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Bullying 9/8/2015 Facts on File News Services Bullying 9/8/2015 Facts On File News Services http://www.2facts.com/PrintPage.aspx?PIN=i1000220 1/8 Issue Date: June 29, 2009 http://www.2facts.com/PrintPage.aspx?PIN=i1000220 Since ICOF last covered bullying in April 2005, several school shootings have involved students with a history of bullying or of being bullied. Click here for the latest developments concerning this controversial issue. Recognizing the Bully Effects of Bullying on the Bully And the Bullied States Address Bullying in School Through Legislation Proponents Back Statewide Antibullying Legislation Opponents Say Antibullying Laws Misguided The Future of Antibullying Efforts Discussion Questions & Activities Bibliography Additional Sources Contact Information Key Words and Points Bullying Update (2009) The issue: Should states adopt legislation that prohibits harassing and bullying behavior in schools? Or is antibullying legislation an unnecessary and ineffective use of legislative authority? Supporters of antibullying legislation say: Increasingly violent attacks by bullied students point to a need for antibullying legislation. Current regulations regarding bullies are insufficient to protect students, and lack of uniformity of regulations makes them difficult to enforce. Opponents of antibullying legislation say: Statewide laws are unnecessary, as sufficient measures are already in place for dealing with bullies. Statewide antibullying legislation would take power away from educators and give it to the legislatures, which are not equipped to know the individual needs of school districts. Bullies are infamous in popular culture. Lucy constantly taunted Charlie Brown in Charles Schulz's comic strip "Peanuts," in particular every time he attempted to kick a football. In the musical Annie, based on the comic strip "Little Orphan Annie," Ms. Hannigan physically abused Annie, forced her to scrub floors and attempted to keep her from the millionaire who wanted to adopt her. And perhaps the ultimate bully was Lex Luther, who constantly attempted to destroy Superman with kryptonite, the one substance that could render Superman devoid of his superpowers. Mark Leffingwell/AFP/Getty Images Students visit a memorial site for victims of the Columbine High School shooting in 1999. Studies show that attackers in violent school incidents were often targets of bullying. According to statistics, bullies are as prevalent in real life as they are in fiction, and nowhere more than on school campuses. In a 2002 survey of students in grades five through 12 conducted by the Families and Work Institute, 32% of students 9/8/2015 Facts On File News Services http://www.2facts.com/PrintPage.aspx?PIN=i1000220 2/8 responded that they were the victims of bullying at least once per month, and 12% reported being bullied five times or more in a single month. Furthermore, 23% stated that they had acted as bullies at least once during the previous month. Psychology professor Dorothea Ross provided a definition of bullying in her 1996 book Childhood Bullying and Teasing. She wrote: Bullying is a form of social interaction- not necessarily longstandingin which a more dominant individual (the bully) exhibits aggressive behavior that is intended to, and does, in fact, cause distress to a less dominant individual (the victim). The aggressive behavior may take the forms of a direct physical and/or verbal attack or may be indirect. More than one bully and more than one victim may participate in the interaction. Bullying is not a cutanddried offense. It may be difficult to recognize in some instances, but it is generally acknowledged by students, parents and school personnel as a problem. Physical bullying is more prevalent among students in elementary and middle schools, and tends to taper off in high school, but indirect bullying, such as verbal abuse, is common among students at every level. Surveys of both students and parents repeatedly indicate that bullying has a negative effect on the subjects of bullying as well as on the bullies themselves. Both groups of students have higher school dropout rates than their peers. Bullied children also tend to have failing grades, and to experience depression, or anger and aggression. And a 2002 government study of violent attacks in schools indicates that many of the student attackers had been the victims of repeated bullying. In addition, according to a 2003 study by Fight Crime: Invest in Kids, a national advocacy group comprised of more than 2,000 law enforcement officers and victims of violence, bullies are more likely than others to move toward a life of crime. As many as 40% of bullies will have been convicted of a crime three times before they reach the age of 24. Though individual schools and school districts have long sought to deal with students who bully, in recent years the problem of bullying in school has been increasingly debated in state legislatures. In fact, as of April 2005, 19 states, in addition to Guam and Puerto Rico, had enacted statewide legislation dealing with bullying. (Most recently, New York and Virginia adopted legislation in early 2005.) Jeremy Eagle The statutes vary widely in terms of how they address the problem of school bullies, as well as whether they designate that 9/8/2015 Facts On File News Services http://www.2facts.com/PrintPage.aspx?PIN=i1000220 3/8 action be taken on a state or local level. However, the general purpose in enacting the statutes is similar: to not only denounce bullying as unacceptable, but also to keep it from happening. As a result, the statutes call for school boards to create bully prevention programs, including prevention and intervention strategies, investigation protocols and notification procedures. Advocates of antibullying legislation argue that the increasingly violent means by which bullied students retaliate, as in cases where the bullied students have gunned down students and school personnel on their school campuses, mandate tougher antibullying laws. Others argue that the current regulations regarding bullies are insufficient to protect students. And the lack of uniformity of such regulations makes them more difficult to enforce, they contend. Furthermore, because many antibullying policies provide guidelines rather than strict rules, they do not adequately force school districts to enforce antibullying measures, supporters say. Antibullying advocates also claim that a costbenefit analysis shows that in the long run, it costs far less to install antibullying programs than to have to deal with the results of bullying, such as escalated criminal activity by bullies or the emotional problems some children experience as a result of being bullied. Opponents of antibullying legislation, on the other hand, argue that statewide laws are unnecessary, because sufficient measures are already in place for dealing with the issue of bullying. Legislation dealing specifically with bullying would simply create more bureaucratic red tape for teachers and administrators, who could instead be working on addressing the specific needs of their schools, they assert. Others argue that bullying should be addressed at the local level only. They express concern that statewide legislation would take power away from educators and give it to the legislatures, which are not equipped to know the individual needs of school districts. They claim that antibullying laws represent "feel good" legislation that politicians use to gain political advantage. Finally, some opponents argue that bullying is a rite of passage, and that legislation addressing bullying is not needed. Recognizing the Bully According to the National Education Association (NEA), which has launched a National Bullying Awareness Campaign, bullying is a community issue that requires the involvement of many parties, including students, parents, teachers, school administrators and local, state and national governments. The NEA argues that bullying has become more "lethal" and more frequent over the past few decades, and that concerted action to prevent and eventually eradicate bullying is more necessary than ever. It is widely recognized that boys will generally bully in direct, physical ways, while girls generally use less- direct tactics. The National Conference of State Legislatures has adopted the following list of bullying tactics, created by the National School Safety Center: poking, punching, strangling, suffocating, pinching, shoving, hitting, biting, spitting, hair pulling, finger bending, ganging up and cornering, stabbing, excessive tickling, burning, poisoning, theft and shooting. Experts argue that indirect bullyingin the form of verbal and emotional abusecan be at least as harmful as physical abuse in the long run. Although both boys and girls participate in indirect bullying, it is far more common among girls. Indirect bullying includes such acts as: namecalling and putdowns, verbal threats, cruel jokes, rejection, humiliation, blackmail, playing mean or embarrassing tricks, ostracism on the basis of looks or social status, hateful graffiti, manipulating friendships, demands for money or property, indecent gestures, and defamation or telling lies about someone. In addition, some bullies will engage in sexual bullying and hate- motivated bullying. Both may include any of the abovementioned acts, but sexual bullying may also include voyeurism, sexual harassment, sexual propositioning or sexual assault. Hatemotivated bullying may include taunting about race, sexual orientation, religion and physical or mental disabilities. Although there
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