Researching Cult Media Production Essay
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
UNPACKING THE INDUSTRIAL, CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXTS OF DOCTOR WHO'S FAN-PRODUCERS A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Mark Richard Adams College of Business, Arts and Social Sciences Brunel University London 15th August 2016 Contents CONTENTS 2 ABSTRACT 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 5 INTRODUCTION 6 -CHAPTER ONE- LITERATURE SURVEY: THE FAN/PRODUCER DICHOTOMY & RE-EVALUATING BINARY IDEAS WITHIN FAN STUDIES 11 POACHING, OPPOSITION AND THE CELEBRATION OF FANDOM. 12 FANDOM, CULTURES AND THE FIELDS OF CULTURAL PRODUCTION. 16 CULTURAL CAPITAL. 18 CONVERGENCE CULTURE. 21 POLICING THE BOUNDARIES OF FANDOM. 22 CONFLICTED FANDOM. 24 RE-EVALUATING FAN CONSUMPTION. 29 CAPITALISM, FANDOM & MONOLITHIC INDUSTRIES. 32 CO-OPTION AND FANDOM. 35 FAN-PRODUCERS, FAN STUDIES & FAN NARCISSISM. 36 CONCLUSION. 43 -CHAPTER TWO- METHODOLOGIES 45 DOCTOR WHO IN CONTEXT. 45 CULTURAL CONTEXTS AND NEGOTIATING ETHNOGRAPHY. 48 ARCHIVAL AND HISTORICAL RESEARCH. 53 FANDOM AND FIELD THEORY. 57 -CHAPTER THREE- CONTEXTUALISING THE AUTHOR: DESTABILISING CONCEPTS OF AUTHORSHIP AND AUTHORITY. 61 FROM ARTISANS TO AUTHORS. 62 AUTHORS AND THE CULTURAL SHIFTS IN LEISURE AND READING. 68 RISE OF THE PUBLISHERS. 70 AUTEUR THEORY AND REPEATING HISTORY. 73 COLLABORATIVE AUTHORSHIP IN FICTION AND FILMS. 75 SHOWRUNNERS AND QUALITY TELEVISION. 79 DEATH OF THE AUTHOR. 85 CONCLUSIONS. 89 -CHAPTER FOUR- CONTEXTUALISING THE FAN: AUDIENCE ENGAGEMENTS WITH INDUSTRIES, TEXTS & AUTHORS FROM THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. 91 SCRAPBOOKS AND CULTURAL 'GLEANING': AN ALTERNATIVE TO POACHING? 92 RE-PURPOSING AND ALTERING TEXTS. 93 SCRAPBOOKS AND POACHING. 95 NEW TEXTS FROM OLD. 99 SERIAL FICTION, ADAPTATION AND APPROPRIATION: COPYRIGHT ISSUES IN VICTORIAN NARRATIVES. 103 AUTHOR AND AUDIENCE INTERACTIONS. 106 AUTHORSHIP, FANDOM AND ASIMOV AS EARLY FAN-PRODUCER. 112 -CHAPTER FIVE- COMMERCIAL INTERESTS & THE BBC: PUBLIC SERVICE BROADCASTING, COMMERCIALISATION AND DOCTOR WHO. 116 GENESIS OF THE BBC: THE ORIGINS OF BRITISH PUBLIC SERVICE BROADCASTING. 117 CONTRADICTIONS AND CONFLICTS WITHIN PUBLIC SERVICE BROADCASTING. 120 THE BBC AND MONOLITHIC PERCEPTIONS OF THE MEDIA INDUSTRY. 123 THE CHANGING FACE OF THE BBC. 126 POLITICS AND THE BBC. 128 CONCLUSION. 130 -CHAPTER SIX- THE COMMERCIAL POWER OF THE DALEKS: MERCHANDISING AND MARKETING DOCTOR WHO IN THE 1960'S – A CASE STUDY. 132 THE EARLY EMERGENCE OF BBC MARKETING. 133 REMUNERATION OF THE DALEKS: COPYRIGHT AND MERCHANDISE IN THE ERA OF 'DALEKMANIA'. 136 REPLACEMENT OF THE DALEKS. 138 PUBLIC SERVICE BROADCASTING, COMMERCIALISATION & THE RISE OF BBC ENTERPRISES. 140 CONCLUSION. 143 -CHAPTER SEVEN- FANS IN THE MACHINE: DEVELOPMENTS IN FANDOM AND THE BBC THROUGH THE EIGHTIES AND NINETIES. 145 FANS AND PRODUCERS IN THE SEVENTIES. 145 FANS AND PRODUCERS IN THE EIGHTIES AND BEYOND. 150 FANDOM AND DOCTOR WHO INTO THE NINETIES. 152 THE BBC INTO THE NINETIES. 155 BBC ENTERPRISES AND BBC WORLDWIDE. 157 BRANDING THE BBC IMAGE. 159 THE RETURN OF THE DOCTOR. 166 CONCLUSION. 169 -CHAPTER EIGHT- "THIS INFINITE TEXT": BRANDING AND FAN-PRODUCER IDENTITIES IN THE WORLDS OF NEW WHO. 171 BRANDING, THE MEDIA AND FANDOM. 173 BRANDING AND THE FIELDS OF CULTURAL PRODUCTION. 177 "THE GREAT PREVARICATION" AND BEYOND: FAN-PRODUCERS AND FANS AS CULT AUDIENCE. 179 PRE-TEXTUAL POACHING. 181 RTD VS. THE GRAND MOFF: FAN-PRODUCERS AND CONTROLLING THE BRAND. 185 CONCLUSION: CONFLICT AND CONTROL OF THE NEW WHO BRAND. 191 -CHAPTER NINE- NO MORE AUTHORITY?: EXAMINING THE CONTEXTS AND NARRATIVES OF DOCTOR WHO'S FAN-PRODUCERS. 193 DAVIES'S RHETORIC OF "BASTARDS!" AND "HYSTERIA". 194 FANDOM AND WEB 2.0. 199 POST-OBJECT AND FRACTURED FANDOM. 202 FAN NARRATIVES. 205 FAN PERCEPTIONS OF AUTHORSHIP. 211 FAN-PRODUCERS AND SUPER-FANS. 213 DOCTOR WHO FANDOM: THE NEW ADVENTURES. 217 PAUL CORNELL AS FAN-PRODUCER. 220 CONCLUSION. 226 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 237 Abstract The approach that emphasises the active audience, and the subversive potential of audience encounters with texts, has greatly influenced the study of media fandom which has tended to see media fans, and the cultures they produce, as set in opposition to writers and producers. My thesis challenges this view of the relationships between fans and producers by examining fan-producers in contemporary television. This research challenges the influential theoretical models that see authorship as a major source of social control and thus sees audiences that 'poach' meanings from texts as engaged in rebellion. The approach that perceives fandom as in opposition to the meanings of production falls short in representing the complexity of fan and producer interactions and thus curtails our understanding of these relationships. My thesis moves beyond the untenable opposition between fans and producers and, in doing so, paves the way for an understanding of fan studies more suitable for the contemporary, and still developing, climate of audience interactions. I believe that the practices of fandom demonstrate that consumption and authorship are more closely linked than previous tendencies to divide them would suggest. Previous works have served to both underestimate fandom, as powerless rebels or dupes, or exaggerate its position as a force of political or cultural resistance. My research engages with the contemporary developments within fan culture, and emphasises the importance of deconstructing monolithic ideas of the media industry in order to better understand the influences and pressures placed on the figure of the fan- producer. I argue that the media industries are not as homogeneous as previously implied, and that the fan-producer is forced to negotiate the complex and often conflicting relationships within the worlds of both fandom and official production. Acknowledgements This has not always been an easy journey, with the hard task of researching a myriad of areas coming hand in hand with illness and personal struggles. Reaching the end would not have been possible without the help and support of many people over the last five years. Many thanks must go to my supervisor Milly Williamson who has come along this journey, and been supportive when I have needed it most. Thanks also go to colleagues at Brunel University, who have often provided support, encouragement and a sounding board for ideas and wandering thoughts – Leon Hunt, David Ingram, Julian Petley, Geoff King, Sean Harrington, Sean Holmes, and, without a doubt, Sarah Harman, whose friendship and support has been indispensable. I would also like to acknowledge the help and assistance of the staff at the BBC Written Archive Centre in Reading, who were able to grant access and give advice during my research into the history of the BBC and Doctor Who merchandise. Also, special thanks must go to all those who supported me along the way, and gave advice, encouragement and were generally there when I needed to vent some frustration, as well as those who have supported and encouraged my academic thinking and progression: Claire Hines, Eve Bennett, Wickham Clayton, Xavier Mendik, Sorcha Ni Fhlainn, Thomas Dennett-Cook, Chrissey Harrison, Rich Jeffery, Emma England, Matt Warner, Johnny Walker, Dan Taylor, Bethan Jones, Frazer Lee, and all the rest who I have no doubt forgotten to mention! Most importantly, I wish to thank my family without whose love and support I would have never made it this far. Thanks to my parents, brothers, uncles and in-laws. My wife Amy: thank you for putting up with me as I shut myself away for days on end, and for believing in me even at the times that I did not. Thanks to Chloe, Leon and Aidan for the love, laughter and smiles they have provided on this long journey. 5 Introduction This thesis examines the emergence of the fan-producer in contemporary fan culture, and its particular manifestation in relation to the long running BBC television series, Doctor Who. I come to this subject as a lifelong fan of Doctor Who, and user of numerous internet resources related to the series, although I have only had limited personal experience with organised fandom. My interest in the fan-producers stems not only from how they blur the supposed divide between production and consumption, but also from how they have made this transition. Growing up in the nineties, many of the future fan-producers were familiar names to me, from fan circles, tie-in novels, conventions, magazine articles and even original television series they produced. There was a sense of ownership of Doctor Who by fans who kept the flame alive, and I argue that this fan-led era had an impact on the relaunch of the series, and its subsequent mainstream success. One important aspect that many of the theories and portrayals of fandom have in common is that they illustrate only a part of the bigger picture of the field of fan culture. Fans may be resistant, they may be co-opted, they may be united or divided and they may have power in some cases or be powerless in others. No single definition, or interpretation, can accurately summarise the scope and variety within fan communities, and any attempt to simply view fandom as a utopian force of resistance (Jenkins, 1992) or as an inherently co-opted and controlled part of consumer culture (Gwenllian-Jones, 2003) is constricted by its own decisiveness. Theorists have begun to explore how there are degrees within fandom, and that these can involve conflicts, power struggles and constant shifts in power. I suggest that this is echoed by those within the institution of media production, in the forms of conflicts between writers, producers and those higher up, or even 'sideways', within the complex corporate structures. Thus I argue that the fields of cultural production should be seen less as a conflict between fans and producers, a struggle over the control of culture itself, but as a constant negotiation, and experimentation, into the extents to which each side may use and interact with the other. I intend to build upon previous work that has started to de-construct the monolithic ideas of official production that establishes them as a united, oppressive force in opposition to the more varied fan cultures.