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Operation Lam Son 719 Amid “Vietnamization” Strategy During Vietnam War
International Journal of Social Science And Human Research ISSN(print): 2644-0679, ISSN(online): 2644-0695 Volume 04 Issue 07 July 2021 DOI: 10.47191/ijsshr/v4-i7-31, Impact factor-5.586 Page No: 1790-1798 Operation Lam Son 719 amid “Vietnamization” Strategy during Vietnam War Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Ngọc Dung1, MA. Nguyen Minh Son2 1University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam;International Relations Program, Thu Dau Mot University, Binh Duong, Vietnam, 2Ph.D. student, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam\ ABSTRACT: Fifty years ago, Operation Lam Son 719 was organized by the US Army and the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) to realize their scheme to cut off the Indochina battlefield separating the Vietnam revolutionary forces from the revolutionary movement of Laos and Cambodia. Based on historical evidence from previous Vietnamese and USA documents, this article aims to prove that Operation Lam Son 719 made many strategic mistakes in assessing the military power of ARVN and the revolutionary alliance of Vietnam - Laos – Cambodia during the Vietnam War, as well as the tactical mistakes on the battlefield of ARVN. The failure of Operation Lam Son 719 dealt a heavy blow to the Vietnamization strategy, showing the passive strategic approach in the Doctrine of Vietnamization. Operation Lam Son 719 played a big role in forcing the U S to agree to negotiate with Democratic Republic of Vietnam in Paris. KEYWORDS: Operation Lam Son 719, Nixon, Vietnamization, People’s Army of Vietnam (PAVN), Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN). -
Adits, Caves, Karizi-Qanats, and Tunnels in Afghanistan: an Annotated Bibliography by R
Adits, Caves, Karizi-Qanats, and Tunnels in Afghanistan: An Annotated Bibliography by R. Lee Hadden Topographic Engineering Center November 2005 US Army Corps of Engineers 7701 Telegraph Road Alexandria, VA 22315-3864 Adits, Caves, Karizi-Qanats, and Tunnels In Afghanistan Form Approved REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. 1. REPORT DATE 30-11- 2. REPORT TYPE Bibliography 3. DATES COVERED 1830-2005 2005 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER “Adits, Caves, Karizi-Qanats and Tunnels 5b. GRANT NUMBER In Afghanistan: An Annotated Bibliography” 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER HADDEN, Robert Lee 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT US Army Corps of Engineers 7701 Telegraph Road Topographic Alexandria, VA 22315- Engineering Center 3864 9.ATTN SPONSORING CEERD / MONITORINGTO I AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. -
US Involvement in the Vietnam War, 1954-75 Key Terms/Concepts
US involvement in the Vietnam War, 1954-75 Key terms/concepts Key Events Colony A place controlled by another country, politically and economically 1954 Defeat at Dien Bien Phu leads to French Communist A communist government owns all the businesses and land in the country it controls. Everyone works withdrawal for the government. In return, the government provides everyone in the country with everything they need. 1956 Ndo Dinh Diem refuses to hold elections Dien Bien Phu A place in North Vietnam where the Vietnminh beat the French in battle 1961 President Kennedy increases US ARVN Army of the Republic of Vietnam - South Vietnamese army involvement in Vietnam Vietcong/NVA North Vietnamese Army 1963 Quang Duc, a Buddhist monk, sets fire to Accord A formal agreement himself in Saigon DMZ (demilitarised An area where all military activity is forbidden 1964 Gulf of Tonkin zone) Domino theory The fear that once one country falls to communism, others will follow 1964 Operation Rolling Thunder launched Limited war A war where a country supports a side in a conflict by, for example, sending them supplies and 1968 Battle for Khe Sanh and Teto Offensive training their troops, but not by sending any of their own troops to fight Referendum A countrywide vote on a single issue 1968 My Lai massacre Ho Chi Minh Trail The trail used by the Vietcong that runs through Laos and Cambodia from North Vietnam to South 1968 President Johnson decides not to run for a Vietnam. It was used to send supplies and support. second term and Nixon becomes President Guerrillas -
Living with Karst Booklet and Poster
Publishing Partners AGI gratefully acknowledges the following organizations’ support for the Living with Karst booklet and poster. To order, contact AGI at www.agiweb.org or (703) 379-2480. National Speleological Society (with support from the National Speleological Foundation and the Richmond Area Speleological Society) American Cave Conservation Association (with support from the Charles Stewart Mott Foundation and a Section 319(h) Nonpoint Source Grant from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency through the Kentucky Division of Water) Illinois Basin Consortium (Illinois, Indiana and Kentucky State Geological Surveys) National Park Service U.S. Bureau of Land Management USDA Forest Service U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service U.S. Geological Survey AGI Environmental Awareness Series, 4 A Fragile Foundation George Veni Harvey DuChene With a Foreword by Nicholas C. Crawford Philip E. LaMoreaux Christopher G. Groves George N. Huppert Ernst H. Kastning Rick Olson Betty J. Wheeler American Geological Institute in cooperation with National Speleological Society and American Cave Conservation Association, Illinois Basin Consortium National Park Service, U.S. Bureau of Land Management, USDA Forest Service U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Geological Survey ABOUT THE AUTHORS George Veni is a hydrogeologist and the owner of George Veni and Associates in San Antonio, TX. He has studied karst internationally for 25 years, serves as an adjunct professor at The University of Ernst H. Kastning is a professor of geology at Texas and Western Kentucky University, and chairs Radford University in Radford, VA. As a hydrogeolo- the Texas Speleological Survey and the National gist and geomorphologist, he has been actively Speleological Society’s Section of Cave Geology studying karst processes and cavern development for and Geography over 30 years in geographically diverse settings with an emphasis on structural control of groundwater Harvey R. -
Airborne Microorganisms in Lascaux Cave (France) Pedro M
International Journal of Speleology 43 (3) 295-303 Tampa, FL (USA) September 2014 Available online at scholarcommons.usf.edu/ijs/ & www.ijs.speleo.it International Journal of Speleology Off icial Journal of Union Internationale de Spéléologie Airborne microorganisms in Lascaux Cave (France) Pedro M. Martin-Sanchez1, Valme Jurado1, Estefania Porca1, Fabiola Bastian2, Delphine Lacanette3, Claude Alabouvette2, and Cesareo Saiz-Jimenez1* 1Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, IRNAS-CSIC, Apartado 1052, 41080 Sevilla, Spain 2UMR INRA-Université de Bourgogne, Microbiologie du Sol et de l’Environnement, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon Cedex, France 3Université de Bordeaux, I2M, UMR 5295, 16 Avenue Pey-Berland, 33600 Pessac, France Abstract: Lascaux Cave in France contains valuable Palaeolithic paintings. The importance of the paintings, one of the finest examples of European rock art paintings, was recognized shortly after their discovery in 1940. In the 60’s of the past century the cave received a huge number of visitors and suffered a microbial crisis due to the impact of massive tourism and the previous adaptation works carried out to facilitate visits. In 1963, the cave was closed due to the damage produced by visitors’ breath, lighting and algal growth on the paintings. In 2001, an outbreak of the fungus Fusarium solani covered the walls and sediments. Later, black stains, produced by the growth of the fungus Ochroconis lascauxensis, appeared on the walls. In 2006, the extensive black stains constituted the third major microbial crisis. In an attempt to know the dispersion of microorganisms inside the cave, aerobiological and microclimate studies were carried out in two different seasons, when a climate system for preventing condensation of water vapor on the walls was active (September 2010) or inactive (February 2010). -
Bats, White-Nose Syndrome, and Federal Cave and Mine Closures
BATS, WHITE-NOSE SYNDROME, AND FEDERAL CAVE AND MINE CLOSURES A report by the Center for Biological Diversity January 26, 2011 Cover photo: Little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus) in a New York cave, displaying characteristic fuzz of white-nose syndrome on nose and wings. Credit: Al Hicks, New York Dept. of Environmental Conservation For more information about this report, contact: Mollie Matteson, Conservation Advocate Center for Biological Diversity, Northeast Field Office PO Box 188 Richmond, Vermont 05477 802-434-2388 [email protected] Center for Biological Diversity, Federal Cave Closures 2 Bats, White-nose Syndrome, and Federal Cave and Mine Closures Delay is the deadliest form of denial. ~~C. Northcote Parkinson, British historian, 1909-1993 Executive Summary In the span of just four winters, a deadly new disease called white-nose syndrome (WNS) that devastates bat populations has spread rapidly across the country from east to west. The bat illness was first documented in a cave in upstate New York in 2006, and as of spring 2010, the white- nose pathogen had been reported as far west as western Oklahoma (see Figure 1). In affected bat colonies, mortality rates have reached as high as 100 percent, virtually emptying caves once harboring tens of thousands of bats and leaving cave floors littered with the innumerable small bones of the dead. At least six bat species are known to be susceptible, and the fungus associated with the disease has been found on another three species. Two federally listed endangered bat species are among those affected thus far. Scientists and conservationists are gravely concerned that if current trends continue, one or more bat species could become extinct in the next couple of decades or sooner. -
YGLC Info for Cavers FINAL1~09
www.caves.org Youth Group Caving Legal Issues and General Information for the Experienced Caver Prepared by the Youth Groups Liaison Committee of the National Speleological Society and NSS members Introduction Make a difference Have you ever met an ill-equipped youth group in a cave that exceeded the group's skill level? You may have encountered a cave being vandalized by youths who didn't know any better. Do you think caves would benefit from more professionals in cave management and the cave-related sciences? By working with youth groups who plan to go caving, you can have a positive effect in all of these areas. Not only can you provide a quality caving experience for the youths, but most importantly, you can also instill in them sound principles for safe caving, as well as a good conservation ethic. You can be the one who infuses them with an appreciation for the value of caves and their contents that they will carry with them into adulthood. It is these youths who will be making decisions that will affect caves and cave areas in the future. A very good way to accomplish this is by working through national youth organizations. Girl Scouts USA, Boy Scouts of America, 4-H, church youth groups, youth summer camps, schools, and at-risk youth groups provide the framework that makes educating young people about caves and caving easier and safer for all. Some cavers really enjoy working with youth. Guiding a well-trained and well- behaved youth group through a cave can be a highly rewarding experience. -
Operation Barrel Roll
In 1962, the United States began a “secret war” in Laos. The operation wasn’t revealed until 1970, by which time it con- sumed half of all US attack sorties in Southeast Asia. Barrel Roll By John T. Correll n early 1961, the hot spot of lead- ing concern in Southeast Asia was not Vietnam but Laos. The new US President, John IF. Kennedy, rated Laos as “the most im- mediate of the problems that we found upon taking office” in January. On March 23, Kennedy held a news conference, nationally televised, to talk about Laos. He pointed out the communist advance on a large map. The Pathet Lao insur- gents, supported by the Russians and the North Vietnamese, had captured the northeastern part of the country. “Laos is far away from America, but the world is small,” Kennedy said. “The security of all Southeast Asia will be endangered if Laos loses its neutral independence. Its own safety runs with the safety of us all, in real neutrality observed by all.” In itself, Laos had little strategic im- portance. It was remote and landlocked, with a population of only two million. However, it shared borders with six other countries and had traditionally served as a buffer zone between the more powerful neighboring states. Thousands of ancient stone jars dot the plains in the center of Laos. The real concern about Laos was that the insurgency would spread and destabilize the rest of the region. “If the group, about 750 people, left promptly, pilots flying air support for the Laotian communists [are] able to move in and but no more than 40 of the 7,000 North ground forces. -
Environmental Change at Kartchner Caverns: Trying to Separate Natural and Anthropogenic Changes
Environmental Change at Kartchner Caverns: Trying to Separate Natural and Anthropogenic Changes Rickard S. Toomey, III, and Ginger Nolan Kartchner Caverns State Park, Arizona State Parks, Benson, AZ Abstract—Cave temperature and moisture levels are important factors in the environmental health of Kartchner Caverns. Monitoring indicates the cave has warmed and moisture levels have fallen over the past 14 years. Timing and patterns of change within the cave suggest that changes are due to development as a show cave. However, changes in other caves, surface temperature and precipitation, and in shallow local aquifers suggest that cave changes relate to regional patterns. Changes at Kartchner Caverns represent a combination of anthropogenic and regional natural causes. Separating these different factors is an important on-going goal in protecting the cave. Kartchner Caverns State Park (KCSP) is a show cave in The primary long-term temperature and humidity data southeastern Arizona. The cave was discovered in 1974 and from the cave come from Environmental Monitoring Stations became a State Park in 1988 (Tufts and Tenen 1999). After (EMS) within the cave (figure 1). These are locations at pre-development studies to assess the condition of the cave, which air, water, and soil temperature, relative humidity, to establish baseline data, and to determine how best to de- and pan evaporation are measured manually on a periodic velop the cave, Arizona State Parks began development of basis, usually weekly or monthly. Temperatures are measured the cave for ecological education and tourism. The develop- with small, digital probe thermometers; relative humidity is ment included creating tunnel entrances to the cave, building measured using a digital probe thermometer equipped as a trails for tours, and installing a lighting system. -
THE MSS LIAISON VOLUME 58 NUMBER 9-10 September - October 2018 AFFILIATE ORGANIZATIONS: CHOUTEAU-KCAG-LEG-LOG-MMV-MSM-MVG-OHG-PEG-RBX- SPG-SEMO-MCKC-CCC-CAIRN
THE MSS LIAISON VOLUME 58 NUMBER 9-10 September - October 2018 AFFILIATE ORGANIZATIONS: CHOUTEAU-KCAG-LEG-LOG-MMV-MSM-MVG-OHG-PEG-RBX- SPG-SEMO-MCKC-CCC-CAIRN. Distributed free on the MSS website: http://www.mospeleo,org/ Subscription rate for paper copies is $10.00 per year. Send check or money order made out to the Missouri Speleological Survey to the Editor, Gary Zumwalt, 1681 State Route D, Lohman, MO 65053. Telephone: 573-782-3560. Missouri Speleological Survey President's Message October 2018. Despite the foreboding forecast of biblical rains, the Fall MSS meeting at Current River State Park was a great time. Before the weekend began, we had a long list of objectives and a sizable group of cavers expected to come, as well as ambitious plans for a large map and gear display for the public. Weathermen across the region however, conspired to keep people home with predictions of heavy rain throughout the weekend and flash flood warnings across the state. As the weekend drew nearer, the number of cavers bowing out increased by the day. Nevertheless, while it did rain all day Friday and poured on us during the drive down Friday night, the rest of the weekend was fairly dry and beautiful. The Current didn't rise, so one small group monitored caves via kayak and a much larger group went to Echo Bluff State Park to work on graffiti removal, left over the Camp Zoe events, as well as to perform a bio survey, per request of the park, to see whether the cave closure had any noticeable impact on the presence of cave life. -
The Ho Chi Minh Trail Directions: Read the Paragraphs Below and Study the Map Carefully
aran-0622-ir 11/15/01 3:05 PM Page 51 Name Date GEOGRAPHY APPLICATION: LOCATION CHAPTER 22 The Ho Chi Minh Trail Directions: Read the paragraphs below and study the map carefully. Then answer Section 4 the questions that follow. he Ho Chi Minh Trail developed from a net- North Vietnam’s Inroads into South Vietnam Twork of existing hidden jungle paths. During the 1960s, it became the main route used by North Vietnam to get troops and supplies into South CHINA Vietnam in support of the Vietcong’s fight against South Vietnamese troops and their U.S. allies. The NORTH trail was named for Ho Chi Minh, the leader of VIETNAM North Vietnam at the time. When North Vietnamese soldiers were wounded, they were transported up the trail for treatment. r e v Gulf of Tonkin U.S. and South Vietnamese troops tried repeat- i R g edly to cut or destroy this lifeline. They drenched n o LAOS k the surrounding jungle with defoliants to kill trees e and other vegetation. This effort failed, and North M Vietnam continued to use the trail. Invasion DEMILITARIZED ZONE (DMZ) The Tet Offensive of early 1968 showed how of Laos determined North Vietnam was. The North Hue Da Nang Vietnamese and the Vietcong launched simultane- Ho Chi Minh Trail ous raids on provincial capitals and major cities THAILAND Quangngai throughout South Vietnam at the beginning of Tet, the lunar new year celebration. The U.S. Embassy Pleiku in Saigon was attacked, as were many other suppos- edly secure sites. The planning and coordination Quinhon r e SOUTH needed to carry out such an action stunned v i VIETNAM Americans in Vietnam and in the United States. -
Download a Pdf of the Subterranean Renovations Publication
SUBTERRANEAN RENOVATIONS THE UNIQUE ARCHITECTURAL SPACES OF SHOW CAVES Under America’s surficial terrain, another landscape lurks, where built and natural forms blend to create unusual spaces, in some of the more compelling tourist caves in the United States. ike an elaborate stage for an audienceless performance, spectacular natural caves L formed and transformed over the ages in the unseen world of the underground. Typically evolving drop by drop, as the earth melted away with the natural dissolution of limestone, strange sculptural creations grew in hollow cracks and capacious chambers; white curtains of speleothems like frozen waterfalls and delicate dioramas of stalactites mutated in geologic slow motion. Shallow pools of still water would mirror seemingly limitless distances, were it not for the absence of light, and sounds would echo, oddly magnified, except for the near total silence. When modern humans came into this subterranean world, first as explorers, then as tour- ists, they brought with them both light and sound, as well as shovels, cement, electricity, postcards, and even fried chicken. From the first lantern-led tours through Mammoth Cave in the early 1800's to the drive-through caves of today, the two hundred or so caves in the country that have been opened to the public (out of over 30,000 caves discovered in the United States so far) have been transformed by the interests of tourism and the fancy of cave owners and promoters. Most modifications to the natural cave are of a practical nature, made in order to accom- modate visitors. New cave entrances are blasted to allow more convenient access, path- ways are installed to allow visitors to move easily along the otherwise uneven cave floor, and lighting of some type is installed to make the formations and pathways visible.