Histories of State Surveillance in Europe and Beyond is carefully curated, essen- tial reading for anyone interested in the history and practice of surveillance in comparative perspective. Against a robust theoretical discussion by David Lyon and Edward Higgs, this volume showcases the work of some of the most exciting new surveillance scholars writing today. Kirstie Ball, Professor of Organization, The Open University, UK This book places an important marker in the sand, by alerting us to the signifi- cance of history. History is important to surveillance studies because institutions, actors and activities in the past shape attitudes and behaviours in the present, and those of the present shape the future. As this book demonstrates, “the state” is a surveillance intensive environment, which differs from one national and institu- tional context to another – and by recognizing these differences we can start to appreciate the ubiquitous but differentiated and nuanced nature of surveillance. In doing so, this book provides an essential exploration of the intertwined rela- tions between history, the state and surveillance. William Webster, Professor, University of Stirling, UK This page intentionally left blank Histories of State Surveillance in Europe and Beyond Does the development of new technology cause an increase in the level of surveillance used by central government? Is the growth in surveillance merely a reaction to terrorism, or a solution to crime control? Are there more structural roots for the increase in surveillance? This book attempts to find some answers to these questions by examining how govern- ments have increased their use of surveillance technology. Focusing on a range of coun- tries in Europe and beyond, this book demonstrates how government penetration into private citizens’ lives was developing years before the War on Terrorism. It also aims to answer the question of whether central government actually has penetrated ever deeper into the lives of private citizens in various countries inside and outside of Europe, and whether citizens are protected against it, or have fought back. The main focus of the volume is on how surveillance has shaped the relationship between the citizen and the state. The contributors and editors of the volume look into the question of how central government came to intrude on citizens’ private lives from two perspectives: identification card systems and surveillance in post- authoritarian societies. Their aim is to present the heterogeneity of the European historical surveillance past in the hope that this might shed light on current trends. Essential reading for criminologists, sociologists and political scientists alike, this book provides some much-needed historical context on a highly topical issue. Kees Boersma is Associate Professor at the Faculty of Social Sciences of the VU Univer- sity Amsterdam, Department of Organization Sciences. His current research is about safety, security and surveillance. He is group leader of AREA (Amsterdam Research on Emergency Administration). Rosamunde Van Brakel has Master degrees in criminology and educational sciences and is currently a PhD candidate at the research group of Law, Science, Technology and Society Studies at the Free University of Brussels. Her research investigates the social, ethical and legal consequences of pre-emptive surveillance of children. Chiara Fonio (PhD in Sociology and the Methodology of Social Research) is a researcher in Sociology at the Catholic University of Milan. Her research interests range from the history of surveillance to the securitization of mega-events and the impact of CCTV within urban contexts. Pieter Wagenaar is Assistant Professor at the Department of Political Science and Public Administration in the Faculty of Social Sciences, VU University Amsterdam. He has pub- lished on a range of topics concerning the informatization of public administration and the history of public administration. Routledge studies in crime and society 1 Sex Work 7 Prostitution in the Community Labour, mobility and sexual Attitudes, action and resistance services Sarah Kingston Edited by JaneMaree Maher, Sharon Pickering and Alison 8 Surveillance, Capital and Gerard Resistance Michael McCahill and 2 State Crime and Resistance Rachel L. Finn Edited by Elizabeth Stanley and Jude McCulloch 9 Crime, Community and Morality 3 Collective Morality and Crime Simon Green in the Americas Christopher Birkbeck 10 Flexible Workers Labour, regulation and the 4 Talking Criminal Justice political economy in the stripping Language and the just society industry Michael J. Coyle Teela Sanders and Kate Hardy 5 Women Exiting Prison 11 Histories of State Surveillance in Critical essays on gender, post- Europe and Beyond release support and survival Edited by Kees Boersma, Bree Carlton and Marie Segrave Rosamunde Van Brakel, Chiara Fonio and Pieter Wagenaar 6 Collective Violence, Democracy and Protest Policing David R. Mansley Histories of State Surveillance in Europe and Beyond Edited by Kees Boersma, Rosamunde Van Brakel, Chiara Fonio and Pieter Wagenaar ROUTLEDGE Routledge Taylor & Francis Group LONDON AND NEW YORK First published 2014 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2014 selection and editorial material, Kees Boersma, Rosamunde Van Brakel, Chiara Fonio and Pieter Wagenaar; individual chapters, the contributors. The right of Kees Boersma, Rosamunde Van Brakel, Chiara Fonio and Pieter Wagenaar to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted by them in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging- in-Publication Data Histories of state surveillance in Europe and beyond / edited by Kees Boersma, Rosamunde van Brakel, Chiara Fonio and Pieter Wagenaar. – First Edition. pages cm. – (Routledge studies in crime and society; 11) 1. Subversive activities–Government policy–Europe. 2. Internal security–Europe. 3. Information technology–Security measures. I. Boersma, Kees, editor of compilation. HV6295.E97H57 2014 363.25'931–dc23 2013046925 ISBN: 978-0-415-82946-5 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-203-36613-4 (ebk) Typeset in Times New Roman by Wearset Ltd, Boldon, Tyne and Wear About COST COST – the acronym for European Cooperation in Science and Technology – is the oldest and widest European intergovernmental network for cooperation in research. Established by the Ministerial Conference in November 1971, COST is presently used by the scientific communities of 36 European countries to cooperate in common research projects supported by national funds. The funds provided by COST – less than 1 per cent of the total value of the projects – support the COST cooperation networks (COST Actions) through which, with EUR 30 million per year, more than 30,000 European scientists are involved in research having a total value which exceeds EUR 2 billion per year. This is the financial worth of the European added value which COST achieves. A “bottom- up approach” (the initiative of launching a COST Action comes from the Euro- pean scientists themselves), “à la carte participation” (only countries interested in the Action participate), “equality of access” (participation is open also to the scientific communities of countries not belonging to the European Union) and “flexible structure” (easy implementation and light management of the research initiatives) are the main characteristics of COST. As a precursor of advanced multidisciplinary research COST has a very important role for the realization of the European Research Area (ERA) anticipating and complementing the activ- ities of the Framework Programmes, constituting a “bridge” towards the scient- ific communities of emerging countries, increasing the mobility of researchers across Europe and fostering the establishment of “Networks of Excellence” in many key scientific domains such as: Biomedicine and Molecular Biosciences; Food and Agriculture; Forests, their Products and Services; Materials, Physical and Nanosciences; Chemistry and Molecular Sciences and Technologies; Earth System Science and Environmental Management; Information and Communica- tion Technologies; Transport and Urban Development; and Individuals, Soci- eties, Cultures and Health. It covers basic and more applied research, and also addresses issues of pre- normative nature or societal importance. COST Website: www.cost.esf.org COST is supported by the EU RTD Framework Programme. This page intentionally left blank Contents List of figures xi List of tables xii Notes on contributors xiii 1 Introduction: histories of state surveillance in Europe and beyond 1 KEES BOERSMA, ROSAMUNDE VAN BRAKEL, CHIARA FONIO AND PIETER WAGENAAR PART I Theory and perspectives 15 2 Further