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Heavy Metals INT. J. BIOL. BIOTECH., 11 (4): 517-524, 2014. HEAVY METALS (Fe, Mn, Pb, Cd, AND Cr) CONCENTRATIONS IN MUSCLES, LIVER, KIDNEYS AND GILLS OF TORPEDO SCAD [MEGALASPIS CORDYLA (LINNAEUS, 1758)] FROM KARACHI WATERS OF PAKISTAN Quratulan Ahmed1, D. Khan2 and Qadeer Mohammad Ali1 1The Marine Reference collection and Resources centre, University of Karachi. Karachi -75270, Pakistan. 2 Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan. Corresponding author: [email protected] Phone: +92-345-2983586 ABSTRACT The samples of fish, Megalaspis cordyla (Linnaeus) collected in Pre-monsoon (January to May), Monsoon (June to August) and Post-monsoon (September to December) seasons of 2010 from coastal waters of Karachi were measured for their size and heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Cd, Pb and Cr) in their muscles, liver, kidneys and gills were analyzed. The fish samples studied varied little in size - from 3.39 to 4.65% in length and 10.13 to 10.75% in weight. It was obvious from three-way ANOVA that different metals accumulated in different concentrations in the fish (F = 365.57, p < 0.0001), the concentration of metals was significantly influenced by the seasonal variation (F = 15.81, p < 0.0001) and also significantly varied with the organ type of the fish (F = 614.02, p < 0.0001). Seasons, organs and metal types, all interacted significantly (F = 10.85, p < 0.001). Fe was the predominant metal amongst all and was found to be significantly high in concentration than that of the other metals. The concentration of other metals (Mn, Cd, Pb and Cr) didn’t differ significantly from each other. Metals accumulated predominantly in liver. Muscles, kidneys and gills were not significantly different from each other in metals contents. Heavy metal contents of local M. cordyla were compared with the published reports on M. cordyla from South and Southeast Asian countries. Key-words: Heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Pb, Cd, Cr), Megalaspis cordyla, Karachi Coastal Water. INTRODUCTION Fishes form an excellent source of digestible proteins, vitamins, minerals and polyunsaturated fatty acids (Daviglus et al., 2002) but are also the source of heavy metals. Some of the metals found in the fish might be fundamental as they play vital role in biological system of the fish as well as in human beings but some of them may however, be toxic and may cause serious damage to the human health if present in excess to the permitted limits. The common heavy metals that are found in fish may include Cu, Fe, Zn, Ni, Mn, Hg, Pb, Cd, etc. from Pakistan waters or elsewhere (Connell, 1984, Rizvi et al., 1988; Tariq et al., 1991, 1998; Nair et al., 1997; Zehra et al., 2003; Agusa et al., 2005, 2007; Dalman et al., 2006; Naidu et al., 2008; Tabinda et al., 2010; Kumar et al., 2012; Shivakumar et al., 2014; El-Moselhy et al., 2014). Ambedkar and Muniyan (2011) found Cr in maximum concentration followed by Cd > Cu > Pb > Zn in the fishes of Vellar River, Tamil Nadu (India) including Megalaspis cordyla and four other fishes caught during January to June, 2010. It has been recognized for many years that the concentrations of metals found in coastal areas, whether they are in the dissolved or particulate phase are derived from a variety of anthropogenic and natural sources (Burridge et al., 1999). The major part of the anthropogenic metal load in the sea and sea bed sediments and organisms has a terrestrial source from mining and intensive aquaculture and municipal wastewaters, untreated effluents, harbor activities, urban and agricultural runoff along major rivers and estuaries and bays. Heavy metals have the tendency to accumulate in various organs of marine organisms, especially fish, which in turn may enter into the human metabolism through consumption causing serious health hazards (Puel et al., 1987). Iron, copper, zinc and manganese are essential (physiological) metals while, mercury, lead and cadmium are xenobiotic toxic metals (Kennish, 1992). Megalaspis cordyla (Linnaeus, 1758) syn. Scomber cordyla Linnaeus 1758 is a migratory pelagic fish abundant in inshore water of continental shelf and also in offshore oceanic waters. It is commonly known by various names Torpedo scad, finny scad, cordyla scad, hardtail scad, fin-letted mackerel, torpedo trevally, etc. It is broadly distributed throughout Western Indian Ocean and elsewhere in the Western Pacific Ocean from Japan to Australia. In Pakistan, it is commonly called Kauwa Machh (Ahmad et al., 2013). M. cordyla inhabits water up to 60m depth (Quddus and Shafi, 1983) or 20-100m depth (hppp”//www.fishwise.co.za/……). It is fast swimmer and predator species which feeds mainly on smaller fishes (13.23%), cephalopods (8.73%) and crustaceans (4.20%) – fish being the main item preferred (Jadhav and Mohite, 2013). It measures around 30-40 cm (maximally 80 cm) in length. It is economically important and its large catches are reported from Thailand, and Malaysia (Fischer and Bianchi, 1984). It is exploited as by-catch or incidental catches in gillnet, bottom trawl and shrimp trawl in Pakistan (Ahmad et al., 2013). The main aim of the present work was to determine the concentration of heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Pb, Cd, and 518 Q. AHMED ET AL., Cr) in muscles, liver, kidney and gills of this species collected from Karachi waters (Northern Arabian Sea) during January 2010 - December 2010. MATERIAL AND METHODS Samples of fish Megalaspis cordyla were collected in Pre-monsoon (January to May), Monsoon (June to August) and Post-monsoon (September to December) seasons from coastal water of Karachi (Latitude: 24°50'49.56" and Longitude: 66°59'8.16") (Fig. 1A and B). The length (L) of the fish was measured from the tip of the mouth to the caudal fin (cm). Fish weight was measured after drying with a piece of clean towel. Total length (TL) and body weight (W) were measured with fresh samples to the nearest 0.1 cm and 0.01 g, respectively. Samples were collected for the analysis of heavy metals. Fishes were dissected using steel Scissors and scalpels to remove approximately 5 g dorsal muscles, entire liver, 2 rakers of gills and entire kidneys. They were washed with deionized water and weighed after blotting excess surface water. Samples were ground and calcinated at 500oC for 3 hours until it turned to white or grey ash and reweighed. The ashes were dissolved with 0.1 M HCl according to the method of (Gutierrez et al., 1978). The ashes were dissolved in 10 ml (HCl) in beaker and after which the dissolved ash residue was filtered with Whatman filter paper. One ml filtered solution was diluted with 25 ml distilled water for elemental analyses. The standards were prepared from 1000 ppm stock solution to 2 ppm, 4 ppm, 6 ppm, etc. Elemental analysis was made with atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Analyst 700) in the Centralized laboratories of University of Karachi. The concentration of metals was expressed as μg per g dry weight. The data was analyzed with SPSS version 12. The contents of selected heavy metals in Karachi seawater are presented in Table 1. Fish collection zone Cape Monze Karachi Fish Harbour Korangi Creek NORTH ARABIAN SEA Bundal Island Figure 1A: Coastal area of Karachi – fish collection area in North Arabian Sea. Figure 1B. An individual of Megalaspis cordyla from Karachi Coast, Pakistan. Source: Hamid Badar Osmany. ([email protected]) www.fishbase.us /photos RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Thirty six fish samples of marketable-sized Megalaspis cordyla were collected from Karachi fish harbour during (Pre-monsoon, Monsoon, Post-monsoon) season in (January 2010-December 2010). The fish samples studied for metallic contents varied little in size - from 3.39 to 4.65% in length and 10.13 to 10.75% in weight. The length (25.47 ± 0.34cm) and weight (160.2 ± 4.59 g) were found to be the highest in Monsoon season and the lowest length (22.67 ± 0.2277cm) and weight (114.9 ± 3.63 g) were measured in Post-monsoon season. There was direct relationship between length and weight (Table 2). Comparing the concentrations of metals in various parts of the fish with that of the seawater (Table 1) it is clear that multi-fold bioaccumulation of metals has taken place in fish at different rates in different organs. The accumulation is also the function of seasonality. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 11 (4): 517-524, 2014. HEAVY METALS (Fe, Mn, Pb, Cd, AND Cr) IN MEGALASPIS CORDYLA 519 The heavy metal concentration (Fe, Mn, Pb, Cd and Cr) were measured in Muscles, Liver, Kidney and Gills of the fish M. cordyla during pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons (Table 3, 4 and 5). The highest level of Fe (553.61 + 28.29 µg/g) concentration was recorded in liver during monsoon season. Also the maximum mean concentrations of Mn (11.84 + 0.97 µg/g), Pb (2.17 + 0.23 µg/g), Cd (2.43 ± 0.51 µg/g), and Cr (2.62 + 0.23 µg/g) were measured in liver, kidney and gills, respectively during Post-monsoon season. Table 1. Contents of heavy metals in sediments and Seawater of Karachi in ppm. Location Fe Mn Cd Pb Cr Reference - - 0.064 ± 0.16 0.77 ± - Karachi mangroves * Ismaili et al 0.16 (2014) Miani Hor - - 0.057 0.04 - 0.531 ± 0.11** 0.302 ± 0.0133 ± 0.003 0.159 ± 0.885 ± Keti Bunder to Giddani **** Mumtaz (2002) (35.9 ± 27.9) *** 0.154 (N = 11) 0.0046 0.472 (N= 13) (N = 13) (N =12) Standard unpolluted Seawater 0.0034 0.0004 0.00011 0.00003 0.0002 Turekian (1968) *, mean of six sites; **, mean excluding Bin Qasim sample (312 ppm) and Giddani sample (148 ppm) - heavily Fe- polluted sites; ***, Mean including Port Qasim and Giddani sites; ****, mean for thirteen 13 sites calculated from the data of Mumtaz (2002).
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