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El Complejo Hidroeléctrico De Hidroaysen En La Patagonia Chilena the Hidroaysén Hydroelectric Complex in Chilean Patagonia

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El Complejo Hidroeléctrico De Hidroaysen En La Patagonia Chilena the Hidroaysén Hydroelectric Complex in Chilean Patagonia ART CASAS (19-38):C Y T.qxp 01/04/11 13:07 Página 19 Ciencia y Técnica de la Ingeniería Civil Revista de Obras Públicas El complejo hidroeléctrico de nº 3.520. Año 158 Abril 2011 ISSN: 0034-8619 Hidroaysen en la Patagonia chilena ISSN electrónico: 1695-4408 The HidroAysén Hydroelectric complex in Chilean Patagonia Antonio de las Casas Gómez. Ingeniero de Caminos, Canales y Puertos Madrid (España). [email protected] Resumen: El conocido como proyecto Hidroaysen consiste en la construcción de cinco centrales hidroeléctricas en los ríos Baker y Pascua en la Patagonia chilena, lo que aportará una potencia instalada de 2.750 MW, y una producción anual prevista de 18.430 GWh. La superficie ocupada por las cinco centrales es de 5.910 has lo cual supone una ocupación de 2,15 has/MW, cantidad mucho menor que la habitual en este tipo de proyectos. Para el traslado de la energía se prevé la construcción de una línea HVCD de 1912 km, 160 de los cuales submarinos. Tanto las centrales como una parte importante de la línea de transmisión discurren por zonas escasamente colonizadas y por tanto de un alto valor ecológico, por lo que el proyecto tiene que vencer la fuerte oposición de los grupos ecologistas. Palabras Clave: Hidroaysen; Patagonia; Chile; Centrales hidroeléctricas; Energías Renovables Abstract: The project known as Hidroaisen comprises the construction of five hydroelectric dams on the Baker and Pascua rivers in the Chilean Patagonia, with an installed capacity of 2.750 MW and the annual production expected is 18.430 GWh. The surface area occupied by the five plants is 5910 has, hence the occupancy is of 2.15ha/MW, far less than the usual for these type of projects. To transport the energy the construction of a HVCD line of 1.912 km, including 160 under the sea, is expected. Both the power plant and an important part of the transmission line go through sparsely populated areas which have a high ecological value. For this reason the project will have to overcome strong opposition from environmental groups. Keywords: Hidroaysen; Patagonia; Chile; Hidroelectric Power; Renewable Energies 1. Sector eléctrico en Chile 1. The electricity sector in Chile A abril de 2010, el sector eléctrico cuenta con 14.94 As of April 2010, the electricity sector in Chile had an GW de capacidad instalada. Éste se basa principal- installed capacity of 14.94 GW. This is primarily based on mente en la generación termoeléctrica (64,9%) e hi- thermal (64.9%) and hydropower generation (34%), in dráulica (34%),además de cerca de un 1% de centrales addition to nigh on 1% produced by wind power. As a eólicas. Producto de los cortes de gas que enfrentó a result of gas cuts in 2004, work was started on the partir de 2004, inició la construcción de dos terminales construction of two liquefied natural gas re-gasification regasificadores de GNL para permitir la importación de plants to allow the import of shipped natural gas. gas natural mediante barcos. The successful reform of the electricity sector in Chile La exitosa reforma del sector eléctrico de Chile, que was carried out in the first half of the 80’s and served as sirvió como modelo para otros países, se llevó a cabo a model for other countries and where the vertical and en la primera mitad de la década de los 80. La desa- horizontal unbundling of generation, transmission and gregación vertical y horizontal de la generación, trans- distribution together with large-scale privatization, all led misión y distribución, y la privatización a gran escala, to an increase in private investment. condujo al aumento de la inversión privada. 1.1. Installed capacity 1.1. Capacidad instalada There are four separate electricity systems in Chile: the Hay cuatro sistemas de electricidad independientes Central Interconnected System (SIC, Sistema en Chile: el Sistema Interconectado Central, (SIC), el Interconectado Central), which serves the central part Se admiten comentarios a este artículo, que deberán ser remitidos a la Redacción de la ROP antes del 30 de junio de 2011. Recibido: enero/2011. Aprobado: febrero/2011 19 a 38 Revista de Obras Públicas/ISSN: 0034-8619/ISSN electrónico: 1695-4408/Abril 2011/Nº 3.520 19 ART CASAS (19-38):C Y T.qxp 01/04/11 13:07 Página 20 de las Casas, A. cual provee a la parte central del país (75,8% de la ca- of the county (75.8% of the total installed capacity and pacidad total instalada y el 93% de la población); el Sis- 93% of the population); the Large Northern tema Interconectado del Norte Grande (SING), el cual Interconnected System (SING Sistema Interconectado provee a las regiones de explotación minera del desier- del Norte Grande), which serves the desert mining to del norte (23,2% de la capacidad total instalada) y regions in the North (23.3% of the total installed los sistemas de Aysen (0,3% de la capacidad total) y capacity; and the Aysen (0.3% of total capacity) and Magallanes (0,6% de la capacidad total), los cuales Magallanes (0.6% of total capacity) systems, which proveen a las pequeñas áreas del extremo sur del país. serve small areas of the extreme southern part of the Las grandes distancias que existen entre los cuatro siste- country. The long distances existing among the four mas hacen que sea difícil la integración. systems make integration difficult. A abril de 2010, la capacidad total instalada nomi- As at April 2010 the nominal total installed capacity nal alcanzaba 14.940 MW. Del total de la misma 10.346 was 14,940 MW, of which 10,346 MW corresponded to MW corresponden a la generación térmica, 5.426 MW thermal generation, 5,425 MW to hydroelectricity and a la generación hidroeléctrica y 167 MW a la genera- 167 MW to wind power. There is no nuclear generated ción eólica. No hay generación de origen nuclear. La power. The total generation in 2008 was 58.7 TWh, 59% generación total en 2008 fue de 58,7 TWh, el 59,0% del of which was produced by thermal sources, 40.9% by cual fue aportado por las fuentes térmicas, 40,9% por hydropower and the remaining 0.1% by wind power. This las fuentes hidráulicas y 0,1% correspondió a energía corresponding to just over 3,400 kWh per capita. eólica. Esto corresponde a algo más de 3.400 kWh per At present, the prevailing technology considered for cápita. the expansion of the system is that of coal-fired thermal Actualmente la tecnología dominante en la expan- plants, which will take a significant share in the Chilean sión del sistema son las centrales térmicas a carbón, las energy system following plans to build new plants for a que aumentarán significativamente su participación en total of 11,852 MW as of April 2010. These are followed, la matriz energética chilena, con proyectos por 11.852 in terms of importance, by the hydroelectric plants MW a abril de 2010. Le siguen en importancia las cen- which at April 2010 amounted to 10,388 MW. At this trales hidráulicas proyectadas, que a abril de 2010 su- same time, wind power plants amounted to 2,497 MW maban 10.338 MW. Las centrales eólicas sumaban a la and geothermal plants to 270 MW. misma fecha 2.497 MW, y las centrales geotérmicas 270 Distribution losses in 2005 were 6.52%, down from 8% a MW. decade before and well below the 13.5% LAC average. Las pérdidas en distribución en 2005 fueron de Chile’s depends very heavily on foreign imports for 6,52%, una cifra inferior al 8% de la década anterior y energy and from where it gains 72% of all its energy. [1] bastante menor al promedio de ALyC de 13,5%. The Chilean economy is undergoing rapid growth and La dependencia exterior de Chile en el campo de the National Energy Commission consider that the la energía es muy grande, el 72% de la energía es im- country will double consumption by 2020 and triple portada. [1] consumption by 2030 and this growth will have to be La economía de Chile está en franco crecimiento matched by an urgent increase in the country’s por lo que Comisión Nacional de Energía considera que electricity generating capacity. In view of current para 2020 se duplicará el consumo y se multiplicará por technological development, when excluding nuclear 3 para 2030, por lo tanto el aumento de la capacidad power for the time being on account of the excessive generadora de electricidad no puede considerarse un time required to develop this form of power even if were tema menor. Con el desarrollo tecnológico actual, ex- to be considered, this response may only be met by the cluida de momento la utilización de energía nuclear, greater development of hydropower and the installation cuyo desarrollo, en caso de optarse por este camino, of thermal plants. The most efficient of these plants, gas- aún llevaría bastantes años, solamente puede producir- fired plants, have to resort to imported fuel. This fuel is se con un mayor aprovechamiento de la energía hidro- subject to large price variations and uncertain supply eléctrica y con la instalación de plantas térmicas. Las from the neighbouring countries of Argentina and Bolivia más eficientes entre ellas, las que utilizan gas, deben re- and appears to be a very complicated option in both currir a un combustible importado por tanto sujeto a cases. This was demonstrated in the crisis of 2004 when una gran variación de los precios, que eventualmente Argentina unilaterally stopped the service in spite of the 20 Revista de Obras Públicas/ISSN: 0034-8619/ISSN electrónico: 1695-4408/Abril 2011/Nº 3.520 19 a 38 ART CASAS (19-38):C Y T.qxp 01/04/11 13:07 Página 21 El complejo hidroeléctrico de Hidroaysen en la Patagonia chilena The HidroAysén Hydroelectric complex in Chilean Patagonia podría llegar de los países vecinos, Argentina y Bolivia, contracts in place.
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