Physico Chemical Analysis of Lonar Lake with Reference to Bacteriological Study

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Kshama S. Khobragade et. al. / International Journal of Modern Sciences and Engineering Technology (IJMSET) ISSN 2349-3755; Available at https://www.ijmset.com Volume 3, Issue 7, 2016, pp.15-22

Physico Chemical analysis of Lonar Lake with reference to Bacteriological Study

Dr. Kshama S. Khobragade1 *Vijaykumar B. Pawar2 Associate Professor and Head, Research Scholar Department of Environmental Science, Department of Environmental Science, S.B.E.S. College of Science, Aurangabad S.B.E.S. College of Science, Aurangabad [email protected] [email protected]

Abstract The impact origin of the Lonar crater has been well established based on the evidence of shock metamorphosed material. An attempt has been made to evaluate physicochemical qualities of Lonar Lake water. Water samples were analyzed from 2012 to 2013 for seasonal variation in physicochemical qualities of Lonar lake water and revealed that, the water is alkaline (pH 10.5) and characterized by high concentration of Alkalinity (5786 mg/L), Sulphate (67 mg/L), Magnesium (1043 mg/L), Chloride (2816 mg/L) and Dissolved Oxygen (0.03 mg/L). The data indicated that the alkalinity is increased in monsoon and post-monsoon season while decrease in pre-monsoon season. Likewise the chloride and salinity is increased in pre monsoon season while decreased in monsoon and post-monsoon season. As the Lonar Lake is unique in the world for its alkalinity and salinity of the water but its alkalinity, pH and salinity goes on decrease day by day. Hence this World heritage should be preserved for its alkalinity and salinity. Occurrence of few species of algae and fungi indicate the characteristics nature of bio-flora, which needs further investigation and interpretation Keywords: Lonar Crater, Physico-chemical quality.

1. INTRODUCTION: Lonar Lake (19°58' N; 76°31' E) in Buldhana district, Maharashtra, India is a circular lake occupied by saline water (Fig.1.) It is formed by hypervelocity meteoritic impact in basalt rock of the Deccan Traps near about 50 thousand years ago. It‟s diameter about 1830 m. and depth is 135 m. The lake is confined from all sides by crater rim of the crater a not a single channel of water for drainage out. The water is stagnant for thousands years. The water is salty, alkaline and the lake is rich with various biotic and abiotic assemblages. It offers unique opportunities for ecological investigation. (Fig.2)

„1‟ - Site „A‟ water from Ramgaya (East),

„2‟ - Site „B‟ water from Lord Shiva Temple (West),

„3‟ - Site „C‟ water from Shani Temple (South)

„4‟ - Site „D‟ water from Devi Temple Figure 1: Lonar Lake view with Sampling site Location (North)

Kshama S. Khobragade et. al. / International Journal of Modern Sciences and Engineering Technology (IJMSET) ISSN 2349-3755; Available at https://www.ijmset.com Volume 3, Issue 7, 2016, pp.15-22

Figure 2: Counter Map of Lonar Crater rim

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Water samples were collected from four different sampling stations in airtight and opaque polythene container. These four stations are located in reservoir such as 1) Sampling station „A‟ water from Ramgaya (East), 2) Sampling station „B‟ water from Lord Shiva Temple (West), 3) Sampling station „C‟ water from Shani Temple (South) and 4) Sampling station „D‟ water from Devi Temple (North) was established along the periphery of lake basin for one year limnological study programme. Standard analytical methods were employed to analyse water samples of Lonar lake (APHA, 1989) Microbiological examinations were carried out using the standard procedures given by (APHA, 1989, Trivedy and Goel, 1986, Kale and Bhusari, 2001) and the result were compared with maximum permissible was carried out by conducting MPN, SPC and iMVIC tests. Methods of Sampling of Microorganisms: I) Collection: Algal blooms and water samples were collected in and around four different spot in vicinity of Lonar Lake. II) Culture media used: The media employed for isolation of Spirulina sp. in Zarrouk media with pH 10.5 Zarrouk medium. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The present paper deals with water quality parameters and micro-ecological aspects of Lonar Lake. The result of four sample stations and comparative data of other researchers are given in Table. 2 Temperature of lake water ranged from 23.6 to 24.4, which varies with respect to depth season and environment. The depth of water varies at different places. All these characteristics of Lake resulted into an extreme alkaline ecosystem with all different microbial type prevailing in and around the Lake. The results of Microbiological analysis are given in Table 1

Sr. Name of Sample No. Sample No. Sample No. Sample No. No. Microorganisms A B C D

Bacteria

1 E- Coli + + + +

2 S. aureus + + + +

3 Bascillus Sp. + + + -

4 Klebesiella Sp. + + + +

5 Ps. Aeruginosa + + + +

6 Metahnococcus Sp. + + + +

Algae

1 Chlorella Sp. + + + -

2 Clasterium Sp. + + + -

3 Blue Green Algae + + + -

(Cyno-bacteria)

4 Spirulina Sp. + + + +

Fungi

1 A. niger + + + -

2 Fusarium Sp. + + + -

+ Indicate Present , - Indicate Absent

Micro organisms like Arthospira and other micro algae are predominant as primary producers are present along with alkaline bacteria and fungi. The bacteria species are presence related to water borne diseases in higher amount indicating non-potable nature within microscopic view studied and revealed 1. Spirulina platensis as blue green spirals are more or less regularly coiled showing constructed cross walls with spiral and trichome breadth 57.12 and 8.92 respectively having spiral distance of 18.75 microns 2. Spirulina subsala orested a blue green spiral are regularly coiled or sometimes loosely coiled showing no constructed cross wall with spiral and trichome breadth 2.15 and 3.22 respectively and spiral distance of 5.35 microns 3. Spirulina major a blue green regularly spiraled coiled no constructed cross walls with spiral and trichome breadth 3.57 and 1.43 respectively and spiral distance of 3.57 microns

Kshama S. Khobragade et. al. / International Journal of Modern Sciences and Engineering Technology (IJMSET) ISSN 2349-3755; Available at https://www.ijmset.com Volume 3, Issue 7, 2016, pp.15-22 These isolates possess variation in their morphological characteristics as shown in below (Figure 3. Plate 1 to Plate 6, Plate-7 and Plate-8) Lonar Lake is a hyper saline environment due to present of higher concentrations of various salts in lake water (Muley and Babar, 1998; Choudhary and Handa, 1978). The characterized salt concentration could be major reason of predominant population of cyno-bacteria such as Oscillatoria, Synechocystis, Anabaenopsis and Spirulina in the lake. It is confirmed that the cyno-bacteria population is regulated by the concentration of salts and alkalinity. The colour of Lake water is yellowish green to dark green which results dense algal population the pH of water sample was found to be alkaline which ranged between 7.2 to 11.2 the higher values of pH may be due to the increased primary production in aquatic ecosystem of lake ( Zafar,1996 and Mohd. Mussaddiq et. al., 2001) Low rate of primary production in aquatic ecosystem of lake is also indicate by the low values BOD and COD that ranged from 0.1 to 0.3 mg/lit. and 0.01 to 0.04 mg/liter respectively. The BIS (1991) Maximum permissible limit of (TDS) Total Dissolved Solid is 1500 mg/liter for drinking water. The TDS in study area ranged from 8900 mg/liter to 12460 mg/liter which is very high and above the permissible limit of BIS (1991). The chloride concentration in the lake varies from 55.5 mg/liter to 2816 mg/liter which is above the permissible limit of 250 mg/liter as given by BIS (1991) this means that the water is pollution due to organic matter and the other waste in the water. Table 2: Physico chemical parameters of Lonar Lake water samples Sr. Parameters BIS Sample Sample Sample Sample No. Max. „A‟ „B‟ „C‟ „D‟ Perm. Limit

I – Physical Analysis

1 Odour --- Highly Highly Highly Highly Objectiona Objectiona Objectiona Objectiona ble ble ble ble

2 Colour --- yellow Dark - Dark - Dark - green green green green

3 Temperature ˚C --- 23.6 ˚C 24 ˚C 24.2 ˚C 24.4 ˚C

4 Total Solids mg/lit. --- 15649 16700 14900 14200

5 Total Suspended Solids --- 4780 4240 4500 5300 (TSS) mg/lit.

6 Total Dissolved Solids --- 10869 12460 10400 8900 (TDS) mg/lit

7 D.O (Dissolved Solids) --- 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.04 mg/lit.

8 B.O.D. (Biological --- 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1

9 C.O.D. (Chemical --- 0.04 0.2 0.2 0.1 Oxygen Demand) mg/lit.

II – Chemical Analysis

10 pH 6.2-9.2 10.2 11.2 10.5 7.2

11 Total Alkalinity 200 4213 5786 4390 370 (mg/liter.)

12 Calcium (mg/liter.) 200 1285 1649 1420 32

13 Magnesium (mg/liter.) 100 658 1043 64.19 31

14 Chloride (mg/liter.) 1000 2414 2816 1442.5 55.5

15 Fluoride (mg/liter.) --- 3 2 2 2

16 Ammonia (mg/liter.) --- 2 0.5 2 0.5

17 Sulphate (mg/liter.) 400 45 40 54 67

18 Phosphate (mg/liter.) 45 2 6 3 4

III – Bacteriological Analysis

19 MPN (Most Probable 1800 1600 1800 900 Number)

20 SPC (Standard Plate Highly Dense colonies observed at all stations Count/100 ml.) Faecal coli forms are present at all stations 21 IMVIC test

All parameters in mg/liter except Temperature, pH & MPN

The values of Ca (1285mg/lit. to 1420 mg/lit.) and Mg (658 mg/lit. to 1043 mg/lit.) are found to be very high, hence the water is very hard and not free from pollutants in it. The lake water characteristics very high Chloride, Calcium and Magnesium so the total hardness of any water is dependent on these factors (Jain et. al., 1997) The Sulphate content in present study area is less that 45 to 67 mg/liter (Table No. 2) in lake water Sulphate contributed from the rock weathering and in addition to the domestic waste, sewage, House hold effluents and Human faeces. The naturally determined environmental conditions and persistent human intervention have caused eutrophication and have lead to senescence of the lake bringing it to the brink of a death (Khobragade Kshama, 2003) © IJMSET-Advanced Scientific Research Forum (ASRF), All Rights Reserved “IJMSET promotes research nature, Research nature enriches the world‟s future”

Kshama S. Khobragade et. al. / International Journal of Modern Sciences and Engineering Technology (IJMSET) ISSN 2349-3755; Available at https://www.ijmset.com Volume 3, Issue 7, 2016, pp.15-22 Figure 3: Plate 1-to Plate 6 - Microscopic view of Spirulina platensis Plate 7- Microscopic view of Spirulina fusiformis. and Plate 8 – Microscopic view of Spirulina subsalsa

Plate.1 Microscopic view of S. Platensis Plate.2 Microscopic view of S. Platensis

Plate.3 Microscopic view of S. Platensis Plate.4 Microscopic view of S. Platensis

Plate.6 Microscopic view of S. Platensis Plate.5 Microscopic view of S. Platensis

Plate.8 Microscopic view of S. Subsalsa Plate.7 Microscopic view of S. Fusiformis

Kshama S. Khobragade et. al. / International Journal of Modern Sciences and Engineering Technology (IJMSET) ISSN 2349-3755; Available at https://www.ijmset.com Volume 3, Issue 7, 2016, pp.15-22 4. CONCLUSION This holistic ecological assessment is necessary to implement conservation measures for long term sustainability of the unique lake ecosystem Lonar Crater Lake having a unique ecological status as only saline Crater Lake in Asia and an ecological wonder. All the physicochemical parameters of lake water including pH, Chlorides (Cl), Total hardness, Total Dissolved Solids, Ca, Mg, Na, K, CO3, SO4 etc. are higher as the Lonar Lake is unique in the world for its alkalinity and salinity of the water but its alkalinity, pH and salinity goes on decrease day by day. Hence this World heritage should be preserved for its alkalinity and salinity

5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: The authors are thankful to the Principal, S. B. E. S. College of Science, Aurangabad

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