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Designation = High Risk WRA SCore = 12 Family: Crassulaceae Taxon: Crassula multicava Synonym: C. quadrifida Bak. Common Name: Cape Province pygmyweed Fairy crassula Questionaire : current 20090513 Assessor: Chuck Chimera Designation: H(HPWRA) Status: Assessor Approved Data Entry Person: Chuck Chimera WRA Score 12 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? y=1, n=-1 103 Does the species have weedy races? y=1, n=-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet habitat, then (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- Intermediate substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appendix 2) 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- Low high) (See Appendix 2) 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 n 204 Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates y=1, n=0 y 205 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2), n= question 205 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see y Appendix 2) 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2) 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic y=1, n=0 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 y 410 Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) y=1, n=0 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n Print Date: 7/27/2011 Crassula multicava (Crassulaceae) Page 1 of 7 Designation = High Risk WRA SCore = 12 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 y 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n 504 Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) y=1, n=0 n 601 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat y=1, n=0 n 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally y=1, n=-1 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 y 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 701 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked y=1, n=-1 y areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 802 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) y=1, n=-1 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 y 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 y 805 Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) y=-1, n=1 Designation: H(HPWRA) WRA Score 12 Print Date: 7/27/2011 Crassula multicava (Crassulaceae) Page 2 of 7 Designation = High Risk WRA SCore = 12 Supporting Data: 101 2005. South African National Biodiversity [Is the species highly domesticated? No. No evidence] "C. multicava is a Institute. PlantzAfrica.com - Crassula multicava moderate to fast growing, mat-forming, evergreen groundcover up to ± 300 mm, Lem.. that produces an outstanding uniform effect when planted in masses. As with all http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantcd/crassmulticav members of the genus, the glossy, oval to round leaves are formed in opposite .htm pairs. They are light to dark green depending on the position in the garden, darker in the shade and paler in semi-shade to sunny places. The flowers are petite, charming little stars hence the common name fairy crassula, and appear in masses above the attractive leaves. The leaves contain hydathodes (water secreting pores), which serve for rapid absorption of water from the leaf surface." 102 2011. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 103 2011. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 201 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) 1-intermediate] "Native to the Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Cape of Good Hope…Coming as it does from a temperate climate, C. multicava Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop does best in Hawaii at higher, cooler elevations, such as Kokee on Kauai and Museum Press, Honolulu, HI around Volcano and Waimea on the Big Island." 202 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical [Quality of climate match data? 0-low] "Native to the Cape of Good Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Hope…Coming as it does from a temperate climate, C. multicava does best in Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Hawaii at higher, cooler elevations, such as Kokee on Kauai and around Volcano Museum Press, Honolulu, HI and Waimea on the Big Island." 203 2011. Dave's Gardern. PlantFiles: PlantFiles: [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? No] "Hardiness: USDA Zone Fairy Crassula - Crassula multicava. 9b: to -3.8 °C (25 °F) USDA Zone 10a: to -1.1 °C (30 °F) USDA Zone 10b: to 1.7 http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/58166/ °C (35 °F) USDA Zone 11: above 4.5 °C (40 °F)" 204 2005. South African National Biodiversity [Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes] "C. Institute. PlantzAfrica.com - Crassula multicava multicava occurs on forest margins, river and stream banks, and in coastal and Lem.. subtropical thickets from Mpumulanga, Natal to the Eastern and s outhern Cape." http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantcd/crassmulticav .htm 204 2005. Wagner, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Lorence, D.H.. [Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes] Flora of the Hawaiian Islands website. "Crassula multicava Harv. Status: Naturalized Distribution: K (Waimea Canyon)" Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. [Kauai, Hawaiian Island] http://botany.si.edu/pacificislandbiodiversity/hawai ianflora/index.htm 205 2011. Dave's Gardern. PlantFiles: PlantFiles: [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural Fairy Crassula - Crassula multicava. range? Yes] Widely cultivated ornamental http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/58166/ 301 1995. Lorence, D.H./Flynn, T.W./Wagner, W.L.. [Naturalized beyond native range? Yes] "Crassula multicava is native to the Cape Contributions to the flora of Hawai‘i. III. New Province of South Africa. This is a new naturalized record of this species in the additions, range extensions, and rediscoveries of Hawaiian Islands. On Kauai it has spread from cultivated plants and has become flowering plants. Bishop Museum Occasional naturalized locally in the Kokee region along a road through eucalyptus plantings Papers. 41: 19-58. in mesic forest where it is spreading vegetatively via plantlets produced by the fruiting inflorescences and possibly also by seed." 301 1998. Csurhes, S./Edwards, R.. Potential [Naturalized beyond native range? Yes] "A succulent plant native to South Africa environmental weeds in Australia: Candidate (Swarbrick and Skarratt 1994) which has naturalised in Victoria. The numerous species for preventative control. Biodiversity small populations threaten dry sclerophyll forest and woodlands, dry coastal Group, Environment Australia, Canberra, vegetation and rock outcrop vegetation (Carr et al. 1992)." Australia 301 2002. Wotherspoon, S.H./Wotherspoon, J.A.. [Naturalized beyond native range? Yes] "Approximately 60% of the plant species The evolution & execution of a plan for invasive we now consider invasive on Rangitoto were probably introduced to the island as weed eradication & control, Rangitoto Island, garden plants. The garden plants that have naturalised are typically succulent Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand. Pp. 381-288 in (e.g. Crassula, Sedum, Aloe, Bryophyllum spp.)…" Turning the tide: the eradication of invasive species. IUCN, Gland 301 2006. Domingues de Almeida, J./Freitas, H.. [Naturalized beyond native range? Yes] "Six years after our last study on the Exotic naturalized flora of continental Portugal – exotic naturalized flora of continental Portugal, we present a reassessment. In A reassessment. Botanica Complutensis. 30: 1999, we have considered the existence of 500 exotic species of vascular plants 117-130. (invasive or more or less naturalized). From 1999 until now 64 new plant species records were added (12.8 % more), attaining now a total number of 564 taxa (including, as in precedent works, species, subspecies and some hybrids), belonging to 113 families." [Table 2. Crassula multicava naturalized in 1999] Print Date: 7/27/2011 Crassula multicava (Crassulaceae) Page 3 of 7 Designation = High Risk WRA SCore = 12 301 2006. Howell, C.J./Sawyer, J.W.D.. New Zealand [Naturalized beyond native range? Yes] "Crassula multicava = Fully naturalised" naturalised vascular plant checklist. New Zealand [New Zealand] Plant Conservation Network, Wellington, NZ www.nzpcn.org.nz 301 2010.
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  • Crassula Helmsii in the New Forest Final Report on the Status, Spread and Impact of This Non-Native Invasive Plant, and The

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  • Effectiveness of Eradication Measures for the Invasive Australian Swamp Stonecrop Crassula Helmsii

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  • Crassula Catalog

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    Aquatic Plant Australian Swamp Stonecrop; New Zealand Pygmyweed I. Current Status and Distribution Crassula helmsii a. Range Global/Continental Wisconsin Native Range Australia, New Zealand1 Not recorded in Wisconsin Figure 1: Global Distribution Map2 3 Abundance/Range Widespread: United Kingdom1 Not applicable Locally Abundant: Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany1 Not applicable Sparse: Reports from Southeastern United States4 Not applicable Range Expansion Date Introduced: Essex, United Kingdom, 1950s4 Not applicable Rate of Spread: Rapid; number of invaded sites doubles Not applicable every two years5; 1500 recorded sites, though distribution likely under- reported3,6 Density Risk of Monoculture: High; occasional problem in native range7 Unknown Facilitated By: Nutrient enrichment, low energy systems5 Unknown b. Habitat Inland and coastal wetlands, lakes, reservoirs, riverbanks, canals, ponds, slow moving rivers, low-energy systems1,5 Tolerance Chart of tolerances: Increasingly dark color indicates increasingly optimal range8,,9 10 Preferences Nutrient-enriched environments, slow-moving or static water5 c. Regulation Noxious/Regulated11: FL, NC, WA Minnesota Regulations: Prohibited; One may not possess, import, purchase, propagate, or transport Michigan Regulations: Not regulated Washington Regulations: State Wetland and Aquatic or Noxious Weed Quarantine List Page 1 of 5 Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources – Aquatic Invasive Species Literature Review II. Establishment Potential and Life History Traits a. Life History Submersed, emersed, or semi-terrestrial perennial herbaceous dicot1,4,11 Fecundity High10 Reproduction Sexual; Asexual Importance of Seeds: Low; plant flowers but produces no viable seeds (in United Kingdom)4 Vegetative: High; one node on 5mm of stem fragment can start a new plant9; apical turions4 Hybridization Undocumented Overwintering Winter Tolerance: High5 Phenology: Vigorous growth through most of the year without period of senescence (in United Kingdom)5; flowers from July to September in Europe1 b.
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  • Albany Thicket Biome

    Albany Thicket Biome

    % S % 19 (2006) Albany Thicket Biome 10 David B. Hoare, Ladislav Mucina, Michael C. Rutherford, Jan H.J. Vlok, Doug I.W. Euston-Brown, Anthony R. Palmer, Leslie W. Powrie, Richard G. Lechmere-Oertel, Şerban M. Procheş, Anthony P. Dold and Robert A. Ward Table of Contents 1 Introduction: Delimitation and Global Perspective 542 2 Major Vegetation Patterns 544 3 Ecology: Climate, Geology, Soils and Natural Processes 544 3.1 Climate 544 3.2 Geology and Soils 545 3.3 Natural Processes 546 4 Origins and Biogeography 547 4.1 Origins of the Albany Thicket Biome 547 4.2 Biogeography 548 5 Land Use History 548 6 Current Status, Threats and Actions 549 7 Further Research 550 8 Descriptions of Vegetation Units 550 9 Credits 565 10 References 565 List of Vegetation Units AT 1 Southern Cape Valley Thicket 550 AT 2 Gamka Thicket 551 AT 3 Groot Thicket 552 AT 4 Gamtoos Thicket 553 AT 5 Sundays Noorsveld 555 AT 6 Sundays Thicket 556 AT 7 Coega Bontveld 557 AT 8 Kowie Thicket 558 AT 9 Albany Coastal Belt 559 AT 10 Great Fish Noorsveld 560 AT 11 Great Fish Thicket 561 AT 12 Buffels Thicket 562 AT 13 Eastern Cape Escarpment Thicket 563 AT 14 Camdebo Escarpment Thicket 563 Figure 10.1 AT 8 Kowie Thicket: Kowie River meandering in the Waters Meeting Nature Reserve near Bathurst (Eastern Cape), surrounded by dense thickets dominated by succulent Euphorbia trees (on steep slopes and subkrantz positions) and by dry-forest habitats housing patches of FOz 6 Southern Coastal Forest lower down close to the river.