Asociación De Un Potexvirus Como Agente Causal De Manchas Cloróticas En Opuntia Ficus-Indica

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Asociación De Un Potexvirus Como Agente Causal De Manchas Cloróticas En Opuntia Ficus-Indica Asociación de un Potexvirus como Agente Causal de Manchas Cloróticas en Opuntia ficus-indica Association of a Potexvirus as a Causal Agent of Chlorotic Spots on Opuntia ficus-indica Berenice Alonso Barrera, Gustavo Mora Aguilera, Guadalupe Valdovinos Ponce, Daniel Leobardo Ochoa Martínez, Esteban Rodríguez Leyva, Postgrado en Fitosanidad, Colegio de Postgraduados-Campus Montecillo, km 36.5 Carretera México-Texcoco. Montecillo, Estado de México, C.P. 56230; Bertha Tlapal Bolaños, Departamento de Parasitología Agrícola, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, km 38.5 Carretera México-Texcoco. Chapingo, Estado de México, C.P. 56230; Rodolfo De la Torre-Almaraz, FES-Iztacala- UNAM. Unidad de Biotecnología y Prototipos. Avenida De los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala. Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, C.P. 54090. Correspondencia: ([email protected]). Recibido: Julio 4, 2013 Aceptado: Octubre 15, 2014 Alonso Barrera B, Mora Aguilera G, Valdovinos Ponce Abstract. The cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) G, Ochoa Martínez DL, Rodríguez Leyva E, Tlapal Bo- was recently introduced in Cuautepec de Hinojosa, laños B y De la Torre Almaraz R. 2015. Asociación de Hidalgo. In this region, a virus was detected causing un Potexvirus como Agente Causal de Manchas Cloró- chlorotic halos and irregular spots on the cladodes. ticas en Opuntia ficus-indica. Revista Mexicana de Fito- In severe infections, postharvest cladodes lose patología 33: 75-86. turgidity, which causes significant commercial losses. The virus was mechanically transmitted to Resumen. El nopal verdura (Opuntia ficus-in- six out of eleven indicator plants. In Chenopodium dica) se introdujo recientemente a Cuautepec de quinoa, it caused systemic infection showed as Hinojosa, Hidalgo. En esta región se detectó un chlorotic veins and intervenal yellow spots. The virus ocasionando halos cloróticos y manchas irre- virus was transmitted in 43 % of the inoculated gulares en los cladodios. En infecciones severas los cladodes, inducing chlorotic halos and irregular cladodios pierden turgencia en postcosecha, lo cual chlorotic spots at 7 and 25 days after inoculation, causa mermas comerciales significativas. El virus respectively. The electrophoretic analysis showed se transmitió mecánicamente en seis de 11 plantas that the virus is an RNA single stranded genome, indicadoras. En Chenopodium quinoa causó infec- and flexible rod particles were observed using a ción sistémica consistente en venas cloróticas y transmission electron microscope. The RT-PCR manchas amarillas intervenales. El virus se trans- diagnostic test indicated that the virus is a species mitió en 43 % de los cladodios inoculados indu- of Potexvirus. In the cactus pear production units ciendo halos cloróticos y manchas cloróticas irre- that were evaluated, the virus caused a 47-60 % and gulares a los 7 y 25 días después de la inoculación, 51-79 % of incidence and severity, respectively, respectivamente. El análisis electroforético mostró with an aggregated spatial pattern with strong row que el genoma del virus es de ARN de cadena sen- directionality, suggesting virus dispersion through cilla, mientras que al microscopio electrónico de pruning and harvesting. Volumen 33, Número 1, 2015 75 Revista Mexicana de FITOPATOLOGÍA transmisión se observaron partículas virales en for- Key words: cactus pear, cacti, RNA virus, flexible ma de varilla flexible. El diagnóstico por RT-PCR rod. indicó que el virus corresponde a una especie del género Potexvirus. En las unidades de producción Mexico has several different species of cacti evaluadas, el virus causó una incidencia del 47-60 that are of alimentary, ecological and cultural % y severidad del 51-79 %, con distribución espa- importance. Of those that are edible, the cactus cial en agregados y con fuerte direccionalidad en pearscactus (Opuntia spp.) are the most important. sentido de los surcos, debido posiblemente al ma- These species are produced as young cladodes for nejo de poda y cosecha. human consumption, beeing O. ficus-indica (L.) Miller the most important one. Currently, Mexico is Palabras clave: nopal verdura, cactáceas, virus the first producer and consumer of cactus pear in the ARN, varilla flexible. world. In 2009, the country had 13,123.91 hectares (SIAP-SAGARPA, 2013), beeing the central zone México cuenta con diferentes especies de cactá- the main region for production and consumption. ceas que tienen importancia alimenticia, ecológica In Cuautepec de Hinojosa, Hidalgo, where the y cultural. De las cactáceas comestibles destacan Atlixco-Puebla variety is cultivated, plants were los nopales (Opuntia spp.) los cuales se producen detected with yellow to whitish ringspots around como cladodios jovenes para consumo humano, the areoles. Cladodes with more severe symptoms siendo O. ficus-indica (L.) Miller la especie más showed a generalized yellow color, thinning and importante. Actualmente, México es el primer pro- eventual wilt. The cladodes that are harvested for ductor y consumidor de nopal verdura en el mun- sale become progressively dark and within 24 hours do. En el 2009, el país contaba con 13,123.91 ha could showed a copper-like color that reduced (SIAP-SAGARPA, 2013), siendo la zona centro its commercialization. In Mexico, Venezuela la principal región productora y consumidora. En and the United States of North America: Cactus Cuautepec de Hinojosa, Hidalgo, en donde se culti- virus X (Lastra et al., 1976), Saguaro cactus virus va la variedad Atlixco-Puebla, se detectaron plantas (Nelson and Tremaine, 1975), Sammons’ Opuntia con manchas anulares de color amarillo a blanque- virus (Milbrath and Nelson, 1972), Cactus virus cino localizadas alrededor de las areolas. Cladodios 2 (Brandes and Wetter, 1959), Zygocactus virus con síntomas más severos presentaron coloración (Fauquet et al., 2005), and Tobacco mosaic virus amarillenta generalizada, adelgazamiento y even- are reported in some cacti (Giri and Chessin, 1975). tual marchitez. Los cladodios que se cortan para In Cuautepec de Hinojosa, the symptoms on the la venta se oscurecen progresivamente y en 24 h cladodes of the cactus pear cause economic losses pueden mostrar una coloración cobriza que deme- to the producer, which justifies the importance of rita su comercialización. En México, Venezuela y generating knowledge regarding the etiology of Estados Unidos de Norteamérica se reportan en this disease. According to this information, the algunas cactáceas al Cactus virus X (Lastra et al., objectives of this research were to determine the 1976), Saguaro cactus virus (Nelson y Tremaine, causal agent of the chlorotic spots on the cactus 1975), Sammons’Opuntia virus (Milbrath y Nel- pear in Cuautepec de Hinojosa, Hidalgo, and to son, 1972), Cactus virus 2 (Brandes and Wetter, estimate the incidence and severity in commercial 1959), Zygocactus virus (Fauquet et al., 2005) y al plants in this region. Volumen 33, Número 1, 2015 76 Revista Mexicana de FITOPATOLOGÍA Tobacco mosaic virus (Giri y Chessin, 1975). En Three units for the production of cactus pear Cuautepec de Hinojosa, los síntomas que se mani- were examined, each 102 x 46 m, located in Puerta fiestan en los cladodios de nopal verdura ocasionan de Yolo in Cuautepec de Hinojosa, Hidalgo. The pérdidas económicas al productor, lo que justifica plants were sown in furrows with 35 cm between la importancia de generar conocimiento acerca de plants and 60 cm between rows, and were fertilized la etiología de esta enfermedad. Con base en lo with cattle manure. The producer included intensive anterior, los objetivos del presente trabajo fueron pruning as part of the management of the plantation determinar el agente causal de las manchas cloró- and harvest. In fall of 2009, 50 young cladodes were ticas del nopal verdura en Cuautepec de Hinojo- collected from 50 cactus plants located in these sa, Hidalgo, y estimar la incidencia y severidad en units; 25 had chlorotic spots around the areoles plantaciones comerciales de esta localidad. (Figure 1A) and the rest were asymptomatic. Se examinaron tres unidades de producción de The samples were transported to the greenhouse nopal verdura de 102 x 46 m cada una, ubicadas en and to the laboratory of Plant pathogenic virus at Puerta de Yolo en Cuautepec de Hinojosa, Hidalgo. the Postgraduate College. In order to discard the presence of fungi and phytopathogenic bacteria, Las plantas estaban sembradas en surcos a 35 cm the symptomatic cladodes were directly observed entre plantas y a 60 cm entre hileras, y se fertiliza- through a stereo microscope and were dissected ron con estiércol vacuno. El productor incluyó po- in 1 cm2 fragments that were spread on PDA and das intensas en el manejo de plantación y cosecha. King B media. For each medium, 40 fragments En otoño 2009, se recolectaron 50 cladodios jóve- of cladodes were placed and, distributed on four nes de 50 plantas de nopal localizadas en estas uni- Petri dishes. This analysis was repeated twice, dades; 25 tenían halos cloróticos alrededor de las and due to they were obtained negative results for areolas (Figura 1A) y el resto fueron asintomáticos. these microorganisms, the double-stranded RNA Las muestras se trasladaron al invernadero y labo- (dsRNA) was extracted in order to determine the ratorio de Virus Fitopatógenos del Colegio de Post- presence of a possible virus. The extraction was graduados. Para descartar la presencia de hongos done independently from the epidermal tissue of y bacterias fitopatógenas, los cladodios sintomáti- four symptomatic and four asymptomatic (control),
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