DOCSLIB.ORG

The Case of Shanghai's Inner City

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Case of Shanghai's Inner City INDUSTRIAL RESTRUCTURING AND THE FORMATION OF CREATIVE INDUSTRY CLUSTERS: THE CASE OF SHANGHAI’S INNER CITY by Sheng Zhong B. Eng., Tongji University, 1994 M. Eng., Tongji University, 1998 M.P.P., National University of Singapore, 2001 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in The Faculty of Graduate Studies (Community and Regional Planning) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) August 2010 © Sheng Zhong, 2010 ABSTRACT In the past two decades, Shanghai has seen a wrenching decline of its traditional industrial sector and then a proliferation of new economy spaces on its derelict industrial sites, the most notable of which are over seventy “Creative Industry Clusters” (CICs) accredited by the Municipal Government. Based on a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, including case studies, semi-structured in-depth interviews, questionnaire surveys, literature review, site visits and observation, photography and mapping, this research found that the vacant spaces resulting from state-triggered industrial restructuring initially accommodated the spontaneous concentration of avant-garde artists and creative workers, a process that was later superseded by the local state’s deliberate planning of creative clusters with the cooperative efforts of both property interests and restructured state-owned enterprises. The processes of inner city changes in Shanghai suggest that the city’s urban restructuring followed a post-socialist rather than post-Fordist trajectory, with the local state exerting significant influence on the outcomes of urban transformations. And in the whole process, the local state was not just dominating, but also remained flexible at certain point in time so that social learning could take place to help it guide future transformations. In addition, the formation of CICs in Shanghai also reveals major differences of China’s “pro-growth coalitions” from its western counterparts. In particular, the Chinese state plays a stronger role while local communities are largely absent from the scene or only temporarily visible. In addition, the dissertation also provides policy recommendations on four inter-woven aspects of Shanghai’s CIC formation, namely social justice, industrial agglomerations, land-use planning and the support for the arts and culture. These four aspects represent the social, economic, physical and cultural dimensions of Shanghai’s CICs respectively. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................. iii LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF PHOTOS ....................................................................................................................... x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................................................... xi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................... xii DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................. xv 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 The Origin of CICs ............................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Research Questions ............................................................................................................... 3 1.2.1 Research Questions ........................................................................................................ 3 1.2.2 Defining Creative Industry (Clusters) ........................................................................... 6 1.3 Methodology ....................................................................................................................... 15 1.3.1 Case Studies ................................................................................................................. 15 1.3.2 Interviews ..................................................................................................................... 16 1.3.3 Questionnaire Surveys ................................................................................................. 17 1.3.4 Other Methods ............................................................................................................. 17 1.4 Organization of the Dissertation ......................................................................................... 18 2 THEORETICAL DEBATES ON URBAN RESTRUCTURING: WESTERN PERSPECTIVES ........................................................................................................................ 20 iii 2.1 Urban Restructuring in the Inner City ................................................................................ 20 2.1.1 Industrial Restructuring............................................................................................... 21 2.1.2 Social Reconstruction .................................................................................................. 25 2.1.3 Physical Changes ........................................................................................................ 28 2.2 Cultural Economy of Cities ................................................................................................ 29 2.2.1 Understanding Agglomerations and Clustering .......................................................... 30 2.2.1.1 Thesis of Flexible Specialization .......................................................................... 31 2.2.1.2 Thesis of Transaction Costs and External Economies .......................................... 32 2.2.1.3 Thesis of Untraded Interdependencies .................................................................. 34 2.2.1.4 Thesis of Knowledge Creation, Learning, and Innovation ................................... 36 2.2.1.5 Thesis of Industrial District—A Synthesis ........................................................... 43 2.2.1.6 Summary: A Relational Geography ...................................................................... 45 2.2.2 The Cultural Economy of Cities .................................................................................. 46 2.2.2.1 Debate on Culture and Commerce ........................................................................ 47 2.2.2.2 Consumption and Consumer Culture.................................................................... 49 2.2.2.3 Cultural Industries and Their Spatial Dynamics ................................................... 52 2.2.2.4 Cultural Economy and Urban Regeneration ......................................................... 58 2.2.2.5 A Closer Look at Bohemian Artists ...................................................................... 60 2.2.2.6 Cultural Industries and Globalization ................................................................... 61 2.3 Summary ............................................................................................................................. 63 3 THEORIES ON ROLES OF THE CHINESE STATE IN URBAN TRANSFORMATIONS ............................................................................................................. 64 3.1 State and Economy ............................................................................................................. 65 3.1.1 Production Sphere ....................................................................................................... 66 3.1.1.1 State-owned Enterprises: Enhanced Autonomy .................................................... 66 3.1.1.2 Developmental State, State Entrepreneurialism and Growth Coalitions: Symbiotic iv State-Business Relationships ............................................................................................ 68 3.1.2 Consumption Sphere .................................................................................................... 72 3.2 State and Society ................................................................................................................. 73 3.2.1 Perspectives of State Domination ................................................................................ 74 3.2.2 Perspectives of State Incapacitation ............................................................................ 75 3.2.3 Perspectives of State-Society Inter-penetration and Ambiguity .................................. 78 3.3 Summary ............................................................................................................................. 82 4 FROM CRADLE OF INDUSTRIALIZATION TO CREATIVE INDUSTRY CLUSTERS ................................................................................................................................. 84 4.1 Background ......................................................................................................................... 84 4.2 Shanghai’s Industrial Development before 1949 ...............................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 3 Days in Shanghai
    3 Days in Shanghai Contact us | turipo.com | [email protected] 3 Days in Shanghai Shanghai full travel plan. Our 3 days vacaon tour plan in Shanghai, 3 days inerary in Shanghai, the best things to do in Shanghai and around in 3 days: Pudong, Yu garden, The bund and more attractions in Shanghai.., China travel guide. Contact us | turipo.com | [email protected] Warning: count(): Parameter must be an array or an object that implements Countable in /var/www/dev/views/templates/pdf_day_images.php on line 4 Day 1 - Shanghai Contact us | turipo.com | [email protected] Day 1 - Shanghai Dinner 1. Oriental Pearl TV Tower Wu Jiang Lu, Jingan Qu, Shanghai Shi, China, 200085 Duration ~ 1 Hour Lunch 1 Century Ave, LuJiaZui, Pudong Xinqu, Shanghai Shi, China, 200000 Telephone: +86 21 5879 1888 4. Nanjing Road Pedestrian Street Website: www.orientalpearltower.com Duration ~ 2 Hours Rating: 4.5 Nan Jing Lu Bu Xing Jie, Nan Jing Lu, Huangpu Qu, Shanghai WIKIPEDIA Shi, China The Oriental Pearl Radio & TV Tower is a TV tower in Shanghai. Its locaon at the p of Lujiazui in the Pudong New Area by the side of Huangpu River, opposite The Bund, makes 5. People's Square it a disnct landmark in the area. Its principal designers were Duration ~ 1 Hour Jiang Huan Chen, Lin Benlin, and Zhang Xiulin. more.. People's Square, Huangpu, Shanghai, China 2. Kao Shanghai Congyoubing WIKIPEDIA Duration ~ 1 Hour People's Square is a large public square in the Huangpu District of Shanghai. It is south of Nanjing Road and north of Huaihai Century Ave, Pudong Xinqu, Shanghai Shi, China, 200000 Road.
    [Show full text]
  • Ohio Shanghai India's Temples
    fall/winter 2019 — $3.95 Ohio Fripp Island Michigan Carnival Mardi Gras New Jersey Panama City Florida India’s Temples Southwestern Ontario Shanghai 1 - CROSSINGS find your story here S ome vacations become part of us. The beauty and Shop for one-of-a-kind Join us in January for the 6th Annual Comfort Food Cruise. experiences come home with us and beckon us back. Ohio’s holiday gifts during the The self-guided Cruise provides a tasty tour of the Hocking Hills Hocking Hills in winter is such a place. Breathtaking scenery, 5th Annual Hocking with more than a dozen locally owned eateries offering up their outdoor adventures, prehistoric caves, frozen waterfalls, Hills Holiday Treasure classic comfort specialties. and cozy cabins, take root and call you back again and Hunt and enter to win again. Bring your sense of adventure and your heart to the one of more than 25 To get your free visitor’s guide and find out more about Hocking Hills and you’ll count the days until you can return. prizes and a Grand the Comfort Food Cruise and Treasure Hunt call or click: Explore the Hocking Hills, Ohio’s Natural Crown Jewels. Prize Getaway for 4. 1-800-Hocking | ExploreHockingHills.com find your story here S ome vacations become part of us. The beauty and Shop for one-of-a-kind Join us in January for the 6th Annual Comfort Food Cruise. experiences come home with us and beckon us back. Ohio’s holiday gifts during the The self-guided Cruise provides a tasty tour of the Hocking Hills Hocking Hills in winter is such a place.
    [Show full text]
  • Suburban Development in Shanghai: a Case of Songjiang
    CARDIFF UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF CITY AND REGIONAL PLANNING Suburban Development in Shanghai: A Case of Songjiang Jie Shen Supervisor: Professor Fulong Wu Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2011 ABSTRACT Since 2000, a new round of suburbanisation characterised by mixed-use clustered development has begun to unfold in China. This research aims to explore the dynamics of recent suburban growth in China and also provide an empirical case for enriching suburban theory. It is held that suburbanisation in China in its current form is by no means a spontaneous process, but results from capitalism’s creation of a new space to facilitate accumulation. Based on this view, the study examines the underlying forces of contemporary suburban growth with regard to three questions: what is the role of suburbanisation in China’s contemporary capital accumulation regime? How are the suburbs developed under coalitions of different actors? And how is suburban development shaped by demand-side actors? The study is founded on an intensive case study of Shanghai and one of its suburban districts, Songjiang. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods are used. Firsthand data from interviews and a questionnaire survey and a wide variety of secondary data were collected, providing a rich fund of knowledge for the research. While similar forms and functions to (post)-suburban settlements that have recently emerged in Western countries are found in Chinese suburbs, suburbanisation through new town development in China is a strategy of capital accumulation in response to a range of new conditions specific to China’s local context. New towns deal with the recentralisation of both fiscal and land development powers on the one hand, and accommodate the increasing housing demands of a diverse labour force on the other.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study on the Spatial Difference of Creative Industrial Zones in Shanghai
    立命館地理学 第 21 号 (2009) 29-42 A Study on the Spatial Difference of Creative Industrial Zones in Shanghai CHU Jinfeng* and KAGAWA Takashi** ing the famous Tianzifang, were set up in Ⅰ．Introduction Shanghai. These creative industrial zones have The 21st century is an era defined by the attracted and accommodated over 800 creative knowledge economy, and the economic develop- industrial enterprises from more than 30 coun- ment of rich countries and regions has been tries and regions, such as the USA and Japan marked by the rapid growth of creative indus- who have hired among them more then ten tries. In a sense, the development of creative thousand workers and been engaged in indus- industries which are based on innovation and trial design, game softwares, motion picture creativity has become an important indicator design, web-based media, and fashion arts. In of the comprehensive competitiveness of a Nov. 2005 and May and Nov. 2006, the second, country or region. Therefore, over the recent third and fourth groups of creative industrial years, quite a few countries and regions, such as zones were set up, increasing the total number 2) the UK, Japan, Singapore, and some area in of creative industrial zones to 75 . China have come to consider creative industries According to the Eleventh Five-year Plan as their pillar industries, and have adopted (2006–2010) for the social and economic devel- various policies and measures to push the opment of Shanghai, Shanghai will make great development of their creative industries1). efforts to nurture and promote creative indus- Similarly, the city of Shanghai, which is on the tries.
    [Show full text]
  • Original Copies Architectural Mimicry in Contemporary China
    ORIGINAL COPIES Architectural Mimicry in Contemporary China BIANCA BOSKER With a Foreword by Jerome Silbergeld University of Hawai‘i Press, Honolulu Hong Kong University Press © 2013 University of Hawai‘i Press All rights reserved First published in North America by University of Hawai‘i Press ISBN 978-0-8248-3606-1 Published in China by Hong Kong University Press ISBN 978-988-8139-14-9 Printed in Hong Kong, China 18 17 16 15 14 13 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bosker, Bianca. Original copies : architectural mimicry in contemporary China / Bianca Bosker ; with a foreword by Jerome Silbergeld. p. cm.—(Spatial habitus) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8248-3606-1 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Architecture—China—Themes, motives. 2. Architecture—China—Western influences. 3. Architecture—China— History—20th century. 4. Architecture—China—History—21st century. I. Title. II. Series: Spatial habitus (Series) NA1545.B67 2013 720.951’09051—dc23 2012017567 Printed on acid-free paper and meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Council on Library Resources. Designed by Cynthia Ng Printed and bound by Paramount Printing Co., Ltd. CONTENTS Foreword by Jerome Silbergeld vii Acknowledgments xi 1. Into “the Land of Courtly Enjoyments”: An Introduction to China’s Architectural Mimicry 1 2. The Fascination with Faux: Philosophical and Theoretical Drivers of Architectural Reproduction in China 20 3. Manifestations of Westernization: The Anatomy of China’s Simulacrascapes 37 4. Simulacra
    [Show full text]
  • Shanghai, China Overview Introduction
    Shanghai, China Overview Introduction The name Shanghai still conjures images of romance, mystery and adventure, but for decades it was an austere backwater. After the success of Mao Zedong's communist revolution in 1949, the authorities clamped down hard on Shanghai, castigating China's second city for its prewar status as a playground of gangsters and colonial adventurers. And so it was. In its heyday, the 1920s and '30s, cosmopolitan Shanghai was a dynamic melting pot for people, ideas and money from all over the planet. Business boomed, fortunes were made, and everything seemed possible. It was a time of breakneck industrial progress, swaggering confidence and smoky jazz venues. Thanks to economic reforms implemented in the 1980s by Deng Xiaoping, Shanghai's commercial potential has reemerged and is flourishing again. Stand today on the historic Bund and look across the Huangpu River. The soaring 1,614-ft/492-m Shanghai World Financial Center tower looms over the ambitious skyline of the Pudong financial district. Alongside it are other key landmarks: the glittering, 88- story Jinmao Building; the rocket-shaped Oriental Pearl TV Tower; and the Shanghai Stock Exchange. The 128-story Shanghai Tower is the tallest building in China (and, after the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, the second-tallest in the world). Glass-and-steel skyscrapers reach for the clouds, Mercedes sedans cruise the neon-lit streets, luxury- brand boutiques stock all the stylish trappings available in New York, and the restaurant, bar and clubbing scene pulsates with an energy all its own. Perhaps more than any other city in Asia, Shanghai has the confidence and sheer determination to forge a glittering future as one of the world's most important commercial centers.
    [Show full text]
  • Bourgeois Shanghai: Wang Anyi’S Novel of Nostalgia Wittenberg University
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln The hinC a Beat Blog Archive 2008-2012 China Beat Archive 7-14-2008 Bourgeois Shanghai: Wang Anyi’s Novel of Nostalgia Wittenberg University Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/chinabeatarchive Part of the Asian History Commons, Asian Studies Commons, Chinese Studies Commons, and the International Relations Commons Wittenberg University, "Bourgeois Shanghai: Wang Anyi’s Novel of Nostalgia" (2008). The China Beat Blog Archive 2008-2012. 157. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/chinabeatarchive/157 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the China Beat Archive at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in The hinC a Beat Blog Archive 2008-2012 by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Bourgeois Shanghai: Wang Anyi’s Novel of Nostalgia July 14, 2008 in Watching the China Watchers by The China Beat | No comments After the recent publication of a translation of Wang Anyi’s 1995 novel A Song of Everlasting Sorrow, we asked Howard Choy to reflect on the novel’s contents and importance. Below, Choy draws on his recently published work on late twentieth century Chinese fiction to contextualize Wang’s Shanghai story. By Howard Y. F. Choy Among all the major cities in China, Shanghai has become the most popular in recent academic research and creative writings. This is partly a consequence of its resuscitation under Deng Xiaoping’s (1904-1997) intensified economic reforms in the 1990s, and partly due to its unique experience during one hundred years (1843-1943) of colonization and the concomitant modernization that laid the foundation for the new Shanghai we see today.
    [Show full text]
  • Thames Town in Songjiang County, China: a Photographic and Philosophical Critique
    2018 HAWAII UNIVERSITY INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES ARTS, HUMANITIES, SOCIAL SCIENCES & EDUCATION JANUARY 3 - 6, 2018 PRINCE WAIKIKI HOTEL, HONOLULU, HAWAII THAMES TOWN IN SONGJIANG COUNTY, CHINA: A PHOTOGRAPHIC AND PHILOSOPHICAL CRITIQUE LI, DAVID LEIWEI ENGLISH DEPARTMENT UNIVERSITY OF OREGON PORTLAND, OREGON Prof. David Leiwei Li English Department University of Oregon Portland, Oregon. Thames Town in Songjiang County, China: A Photographic and Philosophical Critique Synopsis: This paper is part of a larger book in progress, THE 2ND COMING OF CAPITAL IN CHINA, which is a sequel to my ECONOMY, EMOTION, AND ETHICS IN CHINESE CINEMA: GLOBALIZATION ON SPEED (Routledge, 2016). THE 2ND COMING OF CAPITAL is designed as a photographic and philosophical critique of capital as the dominant global culture. My presentation will use photos shot in China to show how suburbanization and heritage industry develop side by side and how this affects people's experience of space/time. Thames Town in Songjiang County, China: A Photographic and Philosophical Critique David Leiwei Li Collins Professor of the Humanities & Professor of English University of Oregon This paper is part of a larger book in progress, The 2nd Coming of Capital in China: A Philosophical and Photographic Critique, a sequel to my Economy, Emotion, and Ethics in Chinese Cinema: Globalization on Speed (Routledge, 2016). Capital’s 1st coming originates in the rise of British industrial capitalism, which leads to an imperial domination of the world where the sun is supposed never to set. While post WW 2 decolonization results in the formation of postcolonial nation-states, the post- Cold War and Post-Tiananmen Massacre era secures an American hegemony of global capitalism, where the logic of the market saturates all spheres of social life.
    [Show full text]
  • The Development of Copycat Towns in China: an Analysis of Their Economic, Social, and Environmental Implications Working Paper WP17DS1
    The Development of Copycat Towns in China: An Analysis of Their Economic, Social, and Environmental Implications Working Paper WP17DS1 Daniel Sui Ohio State University Bo Zhao Oregon State University Hui Kong Ohio State University October 2017 The findings and conclusions of this Working Paper reflect the views of the author(s) and have not been subject to a detailed review by the staff of the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. Contact the Lincoln Institute with questions or requests for permission to reprint this paper. [email protected] © 2017 Lincoln Institute of Land Policy Abstract The great urban leap forward in China during the past four decades has dramatically transformed the Chinese landscape across the country as well as Chinese society in many profound ways. By situating the development of xenophilic copycat towns under the broader context of China’s four urban design and development motifs, this report presents an initial study of copycat/shanzhai towns in China through a mixed qualitative and quantitative approach. The qualitative data gathered through on-site interviews and observations reveal multiple unique and local circumstances for the development of these copycat towns while the quantitative analysis and mapping using big data analytics shed light for the first time on the national trend of this phenomena and its manifestations in the local real estate market. Furthermore, the way in which the development of copycat towns still follows the basic laws of supply and demand and market forces should be taken into full consideration. Most of the successful copycat towns covered in this report are either located near a large city, or have convenient transportation infrastructure that makes them accessible from nearby city centers.
    [Show full text]
  • Shanghai · China
    8-10 November 2013 Shanghai · China Subject areas and sub-topics T he ICA Shanghai regional conference, organized jointly by 18 universities (see organizer list) in mainland e welcome paper submissions on a broad range of topics that exemplify the China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan with a global W societal transformation and impact of communication in all its various forms. Topics advisory board and partnerships, in agreement with the could concern issues of media/mediated communication in cultural, economic, International Communication Association political, or social contexts as relevant to societal changes. In other words, papers (www.icahdq.org), is scheduled for 8-10 November could discuss how our society is transforming in the new media and communication 2013 in Shanghai, China. This conference marks the environment. However, other potential topics include, but not limited to: first ICA co-sponsored regional conference in the PRC. Communication and development Online Submission Deadline： Children, adolescents, and new media 1 June 2013, midnight Beijing’s time Social media and its impact on society Cyber culture Conference Paper Contact: Dr.Qian WANG Patterns of consuming Internet services and products, such as E-mail: [email protected] online shopping and e-government Internet governance Social movements, such as grassroots activism, in the new media Conference Agenda environment Digital divides in technology, skills, and access Morning Conference Opening and Theme Speeches Role of media in transforming diverse communication
    [Show full text]
  • Tentative Itinerary for China Trip (Dates and Locations May Slightly Change)
    Tentative Itinerary for China Trip (dates and locations may slightly change) May 14-15（Day 1-2）Enter Beijing Upon arrival in Beijing, your local tour guide will meet you at the airport and accompany you to the hotel. Tasting Peking duck at a group welcome dinner. May 16 (Day 3) Beijing Visit Tiananmen Square and Forbidden City in the morning. After lunch, visit the Summer Palace and enjoy a boat ride on the lake. Evening acrobatic show back in the city. May 17 (Day 4) Beijing Morning lecture. Visit 798 Art District in the afternoon. 798 has become the premier exhibition center in Beijing for Chinese modern art and sculpture. Possible late- afternoon tour of the Dandelion School, a special NGO for rural migrant children. May 18 (Day 5) Beijing Whole day visit to famous Mutianyua section of Great Wall. Visit Wangfujing Street and night market in the evening. May 19 (Day 6) Beijing/Xian Visit a traditional tea house and try different teas as well as look at tea pots. Take a high-speed train to Xian and check in a hotel. May 20 (Day 7) Xian Today’s highlight is the Terracotta Warriors and Bronze Chariots, designed for the tomb of China’s first emperor – Qinshihuang. Thousands of life size warriors and horses still stand on the original site in military formation at the emperor’s burial complex. Visit Shannxi Historical Museum in the afternoon and experience the city’s interactive water fountain show in the evening. May 21 (Day 8) Xian Bike ride atop the Old City Wall in the morning, with a few hours afternoon lecture.
    [Show full text]
  • The Shanghai Alleyway House: a Threatened Typology Gregory Bracken
    45 The Shanghai Alleyway House: A Threatened Typology Gregory Bracken The Shanghai alleyway house was a rich and main alleyway. Access to the alleyways was via a vibrant generator of street life.1 Unique to Shanghai, gate, which was closed at night. There were often it occupied the ambiguous space between the tradi- more gates, but as these tended to close at differ- tional Chinese courtyard home and the street. The ent times it meant that the alleyways, which could system of ‘graduated privacy’ within its alleyways act as excellent shortcuts, tended to be used only ensured a safe and neighbourly place to live.2 Due by those who knew them well, because if someone to rapid redevelopment in recent decades this once tried to get through a gate at the wrong time of day ubiquitous typology is under threat. This paper they could find their handy shortcut turned into an takes a look at the history of the typology as well annoying dead-end. as at three recent redevelopments of it in the city: Xintiandi, Jian Ye Li, and Tianzifang, to question The houses themselves were two to four storeys what future there can be for a typology that seems in height and varied in size and opulence, with the to have outlived its usefulness. basic unit being anything from 60 to just over 100 m2, typically with two rooms per floor. As the typology At a time when China was reeling from the humil- developed, this basic house type grew larger and iation of the ‘unequal treaties’, the city of Shanghai more elaborate, with the new-style alleyway house was producing a new and remarkable housing (which resembled a Western townhouse) and the typology: the alleyway house.
    [Show full text]