Arsenic and Fluoride in Water in Northwestern Buenos Aires: Their Association with Natural Landscape Elements
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Vol. 10(2), pp. 8-27, February, 2017 DOI: 10.5897/JGRP2016.0608 Article Number: 7E154EA62688 ISSN 2070-1845 Journal of Geography and Regional Planning Copyright © 2017 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article http://www.academicjournals.org/JGRP Full Length Research Paper Arsenic and fluoride in water in northwestern Buenos Aires: their association with natural landscape elements Margarita María Alconada-Magliano1*, Francisco Damiano2, José Joel Carrillo-Rivera3 and Juan Reynerio Fagundo-Castillo4 1Edafología, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, UNLP, Calle 60 and 119 s/N0 (1900) La Plata, Argentina. 2Instituto de Clima y Agua, INTA-Castelar, Argentina. 3Instituto de Geografía, UNAM, México. 4Centro Nacional de Medicina Natural y Tradicional, La Habana, Cuba. Received 31 October, 2016; Accepted 10 January, 2017 Numerous publications analyze the origin of Arsenic and Fluoride, their behavior and distribution in groundwater indicating the importance in understanding the relation between their occurrence with other physical and chemical properties. Here, such properties associated with elements of the landscape in the plain of the Chaco-Pampean region are discussed. The landscape is represented by hills, lagoons and plains used for agricultural purposes. Water was sampled in mills, piezometers and lagoons following sections with different topographic elevation, soil type and vegetation in nine field campaigns from 2011 to 2013. Results in Lincoln are compared to localities in Trenque Lauquen, Pehuajó and Carlos Casares. Hydro geochemical modeling assisted to define composition and origin of the water from local mineralogy in soil and subsoil. Three major water groups were defined HCO3- Na, HCO3>Cl-Na and HCO3>Cl>SO4-Na. Piezometers were located at the top and base of hills with the presence of Acuic Hapludolls – Natric thapto Hapludolls, and Typic Natraqualfs with halophytic vegetation, respectively. Arsenic and Fluoride presence was not fully explained by groundwater - + chemistry type and association with HCO3 , Na , salinity and pH, although generally were linked to alkaline soil and halophyte vegetation. High Arsenic and Fluoride presence in groundwater are explained by discharge flows travelling long distances through a thick sedimentary sequence; relative low concentration is refereed to local travelling flows recharged in nearby high terrain. Groundwater origin and its relations with other elements of the landscape permitted an understanding of groundwater functioning and to anticipate a general situation with respect Arsenic and Fluoride contents. In the present study this criterion is applied to analyze the relation of the occurrence of - Arsenic (as total Arsenic, TAs) and Fluoride (F ) content in water of the Lincoln region in the Buenos Aires province of Argentina. Key words: Arsenic, fluoride, discharge and recharge zone, groundwater flow system, soil, natural vegetation. INTRODUCTION Physical geography considers the landscape as the unit result of the action and interaction of natural and/or of study. Landscape is a territory, whose character is the human intervention, including i) physical elements Alconada-Magliano et al 9 (landform, soil, water, and geological framework); ii) extracted from fine sediments which have a high content - natural biodiversity elements (ecosystem, vegetation and of TAs and F , among other elements (Auge, 2004, 2008). animal community); iii) human elements including land However Lavado et al. (1983) in the western Buenos use (agricultural land and infrastructure); and iv) climatic Aires emphasize that soluble F- comes from groundwater conditions. Various combinations of basic associations and is not related to soil mineralogy. Espósito et al. among climate, soil, and water may be established (2013) in the southeast of the Pampean region, - (Holdridge, 1978). Therefore, in this study physical measured high concentrations of TAs and F that correlate elements and vegetation under the prevailing climatic with each other (principally at the water-table). These conditions are considered and further incorporated into authors point the need to consider the concentrations of - the groundwater flow systems theory by Tóth (2000). This TAs and F for irrigation projects in horticulture, and cereal theory focuses on those elements to define their systemic and forage production (for cattle breeding). The natural functioning, which represent the actual conceptual contamination investigated causes not only a potential groundwater flow model of a particular region. This theory reduction of crop yields, but also its transference to considers that under natural conditions there is a relation humans through drinking water and food consumption among elements of the landscape with groundwater (Roseli et al., 2010; Puntoriero et al., 2014; Bastías and movement in flows of different hierarchy. There are local, Beldarrain, 2016). Therefore, the main problem in being - intermediate and regional systems each having three aware of the possible excessive presence of TAs and F contrasting components: recharge, transit and discharge in groundwater could be tackled by means of zones. Their potential recognition includes a harmonizing understanding groundwater flow functioning and its methodology that considers matching among the various relation with the geomorphological expression which components of natural elements such as climate, soil, controls total circulation depth from local to regional scales. landscape, vegetation, with the physical, and chemical of groundwater, as well as with the hydraulic response within the geological framework of the circulating path. Arsenic The presence of TAs in the water supply for human use is becoming an increasing worldwide concern because of There have been attempts in defining the relation their negative effects on human health. Depending on the between the occurrence of TAs in surface water as well dose, the effects of TAs range from gastrointestinal as in groundwater flows based on different physical and distress, severe dermatological effects, to death. Chronic chemical variables which are associated with TAs exposure may affect several major organ systems hydrogeological components as reported in López (primarily of skin, bladder, and lung cancer) (Hughes et (2006), Ortega (2009) and Panagiotaras et al. (2012). A al., 2011). Edmunds and Smedley (1996) among others detailed analysis of the origin, behavior and distribution of have brought out the importance of the hydrogeological TAs in soil, water and vegetation has been considered by media in its occurrence. Localities with problems of TAs in Carbonell et al. (1995), and Litter et al. (2006). their water tend to be found in environments with Specifically, for the Chaco-Pampean plain the reviews of geologically young sediments with a flat topography, low- Nicolli (2006), Nicolli et al. (2006), Ferpozzi(2006), and lying areas where groundwater flow is sluggish (Smedley Schulz (2006) are considered instructive. Puntoriero et al. and Kinniburgh, 2002). Several agencies that provide (2014) cited authors indicating the Chaco-Pampean plain water services in the Province of Buenos Aires face being the world biggest region with high TAs serious legal problems linked to water with high levels of concentration in groundwater; they study TAs in soft fish TAs (Minaverry and Cáceres, 2016). Similarly to TAs, tissues of silverside (Odontesthes bonariensis) and could fluoride (F-) in drinking water has been a major concern in be shown transference of this element to different organs, many parts of the world as it diminishes the acceptable making them harmful for human consumption. Schultz good quality of groundwater sources. Agüero (2015) (2006) emphasizes anarchical distribution patterns of - analyzes problems linked to excess and deficit of F in TAs, without a systematic behavior of distribution with drinking water for Argentina. Fluoride content in water is respect to other ions in the water, lacking a consideration linked to problems with teeth, skeleton, kidney and with the regional hydrogeological characteristics under hepatic ailments, as well as carcinogenic impacts to the studied local conditions. On the other hand, Ferpozzi humans (Edmunds and Smedley, 2002; WHO, 2006; (2006) indicates some relation between TAs with water San-Xiang et al., 2007; Ozsvath, 2009). In Argentina, a components under regional and local environmental large population group is susceptible to waterborne factors in the Chaco-Pampean Plain; local sediment, and diseases because most of the extracted groundwater is volcanic components (loess, volcanic glass, soluble *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]. Author agree that this article remain permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License 10 J. Geogr. Reg. Plann. sulfides and salts) determine its presence in the water weathering of silicates in primary loess as biotite as well (between 5 μg.l-1 to 5,000-8,000 μg.l-1). Nicolli et al. as in volcanic glass (Limbozzi et al., 2005, cited in Othax (2006) emphasize that although the hypothesis of et al., 2014). Blanco et al. (2006) indicate chemical water volcanic glass as the source of TAs to surface and trends: an increase in TAs in groundwater in the groundwater of the Pampean region indicated in several discharge zone as related to a negligible concentration in publications, its origin and processes are still unclear, the recharge zone; they consider that its