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Identification of Climatic and Environmental Factors Associated Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2021; 11(1): 40-46 40 Original Article Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine journal homepage: www.apjtb.org doi: 10.4103/2221-1691.300730 Impact Factor: 1.90 Identification of climatic and environmental factors associated with incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Central Iran using satellite imagery Mohammad Javanbakht1, Abedin Saghafipour2, Keyvan Ezimand3, Amir Hamta4, Leyli Zanjirani Farahani5, Nazanin Soltani6 1Department of Remote Sensing and GIS, Faculty of Geography, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran 2Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran 3Department of Remote Sensing and GIS, Faculty of Earth Science, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran 4Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Qom University of medical sciences, Qom, Iran 5Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 6Student Research Committee, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran ABSTRACT zones, topography and solar energy are important factors affecting the incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in autumn. Therefore, Objective: To determine the effect of climatic and environmental appropriate disease control programs are recommended. factors on the incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Qom province in 2018. KEYWORDS: Environmental factors; Incidence; Satellite imagery; Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the data on cutaneous Cutaneous leishmaniasis; Iran leishmaniasis incidence were collected from the Disease Control and Prevention Center in Qom province. Climatic and environmental data including Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), 1. Introduction Land Surface Temperature (LST), and soil moisture were extracted using satellite images. Data of altitude and sunny hours were Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is considered as an emerging provided based on shuttle radar topography mission digital elevation infectious skin disease . Some species of Leishmania Ross [1] model and hemispherical viewshed algorithm, respectively. The (Kinetoplastida, Trypanosomatidae) parasites are the causative associations of climatic and environmental variables with the agents of the infection and wild rodents are known as the main incidence of the disease were analyzed by Pearson correlation reservoir hosts . This vector-borne disease is transmitted to humans [2] method. The ArcGIS 10.3 software was used to determine the by the bite of some infected female phlebotomine sand fly species . [3] geographical distribution of these factors. The economic and social burden of the disease is not associated Results: There were positive correlations between cutaneous with high mortality, but the high incidence, tissue damages and skin leishmaniasis incidence and the two climatic factors: LST and lesions in patients are considerable . [4] sunny hours per day (P=0.041, P=0.016), and it had weak negative correlations with the digital elevation model (P=0.27), soil moisture To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: [email protected] This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the (P=0.54), and NDVI (P=0.62). The time delay analysis showed that Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long in one-, two-, and three month periods, the correlations increased as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical with a 95% confidence interval. Accordingly, the correlation with terms. For reprints contact: [email protected] the three-month time delay was positive and relatively strong ©2021 Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine Produced by Wolters Kluwer- between the cutaneous leishmaniasis incidence and LST and Medknow. All rights reserved. sunny hours ( =0.027, =0.02); nevertheless, there were negative How to cite this article: Javanbakht M, Saghafipour A, Ezimand K, Hamta A, P P Zanjirani Farahani L, Soltani N. Identification of climatic and environmental factors correlations between the cutaneous leishmaniasis incidence and the associated with incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Central Iran using satellite imagery. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2021; 11(1): 40-46. soil moisture (P=0.27) and NDVI (P=0.62). Article history: Received 7 May 2019; Revision 5 August 2019; Accepted 16 April 2020; Conclusions: As Qom is located in one of the semi-arid climate Available online 26 November 2020 Mohammad Javanbakht et al./ Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2021; 11(1): 40-46 41 The leishmaniasis is an endemic disease in 102 countries in five province has two types of climate zones, namly the desert climate continents . The most prevalent endemic foci of CL are reported including Markazi, Salafchegan, Jafar abad districts and semi-arid [5] from Afghanistan, Algeria, Brazil, Colombia, Iran, and Syria . In climate including Khalajestan and Kahak districts. It is located near [6] recent years, the annual new cases of CL in endemic foci in Iran are the central desert of Iran with an altitude of 900-1 500 m above sea estimated to be 20 000 to 30 000 cases. The disease is reported from level. Plains of the province extend to the central desert with a gentle different climatic and environmental situations . The prevalence of slope from west to east. The study area has the annual precipitation [7] CL in various areas of the country does not have a logical distribution of 215-125 mm and 43 freezing days per year. pattern. The highest incidence rate in Iran was recorded in arid and semi-arid regions and foothills, such as Yazd, Bushehr, Khorasan, Fars, 2.2. Data collection Ilam, Khuzestan, and Isfahan provinces with the mean incidence rate of 166 per 100 000 people . The mountainous areas of the country such Firstly, the data about 184 confirmed CL cases in 2018 were [8] as western and northwestern provinces have the lowest incidence of CL collected from the Disease Control and Prevention Center of Qom (lower than 10 per 100 000 people) . University of Medical Sciences. Statistical units in this study were [8] Although economic, social and cultural factors are associated with based on city and district. The climate and environmental variables the prevalence of CL, climatic factors are usually considered as more were extracted using satellite images. Altitude was extracted based effective and main determinants in the distribution of CL vectors and on shuttle radar topography mission digital elevation model (DEM) the incidence rate of the disease . Regarding leishmaniasis cycle, with spatial resolutions 90 m. Moreover, hemispherical viewshed [9] climatic, environmental, and ecological factors are mentioned as algorithm was used to calculate sunny hours. In this method, the critical . Several previous studies conducted on the role of climatic sum of sunny hours is calculated based on DEM . DEM with [10] [18] and environmental factors in the incidence of CL have shown that fixed coordinate as an inevitable component in the field of remote some factors such as temperature, and humidity have effects on the sensing and GIS reflects the physical surface of the earth which helps development of sand flies as CL vectors . Previous researches to understand the nature of the earth. In order to study the spatial [10,11] have shown that the relative humidity and temperature ranges for distribution of the vegetation, the normalized difference vegetation the development of sand flies have been estimated to be 80%- index (NDVI) was used based on the difference between near-infrared 90% and 21-29 , respectively . Likewise, it has been proved and red bands. The value of NDVI varies between −1.0 and + 1.0. The 曟 [12,13] that in addition to ecological conditions, those areas with a desert positive NDVI value indicates the increase in the amounts of green climate, soft soil texture, and hot/dry weather are essential for vegetation. The characteristics of images about other parameters such the development of wild rodents as the main reservoirs of CL . as vegetation, Land Surface Temperature (LST), and soil moisture were [14] Qom province is one of the active foci of CL in Iran. Recently, it provided from https://giovanni.gsfc.nasa.gov/giovanni/ and shown in is reported that the incidence rate of CL in Qom province was 14.2 Table 1. per 100 000 people in 2017 . In this province, the climatic and [15] environmental conditions are different in different districts, and 2.3. Statistical analysis these conditions seem to affect the three main components related to the transmission cycle of CL: vectors (phlebotominae sand flies), The incidence of CL disease was calculated for each district and reservoirs (such as wild rodents), and parasite. Therefore, the aim of village after encoding. Spatial distribution maps and incidence of this study was to determine the impact of climatic and environmental CL in Qom province were separately extracted using the incidence factors on the incidence of CL in Qom province, central Iran by rates in each district. The seasonal activity of sandflies as vectors satellite imagery. of this disease depends on environmental and climatic conditions. Since the peak activity of sandflies in the study area was focused on three months from July to September, the relationship between 2. Materials and methods climatic/environmental factors and the incidence of the disease was dertermined. Pearson Correlation Coefficient in SPSS version 23.0 2.1. Study sites was used. Qom province in central Iran is one of the main foci of CL and the 2.4. Ethical statement distribution area of phlebotomine sand flies . It is one of the 31 [16,17] provinces of Iran with 11 237 km2, covering 0.89% of the total area, This study was under the supervision of Qom University of Medical located in the center of the country. The province population is 1 151 672 Sciences, Qom, Iran, with the approval of the Ethics Committee in which 95.2% of people reside in urban areas and 4.8% live in rural under the code of IR.MUQ.REC.
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