API Textbook of Medicine
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API Textbook of Medicine Editor-in-ChiefBrothers Yash Pal Munjal Volume 1 Jaypee 10 th EDITION API _ Prelims _ Vol-1 for (TRADE).indd i 29-01-2015 14:22:07 The Association of Physicians of India NOTICE The editors have checked the information provided in the book and to the best of their knowledge, it is as per the standards accepted at the time of publication. However, in view of the continuous changes in medical knowledge and the possibility of human error, there could be variance. In view of the possibility of human error by the authors, editors, or publishers of the work herein, or changes in medical knowledge, neither the authors, editors, publisher, nor any other party who has been involved in the preparation of this work, warrants that the information contained herein is in every respect accurate or complete, and they are not responsible for any errors or omissions or for the result obtained from the use of such information. Hence readers are requested to confi rm information, particularly laboratory values and drug dosages from the product information sheet included in the package of each drug they plan to administer and from other sources as well, particularly in connection with new or infrequently used drugs. The editor takes no responsibility for the views expressed or the material submitted by the various contributors to this API Textbook of Medicine, Tenth Edition. © All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it and CD-ROM may be reproduced in any manner or by any means, without written permission from the Editor-in-Chief. For all permissions apply to Dr Yash Pal Munjal, Editor-in-Chief, RT202, Royalton Towers, Princeton Estate, DLF Phase 5, Gurgaon, Haryana - 122002. First Edition: 1969 Tenth Edition: 2015 ISBN 978-93-5152-415-1 Published by: Dr Yash Pal Munjal for and on behalf of The Association of Physicians of India Turf Estate # 6 & 7, Off Dr. E. Moses Road, Opp. Shakti Mills Compound, Near Mahalaxmi Station (West), Mumbai 400 011. Tel: (022) 6666 3224/2491 2218 Fax: (022) 2492 0263 e-mail: [email protected] Website: www.apiindia.org Brothers Printed, Designed and Exclusively Distributed Worldwide by: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd. Headquarters Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd. 4838/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj New Delhi 110 002, India Phone: +91-11-43574357 Fax: +91-11-43574314 E-mail: [email protected] Overseas Offi ces J.P. Medical Ltd. Jaypee-Highlights Medical Publishers Inc. Jaypee Medical Inc. 83, Victoria Street, London City of Knowledge, Bld. 237, Clayton The Bourse SW1H 0HW (UK) Panama City, Panama 111, South Independence Mall East Phone: +44-20 3170 8910 Phone: +1 507-301-0496 Suite 835, Philadelphia, PA 19106, USA Fax: +44(0) 20 3008 6180 Fax: +1 507-301-0499 Phone: +1 267-519-9789 E-mail: [email protected]: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd. 17/1-B, Babar Road, Block-B Bhotahity Shaymali, Mohammadpur Kathmandu, Nepal Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh Phone: +977-9741283608 Mobile: +08801912003485 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.jaypeebrothers.com Website: www.jaypeedigital.com Inquiries for bulk sales may be solicited at: [email protected] API _ Prelims _ Vol-1 for (TRADE).indd ii 29-01-2015 14:22:07 API Textbook of Medicine Tenth Edition EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Yash Pal Munjal MD FICP MAMS FIAMS FACP FIACMS FRCP (Edin) Medical Director and Hon Senior Consultant, Diabetes and Life Style Disease Centre Banarsidas Chandiwala Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalkaji, New Delhi Past President of Association of Physicians of India Past Dean of Indian College of Physicians Hon Professor of Indian College of Family Physician, New Delhi, India EXECUTIVE EDITOR Surendra K Sharma MD PhD Professor and Head Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India EDITORS AK Agarwal RK Singal MD FICP FRCP (Edin) MAMS FACP FIACM FIAMS FIMSA MD FRCP FICP FACP Professor and Head, Department of General Medicine Senior Consultant and Head School of Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda University Department of Medicine Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh Dr BL Kapur Memorial Hospital Ex-Dean, Professor and Head, Department of Medicine, PGIMER New Delhi, India Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India Shyam Sundar Pritam Gupta MD FRCP FAMS FNA FSc FNASc MD (Medicine) BrothersProfessor of Medicine Senior Consultant and Head, Department of Medicine Institute of Medical Sciences Sunder Lal Jain Hospital, New Delhi, India Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi Uttar Pradesh, India Sandhya A Kamath MD FICP Subhash Varma Ex-Dean and Professor, Department of Medicine MD FICP Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College and Municipal Professor and Head General Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Department of Internal Medicine PGIMER, Chandigarh, India Milind Y Nadkar MD FICP Professor of Medicine, Chief of Rheumatology and Emergency Medicine, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital Mumbai, Maharashtra, India ASSOCIATE EDITORS Ghan Shyam Pangtey Anupam Prakash MD MD (Gen Medicine) FICP MNAMS PDCC (Hospital Management) Associate Professor, Department of Medicine PDCDM (Dialysis Medicine) Lady HardingeJaypee Medical College and Associated Hospitals Professor, Department of Medicine, Lady Hardinge Medical New Delhi, India College and Associated Hospitals, New Delhi, India EMERITUS EDITOR Siddharth N Shah MD FICP FACP (Hon) FRCP (Edin) Post-graduate Teacher in Diabetes, University of Mumbai Consulting Physician and Diabetologist SL Raheja Hospital and All India Institute of Diabetes Saifee Hospital, Bhatia Hospital, Sir Hurkisondas Nurrotumdas Hospital Visiting Consultant, Central Railway and Western Railway Hospitals, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India API _ Prelims _ Vol-1 for (TRADE).indd iii 29-01-2015 14:22:07 Editors-In-Chief Late Dr RJ Vakil Late Dr KK Datey Late Dr Shantilal J Shah 1st and 2nd Edition 3rd Edition 4th Edition Brothers Dr GS Sainani Dr Siddharth N Shah 5th and 6th Edition 7th and 8th Edition Jaypee Dr Yash Pal Munjal 9th and 10th Edition API _ Prelims _ Vol-1 for (TRADE).indd iv 29-01-2015 14:22:07 PREFACE It is 45 years since the fi rst edition of API Textbook of Medicine was published keeping the Indian milieu in focus. Enthused by the acceptance and success of the book nine more editions were published over the years. With the dawn of the year 2015, I have the pleasure and privilege to present to you the 10th edition of API Textbook of Medicine. In the last two to three decades, Medicine has witnessed a torrential growth in the understanding of disease and its management. The disease profi le has also substantially changed along with the demography of various disorders. In the earlier edition of the book, diseases such as smallpox, poliomyelitis and guinea worm infestation were quite common and were discussed in detail. These diseases have been eradicated or their signifi cance greatly reduced due to immunisation, use of appropriate drugs and better hygienic facilities. Therefore, their presentation in the book has been reduced while newer infections such as hepatitis B, HIV, swine fl u and avian fl u have been discussed in greater detail as the new infective disorders. Along with these, various non- communicable diseases have increased in an unprecedented epidemic like manner. Therefore, this edition of the book has been designed and covers the recent trends in diagnosis and management of these disorders. The book is completely revised, updated and better illustrated. There are over 3000 pages with 1622 fi gures and 1460 tables. These large numbers of tables and fi gures have been used so that the information is easily understood and reading is facilitated. In this endeavour, many new additions have been done as compared to the previous edition. The book consists of 29 parts and each part discusses a group of disorders. In addition, 28 new chapters have also been added. 1. An entirely new part Future of Medicine, has been added. This part of the book deals with the anticipated progress in medicine which will be put to clinical use in the coming one to two decades or the advances that are being used in their early stages in clinical practice. 2. A new chapter on Disease Profi le and Epidemiology of Communicable and Non-communicable Diseases in India has been added so that the reader has an ample understanding of the diseases commonly prevalent in this part of the world. 3. During the 9th edition, a new part had been added Clinical Approach to Key Manifestations. This has been further expanded and six new chapters have been added out of which one deals with the selection of the imaging modality which will be best suited to a clinical condition. Brothers 4. Part 4 of the book on Clinical Pharmacology has been re-oriented and new authors have contributed chapters. One of the chapters deals with National Formulatory of India in the National Health System. 5. The Part 7 on Critical Care Medicine has been thoroughly revised and to put adequate emphasis on cardiac resuscitation, a separate chapter has been devoted to Advanced Cardiac Life Support System. 6. The parts of the book dealing with various life-style disorders such as diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases have been re-oriented for better understanding of the newer guidelines which have emerged. 7. A chapter on life-style measures, diabetes in the elderly and prevention of cardiovascular diseases have been added and discussed. 8. In the part dealing with gastrointestinal disorders, Pancreatitis has been divided into two parts—a chapter on Acute Pancreatitis and the other on Chronic Pancreatitis have been added, while Neoplasms of the Pancreas fi nds a separate chapter.