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Gaetano, Leandro Carlos. 2013 03 04 Tesis Doctoral Argentoconodon fariasorum, un mamaliaforme del Jurásico de Patagonia, Argentina: descripción, relaciones filogenéticas e implicancias evolutivas y paleobiogeográficas Gaetano, Leandro Carlos 2013-03-04 Este documento forma parte de la colección de tesis doctorales y de maestría de la Biblioteca Central Dr. Luis Federico Leloir, disponible en digital.bl.fcen.uba.ar. Su utilización debe ser acompañada por la cita bibliográfica con reconocimiento de la fuente. This document is part of the doctoral theses collection of the Central Library Dr. Luis Federico Leloir, available in digital.bl.fcen.uba.ar. It should be used accompanied by the corresponding citation acknowledging the source. Cita tipo APA: Gaetano, Leandro Carlos. (2013-03-04). Argentoconodon fariasorum, un mamaliaforme del Jurásico de Patagonia, Argentina: descripción, relaciones filogenéticas e implicancias evolutivas y paleobiogeográficas. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Cita tipo Chicago: Gaetano, Leandro Carlos. "Argentoconodon fariasorum, un mamaliaforme del Jurásico de Patagonia, Argentina: descripción, relaciones filogenéticas e implicancias evolutivas y paleobiogeográficas". Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. 2013-03-04. Dirección: Biblioteca Central Dr. Luis F. Leloir, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Contacto: [email protected] Intendente Güiraldes 2160 - C1428EGA - Tel. (++54 +11) 4789-9293 UNIVERSIDAD DE BUENOS AIRES Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Departamento de Ciencias Geológicas Argentoconodon fariasorum, un mamaliaforme del Jurásico de Patagonia, Argentina: descripción, relaciones filogenéticas e implicancias evolutivas y paleobiogeográficas Tesis presentada para optar por el título de Doctor de la Universidad de Buenos Aires en el área Ciencias Geológicas LEANDRO CARLOS GAETANO Director de Tesis: Guillermo W. Rougier Director Asistente: Claudia A. Marsicano Consejera de Estudios: Claudia A. Marsicano Buenos Aires, 2013 Reconstrucción de Argentoconodon fariasorum en vida. Artista: Sr. Gabriel Lío. © MPEF CONTENIDOS RESUMEN I ABSTRACT II AGRADECIMIENTOS III DEDICATORIA V CAPÍTULO I: Introducción 1–24 I.1. Objetivos 3 I.1.a. Objetivos generales 3 I.1.b. Objetivos particulares 3 I.1.c. Hipótesis de trabajo 4 I.2. Introducción a la temática de estudio 4 I.2.a. Mammalia, los mamaliaformes y la problemática de los triconodontes 5 I.2.b. Distribución espacial y temporal de los triconodontes 16 CAPÍTULO II: Materiales y Métodos 25–31 II.1. Materiales 26 II.2. Abreviaturas 26 II.3. Preparación y observación de los especímenes 29 II.4. Fuente de financiamiento 30 CAPÍTULO III: Contexto geológico 32–49 III.1. Área de trabajo y contexto geológico 33 III.2. Contenido fosilífero de la Fm. Cañadón Asfalto 40 III.3. Características del nivel fosilífero de Queso Rallado 42 III.3.a. Análisis de cortes delgados y pulidos 44 III.4. Interpretación paleoambiental de la región de estudio 46 III.5. Edad de los niveles estudiados 48 CAPÍTULO IV: Paleontología sistemática y descripción de Argentoconodon fariasorum 50–104 IV.1. Anatomía mandibular 54 IV.1.a. Análisis comparativo 58 IV.2. Anatomía dentaria 61 IV.2.a. Análisis comparativo 80 IV.3. Fórmula dentaria 87 IV.4. Anatomía postcraneana 88 IV.4.a. Análisis comparativo 91 IV.5. Análisis paleobiológico 93 CAPÍTULO V: Análisis Filogenético 105–134 V.1. Análisis Filogenético I: relaciones entre los triconodontes 106 V.1.a. Metodología 106 V.1.b. Análisis de los resultados 107 V.2. Análisis Filogenético II: relaciones de los triconodontes con otros mamaliaformes 118 V.2.a. Metodología 118 V.2.b. Análisis de los resultados 119 V.3. Tendencias generales en los triconodontes 129 CAPÍTULO VI: Análisis Biogeográfico 135–150 VI.1. Tree Reconciliation Analysis (TRA) 138 VI.1.a. Metodología 138 VI.1.b. Análisis de los resultados 142 VI.2. Spacial Analysis of Vicariance (SAV) 145 VI.2.a. Metodología 145 VI.2.b. Análisis de los resultados 147 VI.3. Consideraciones generales 150 CAPÍTULO VII: Revisión de los Triconodontes Mesozoicos 151–198 VII.1. Mamaliaformes mesozoicos de Sudamérica 152 VII.1.a. Triconodontes del Jurásico 156 VII.1.b. Triconodontes del Cretácico 162 VII.2. Triconodontes de otros continentes gondwánicos 178 VII.3. Triconodontes del Hemisferio Norte 183 CAPÍTULO VIII: Resultados y Conclusiones 199–208 VIII.1. Resultados 201 VIII.2. Conclusiones generales 207 BIBLIOGRAFÍA 209–249 APENDICE I: Taxones Analizados 250–312 APENDICE II: Análisis Filogenético I 313–322 Lista de caracteres 314 Matriz de datos 320 APENDICE III: Análisis Filogenético II 323–367 Lista de caracteres 324 Matriz de datos 355 APENDICE IV: Análisis paleobiogeográfico 368–379 Tree Reconciliation Analysis (TRA) 369 Spatial Analysis of Vicariance (SAV) 371 L. C. Gaetano Resumen Argentoconodon fariasorum, un mamaliaforme del Jurásico de Patagonia, Argentina: descripción, relaciones filogenéticas e implicancias evolutivas y paleobiogeográficas Resumen Los triconodontes son un conjunto parafilético de mamaliaformes mesozoicos caracterizados por la presencia de molariformes labiolingualmente comprimidos con al menos tres cúspides principales mesiodistalmente alineadas. Estos taxones han sido registrados en rocas del Triásico Tardío – Cretácico Tardío, encontrándose mayormente representados en los continentes del Hemisferio Norte. Los triconodontes son principalmente conocidos a partir de restos dentarios aislados, aunque se han hallado especímenes más completos. Se estudia en esta tesis a Argentoconodon fariasorum, del Jurásico de Patagonia, Argentina, uno de los triconodontes gondwanicos mejor representados. Todos los elementos recuperados (i.e., dentición, dentario y fémur) son detalladamente descriptos y se aborda un análisis comparativo de los mismos en el contexto de los triconodontes. Adicionalmente, se reconstruye parcialmente la musculatura asociada al fémur y se calcula la masa corporal aproximada de este taxón. Algunos aspectos paleobiológicos de Argentoconodon también son explorados, en particular su dieta y hábitos locomotores. Se realizan dos análisis filogenéticos considerando un amplio muestreo taxonómico y de caracteres orientados a dilucidar las relaciones de parentesco entre los triconodontes y sus relaciones con otros mamaliaformes. A partir de los cladogramas más parsimoniosos obtenidos, se evalúan los probables eventos vicariantes y la existencia de barreras a la dispersión afectando a los mamaliaformes analizados a través de dos análisis biogeográficos (i.e., Tree Reconciliation Analysis y Spatial Analysis of Vicariance). Varios taxones reconocidos previamente como triconodontes son re-interpretados a la luz de toda la evidencia disponible. Palabras clave: TRICONODONTE – JURÁSICO – ARGENTINA – FILOGENIA – BIOGEOGRAFÍA – I – L. C. Gaetano Abstract Argentoconodon fariasorum, a mammaliaform from the Jurassic of Argentina: description, phylogenetic relationships, and evolutionary and paleobiogeographic implications Abstract Triconodonts are a paraphyletic array of Mesozoic mammaliaforms. They are characterized by the presence of labiolingually compressed molariforms with at least tree mesiodistally aligned main cusps. Triconodonts have been found in Late Triassic to Late Cretaceous rocks, mostly in Northern Hemisphere landmasses. They are mainly known from isolated teeth; however, more complete specimens are known. Argentoconodon fariasorum, from the Jurassic of Patagonia, Argentina, one of the best represented triconodonts from Gondwana, is studied here. All the elements recovered (i.e., teeth, lower jaw, and femur) are described in detail and a comparative analysis is performed. Additionally, the femoral musculature is partially reconstructed and the body mass estimated. Some paleobiological aspects of Argentoconodon are also explored; in particular, alimentary and locomotory habits. Two phylogenetic analyses are performed considering a broad taxonomical sample and numerous characters in order to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships among triconodonts and their relationships with other mammaliaforms. On the basis of the most parsimonious cladograms found, two biogeographical analyses (i.e., Tree Reconciliation Analysis and Spatial Analysis of Vicariance) are conducted as to evaluate the probable vicariant events and the presence of dispersal barriers affecting the analyzed mammaliaforms. Several taxa previously recognized as triconodonts are re-interpreted considering all the available evidence. Key words: TRICONODONT – JURASSIC – ARGENTINA – PHYLOGENY –BIOGEOGRAPHY – II – L. C. Gaetano Agradecimientos Agradecimientos Muchas son las personas que han contribuido positivamente al desarrollo de esta Tesis Doctoral. Deseo expresar aquí mi gratitud hacia todos aquellos cuya influencia ha sido determinante para que este trabajo de tesis fuera posible. En primer lugar, quiero agradecer a la Dra. C. Marsicano y al Dr. G. Rougier, ambos directores de esta tesis. Su guía ha tenido gran influencia en el trabajo que aquí se presenta y constituye un modelo para mi futuro como profesional. Asimismo, la Dra. Marsicano ha facilitado el espacio académico para desarrollar mis actividades de investigación, ofreciéndome un lugar en su laboratorio. Por su parte, el Dr. Rougier ha puesto a disposición los fósiles sobre los que se basa esta tesis, haciendo posible mi iniciación formal en el estudio de los mamaliaformes mesozoicos. Muchos docentes e investigadores también han contribuido en mi formación como profesional
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