandi Brazil Biolo he Bundesanstalt Deutsche Gc3ellschaft fur Central Research Institute for R I WAPA Food Crops CU/NCSU Project Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) Institute Pertanian Bogor Instituto Adventista Extension Manuas National Agricultural Agro-industrial PProject Instituto Naclonal de Pesquisas GatymAgricultural Project Instituto de Ciencla y ROC Agriculture Technical da Amazonas Mission Universidad Federal de Vicosa Tecnologia Agricolas Guyana Sekolah Altikab den Kejuran - Brunei Irian Jaya Dep-rment of Agriculture Guyana Sugar Corporation AVRDC Progress Report Summaries 19 66 University of Malaysia Mindanao State University Ity Food and Agriculture Tn-rnational Board for Plant University of Pertanian - National Malaysia Council Genetic Resources (IBPGR) Philippines Atomic Lnergy Jpan Mauritius Commission Philippine Packh-a Corporation anese International for Agri­ (JICA) Ministry of Agriculture and Philippines CouncPi Cooperation Agency cultural and Crop Resources Nagasaki Agriculture and Natural Resources - Isahaya University of Mauritius Research (PCARR) Forestry Station Philippines Root Crop Research Nihon Ag.,'ultural Production and Training Center Irstitute-Chiba Netherlands of International Service for Society for !he Advancement Kyushu University the Vegetable Industry Nagasaki Agriculture and National Agricultural for Research (ISNAR) South East Asian Center Forestry Station .Graduate Study (SEARCA) Ministry of ',griculture, Glasshouse Crops Research and Experimental Station Institute of Tropical Forestry and Fisheries Agricultural Research University of Osaka Wageningen University of Agriculture University of the Philippines, Vegetable and Ornamental Los Banos Crops *Research Station Ni eria Tropical Agricultural Research Reunion Center ernational Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Instiut de Recherches Agronomiques Tropicales Jordan National Horticultural Research MIistry of Agriculture Institute Saudi Arabia Pakistan Ministry of Agriculture and Korea Water Crop Experimental Station, Agricultural Research Institute Nuclear Institute for ROC Agriculture Technical Office of Rural Development Mission Horticultural Experimental Agriculture and Biology Station, Office of Rural Technical Services Association Agricultural Project Sega Development Center for the Development of Korean Atomic Energy Commis- Horticulture sion P-nama Instituto de Inv,stigacion Agropecuara de Panama Sri Lanka Liberia Agricultural Development -entral Agricultural Research Papua New Guinea Authority Institute Department of Primary Indus- Department of Agriculture tries University of Peradeniya ­ Mal ys Department of Agriculture Xgiculturai Research Center, uaresr enr and Horticulture Senmongok S-i1o Agropecuario Chaco Sweden Department of Agriculture, Central S ten Sarawak Peru international Foundation for Joint Malaysian Soybean Science Breeding Project Amazon Jungle Research Methodist Church Agricultural Project Program Instituto Nacional de Investi- Tanzania Rural Development '--gricultural center - Saraw,'k gacton Agrara Universidad Nacional Agraria Malaysian Ak*,ricultural Tahiti Researe'a and Development r3=AT-IRAT Institute (MARDI) Philippines Rubber Research institute Asian Development Bank Bureau of Plant Industry Thailand Rural Development'Corpora- Asia[n_Institute of Technology tion, Sabah Central Philippines University - International Rice Research Chiang Mal University University Kebangsaan Kasetsart University Malaysia Institute (IRRI) 67

University National Taiwan 1,niversitt' Kresge Foundation Khon Kaen O'Lakes, Inc. of Agriculture Provincial Dep:,rtment of Land Ministry Louisiana State University Science Council Education, National Ren-bay rarmers' Association Mayaguez Institute of Tropical Shanhue Farmers' Association Agriculture Taiwan ROC State University Snica ShIn-trou Farmers' Association Michigan AFcaemia North Carolina State University Agricultural Association of Shul-ilt Farmers' Association Taichurg District Agriculture Oklahoma State University China organic Farm Research Center Agricultural Engineering Improvement Station Tainan Dibtrict Agriculture Rockefeller Foundation Research. Institute Research Center Food and Improvement Station Rodale Asian and Pacific Sacramento Valley Milling Co. Fertilizer Technology Center Tai-pau Farmers' Association Taipei District Agriculture Texas A & M University Chiayi Ag-icultural Arizona Station Improvement Station University of Experimental of Arkansas University Taitung District Agriculture University Chinese Culture University of California Chu-Pei Farmers' Association Improvement Station Taiwan Agricultural Research (Berkeley) Council for Agricultural University of California and Development Institute Planning and (Davis) Dah-cheng Farmers' Association Taiwan Seed Improvement Propagation Service University of Georgia Ehr-lin Farmers' Association of Hawaii Association Taiwan Sugar Research University Ehr-ren Farmers' University of Illinois Fengshan Tropical Horticultural Institute Tt.ng-Shih Farmers' Association University of Maryland Experimental Station Missouri and World Vision University of Food Industry Research University of New Hampshire Development Institute Trinidad University of Puerto Rico Fu-Jin University University of Rhode Island Hsih-fu Cooperative Farm traRSSan Agricultural Development University of Wisconsin Hsinchu District Agriculture Research and Institute US Department of Improvement Station Agriculture Farm Hsln-kang Cooperative US Agency for International Hsin-kang Farmers' Association United Kingdom National Vegetable Research Development Hwalien District Agriculture US Vegetable Laboratory Improvement Station Station, Wellesbourne University of Reading Virginia Polytechnic Institute IBM Taiwan Corporation in Asia Farm Volunteers I-tsu Cooperative Water Isle Botanical Garden Kaohi lung District Agriculture United States It.erovement Station Alabama A&M University Cooperative Farm Cornell University Venezuela Lu-chu de Lun-yang Cooperative Farm East-West Center Fondo acional Lu-tsau Cooperative Farm International Soybean Program Investigacions Mountain Agricultural Re- International Agricultural Agropecuarias sources Development Center Development Service Cooperative Farm International Mineral Zaire Nan-ho Project National Cheng-kung Corporation Y=I/USAID University International Volunteer Service National Chung-hsiung Iowa State University Zimbabwe University IRI Research Institute 1ThR' ze Co-op Company Progress Report Summaries 1982 68 AVRDC

Board of Directors

Dr. Paul C. Ma (Chairman) Dr. G. W. Selleck Research and Director, Food Industry Research and Asian Vegetable Development Institute Development Center Taiwan, ROC Hon. Arturo R. Tanco, Jr. Dr. Yoshiaki Ishizuka (Vice Chairman) Ministry of Agriculture Hokkaido University Philippines Japan Dr. T. C. Tso and Germplasm Institute Dr. Krisna Chutima Plant Genetics Kasetsart University USA Thailand Dr. R. V. Valmayor Agriculture and Dr. K. C. Hsieh Philippine Council for Research National Science Council Resources Taiwan, ROC Philippines

Dr. Dong Soo Kim Office of Rural Development. Observers Korea Mr. F. T. Chang Planning and Dr. Norio Kondo Council for Agricuiitural Tokyo University of Agriculture Development Japan Republic of China

Dr. Klaus Lampe Mr. D. F. Panganiban Philippines German Agency for Technical Cooperation Ministry of Agriculture, (GTZ) (Representing Minister Tanco) Federal Republic of Germany Mr. Tai Yamamoto Dr. James C. Moomaw Interchange Association Near East Foundation Japan USA

Professor Rapee Sagarik Kasetsart University Thailand 69

Personnel

Administration Hao-koan Chen, B.S., research assistant W. Selleck, Ph.D., director G. B.S., researc Paul M. H. Sun, Ph.D., Jin-hu Chen, associate director assistant Michael Chin, B.S., executive officer Soybean Breeding David I. K. Chi, G.A., C.P.A., S. Shanmugasundaram, Ph.D., comptroller program leader and associate plant C. C. Wang, B.S., breeder (soybean research superintendent, buildings and coordinator) maintenance* Paul Yang, B.S., Tong-shroung Toung, B.S., superintendent, buildings and assistant specialist maintenance** Flora Chuang, B.A., Chung-ruey Yen, M.S., senior assistant manager, food and research assistant* dormitory services* Ann Hwa, Li-fen Chen, M.S., principal assistant manager, food and research assistant** dormitory services+ Sweet Potato Breeding and Tomato Breeding Chinese Cabbage Steve S. M. Lin, Ph.D., Romeo T. Opefia, Ph.D., research associate program leader and plant breeder# Shiao-feng Lo, M.S., principal San-ho Lo, assistant specialist* research assistant Lien-chung, B.S., principal Jing-toa Ho, B.S., research research assistant** assistant Jen-tzu Chen, principal research Ching-hsiung Hung, M.S., principal assistant research assistant** Mungbean Breeding Plant Pathology

Chang-Soon Ahn, Ph.D., Arnold T. Tschanz, Ph.D., associate plant breeder (mungbean head, associate plant pathologist research coordinator) (legume crops) 70 AVRDC Progress Report Summaries 1982

Bie-yun Tsai, M.S., assistant Hui-chin Yang, B.S., research specialist* assistant** (legume crops)

Wen-shame Sheng, M.S., principal Song-tay Lee, B.S., research research assistant* assistant** (horticultural crops)

Chien-yao Wong, M.S., principal Ying-fu Chang, B.S., research research assistant assistant* (horticultural crops)

Min-chu Tsai, M.S., principal Ying-ehr Hong, B.S., research research assistant** assistant** (legume crops) Plant Physiology Sylvia K. Green, Ph.D., Ph.D., associate plant pathologist George C. Kuo, (viiology) plant physiologist M.S., principal Ting-chin Deng, M.S., principal Mei-chen Shen, assistant* research assistant research M.S., principal Li-li Hwang, B.S., research Bih-jien Shen, research assistant (horticultural assistant* crops)

M.S., principal Jonathan E. Yuen, Ph.D., Huei-mei Chen, research associate** (horticultural research assistant** (horticultural crops) crops) research Huang, M.S., principal Shiou-chu Chen, B.S., Hsiou-chen c. i;ps) research assistant** assistant* (horticultural

Tzu-yin Liu, B.S., research Chemistry assistant** Samson C. S. Tsou, Ph.D., program leader and biochemistt Entomology Meng-huey Yang, M.S., principal research assistant N. S. Talekar, Ph.D., associate entomologist (Chinese Kuang-kung Kan, M.S., principal cabbage research coordinator) research assistant**

Bor-shyan Chen, B.S., senior Su-chin L. Chiu, B.S., assistant research assistant (legume crops) chemist*

Li-yu Sun, B.S., research assistant Chao-yih Chen, Ph.D., assistant (legume crops) specialist* 71

Garden Programs Social Anthropology

Jack Gershon, Ph.D., Creighton Peet, Ph.D., consulting nutritionist social anthropologist* Chii-shyang flu, M.S., principal Chiung-pih L. Huang, B.S., research assistant principal research assistant research Cheng-feng Hsieh, B.S., research Der-ming Chen, B.S., r.isistant4I assistant Soil Science Ichiro Tanabe, Ph.D., Training and Development soil scientist Diosdado V. Castro, M.S., Chih-ping Chu, B.S., senior training specialist research assistant* Sen-hsiung Lai, B.S., assistant Chin-hua Ma, B.S., principal development officer research assistant Sui-ting Chen, B.S., training Junn-yann Lin, M.S., principal assistant* research assistant** Yuan Yung, B.S., training Chia-chen Chu, B.S., research assistant assistant Yuan-chin Yang, B.S., training Crop Management assistant** Adisak Sajjapongse, Ph.D., Information Services associate crop management specialist Tim D. Griggs, M.S., Yu-chi Roan, B.S., assistant associate information specialist (head, office of information specialist services)* Mei-huey Wu, B.S., research assistant E. W. Sulzberger, M.S., associate information specialist Economics (head, office of information Agricultural services)** Chiung-pih L. Huang, B.S., principal research assistant Glenn C. Wong, B.A., information assistant* Yu-hsia H. Pan, research aid Andrea Perlis, B.A., information Lih-ing Chiang, research aid assistant** AVRDC Progress Report Summaries 1982 72 Projects Library Bilateral Palo, Ph.D. Teng-hui Hwang, B.S., Alfredo horticulturalist, Philippine senior librarian affiliate Outreach Project

Bum Hong, Ph.D. Experimental Farm Soon affiliate horticulturalist, Korean Outreach Project Teng-sheng Tu, B.S., assistant farm superintendent Charles Y. Yang, Ph.D. director and resident scientist, Seed Laboratory Thailand Outreach Project Leonard Y. L. Ho, M.S., Scientist seed technologist Visiting C. Bouwkamp, Ph.D., Computer Services John sweet potato breeder Keiji Kamlyama, B.S.,, associate scientist in statistics and during the year computers * Left • * Arrived during the year Hsien-yang Tien, B. S., computer + Transferred from IADS assignment assistant # Returned t Returned from sabbatical leave Ming-zen Chang, B.S., statistical assistant 73

Training Scholars

student, Tomato Yueh-maw Tseng - summer Department of Biology, Fu Jen Univer­ Fidel S. Boria - production trainee, sity, Taiwan, ROC. State Agricultural College, Mountain fellow, Philippines. Kozo Toshimitsu - research Tsukuba International Agricultural International Carlos P. Cabrera - production trainee, Training Center, Japan Pampanga Agricultural College, Philip- Cooperation Agency, Japan. pines. Paul Vanhauwere - production trainee Chew-ann Chen - summer student, (independent), Belgium. Department of Horticulture, National Chung-Hsing University, Taiwan, ROC. Chinese cabbage

Huang-shing Jang - summer student, Jeng-shong Chen - summer student, Department of Plant Pathology, National Department of Entomology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taiwan, ROC. Chung-Hsing University, Taiwan, ROC.

Etti Purwati - research intern, Lembang San-ho Deng - production trainee, Research Institute for Food Crops, Taiwan Seed Improvement and Prop­ Indonesia. agation Station, Taiwan, ROC. Fen-met Song - summer student, Depart- Hae-keun Lee - research intern, Insti­ ment of Horticulture, National Chung- tute of Agricultural Sciences, Office of Hsing University, Taiwan, ROC. Rural Development, Korea. Nani Sumarni - research intern, Lembang Mei-jo Lin - summer student, Department Research Institute for Food Crops, of Plant Pathology, National Chung-Hsing Indonesia. University, Taiwan, ROC. Yoyo Sulyo - research intern, Lembang Tomas 0. Mardo - special purpose Research Institute for Food Crops, trainee, Ministry of Agriculture, Indonesia. Philippines.

Samson Knox Timothy - production Crispin P. Pelle - special purpose trainee, Kabiufa Adventist High School, trainee, Ministry of Agriculture, Papua New Guinea. Philippines. Progress Report Summaries 1982 74 AVRDC

Crispin P. Pelle - special purpose Mungbean Ministry of Agriculture, trainee, intern, Philippines. Hyun-gwan Goh - research Institute of Agricultural Science, Office Korea. Benedicto B. Ramos - special purpose of Rural Development, trainee, Ministry of Agriculture, - student, Depart­ Philippines. Jyh-lih Juang summer ment of Entomology, National Chung- Taiwan, ROC. Folteo S. Sariaco - production trainee, Hsing University, Palawan National Agricultural College, - research intern, Crop Philippines. Chul-whan Kang Experiment Station, Office of Rural Rustaman Soeriaatmadja - research Development, Korea. intern, Lembang Research Institute for Intern, Depart­ Food Crops, Indonesia. Hyung-rai Lee - research ment of Pesticide Biology, AgriculturL' Institute, Office of Nam-hyun Song - research intern, Chemicals Research Korea. Research Bureau, Office of Rural Devel- Rural Development, opment, Korea. Kaveeta Rungsarid - research intern, Department of Agronomy, Kasetsart Sweet Potato University, Thailand. Shul-hua Chen - summer student, De- Chun-hsien Yang - summer student, partment of Agricultural Chemistry, Department of Nutrition and Food National Taiwan University, Taiwan, Science, Fu Jen University, Taiwan, ROC. ROC. Kun-lung Chuang - summer student, Department of Entomology, National Soybean Chung-Hsing University, Taiwan, ROC. Kun-lung Chuang - summer student, Pablo P. Dimalanta - production trainee, Department of Entomology, National Ministry of Agriculture, Philippines. Chung-Hsing University, Taiwan, ROC.

Gea-nea Hsia - summer student, Depart- Lin-huei Huang - summer student, ment of Horticulture, National Chung- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Hsing University, Taiwan, ROC. National Taiwan University, Taiwan, ROC. Shelley Hwang - summer student, De­ trainee, partment of Agricultural Chemistry, Mas Ismunadji - special purpose Bogor National Taiwan University, Taiwan, Plant Physiology Department, Crops, ROC. Research Institute for Food Indonesia. Florenclo A Saladaga - special purpose research intern, trainee, Department of Plant Breeding Yong-moon Jin - Rural Dev­ and Agricultural Botany, Visayas State Research Bureau, Office of College of Agriculture, Philippines. elopment, Korea. 75

Seok-dong Kim - r'esearch intern, Crop Entomology Experiment Station, Office of Rural Development, Korea. Chowchong Attapon - special purpose trainee, Bayer Thai Co., Thailand. Hyung-rae Lee - research intern, Agri­ cultural Chemicals Research Institute, Piyavanichstien Charnvit - special pur- Office of Rural Development, Korea. pose trainee, Bayer Thai Co., Thailand.

Yen-kuang Lee - summer student, De- Chih-hong Cheng - special purpose partment of Entomology, National Chung- trainee, Pesticide Department, Chung Hsing University, Taiwan, ROC. Teh Company Ltd., Taiwan, ROC. Jing-erl Lin - summer student, Depart- Sarnthoy Ouab - special purpose trainee, ment of Plant Pathology, National Chung- Department of Entomology, Kasetsart Hsing University, Taiwan, ROC. University, Thailand. Yi-pey Luo - summer student, Depart- Farm Management ment of Pathology and Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taiwan, Sitathani Krung - special purpose ROC. trainee, TOP/AVRDC, Kasetsart Univer­ sity, Thailand. Victoria E. Matalog - research intern, Philippine Council for Agriculture and Garden Project Resources Research, Philippines. Edgardo A. Auxtero - production

Srinives Peerasak - special purpose trainee, College of Agriculture, Central trainee, Faculty of Agriculture, Kaset- Mindanao University, Philippines. sart University, Thailand. Salbino R. Bangcado - production Srisuk Poonpolgul - special purpose trainee, Pampanga Agricultural College, trainee, Ministry of Agriculture and Philippines. Cooperatives, Thailand. Nilo B. Corporal - production trainee, Hataleka Somsak - special purpose Camarines Sur Agricultural College, trainee, Kasetsart University Research Philippines. and Development Institute, Thailand. Rafael R. Lachica - production trainee,

Hi-sup Song - research intern, Ad- Aklan Agricultural College, Philippines. vanced Energ Research Institute, Camilo C. Nuestro - production trainee, Korea. Don Severino Agricultural College, Philippines. Kim-liwe Teo ­ summer student, Depart- ment of Agronomy, National Taiwan Pimsuwan Salitpong - production trainee, University, Taiwan, ROC. Royal Project, Thailand. Chi-guang Wu - research scholar, De- Physiology partment of Botany, National Taiwan University, Taiwan, ROC. Chuckree Senthong - special purpose 76 AVRDC Progress Report Summaries 1982 trainee, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Akratanakul Suntaree - special purpose Mai University, Thailand. trainee, Department of Soil Science, Kasetsart University, Thailand. Seed Technology Training and Extension

Gamini Randeni(GT Si-shoar,specialana.Pongsakpurpose trainee Angkasith - special purpose (GTZ scholar), Sri Lanka. trainee, Department of Agricultural Extension, Chiang Mai University, Thai- Soil Management land.

Jui-yu Chiu - summer student, Depart- Khumgliang Poom - :,pecial purpose ment of Soil Science, National Chung- trainee, National Agricultural Extension Hsing University, Taiwan, ROC. and Training Center, Kasetsart Univer- sity, Thailand. Chang-fong Kan - summer student, Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Thuantavee Muangthong - special National Taiwan University, Taiwan, purpose trainee, TOP/AVRDC, Kasetsart ROC. University, Thailand. Thanom Klodpeng - special purpose Enrico P. Supangco - special purpose, trainee, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang trainee, Department of Agronomy, Univer­ Mai University, Thailand. sity of the Philippines. 77

Finances

AVRDC's projected budget for 1982 was US $3,638,000 compared with an actual income of US $3,135,794 and expenditures of US $3,266,432. Funding was provided by the governments of the Republic of China, the United States, the Philippines, the Republic of Korea, Japan, Thailand, the Federal Republic of Germany, and Sweden. Grants and other forms of assistance were aso received from the Asian Development Bank, the I'ternational Board for Plant Genetic Resources, the Commemorative Association for the Japan World Exposition, IBM Taiwan Corporation, Land O'Lakes, Inc., Kirhi Drewery Co. Ltd., and the Philip Duphar Co.