Notes and References
For a list ofabbreviations used in this section please see pp. xi-xii. See also the note on p. 290. INTRODUCTION
I. Keynes (2); Mantoux; Gilbert, Roots of Appeasement; Cairns, 'A Nation of Shopkeepers in Search of a Suitable France: 1919-1940', American Historical Review, 79, 3 Qune 1974); McDougall. 2. On Chanak see Walder. 3. Capt. Basil H. Liddell Hart, the military expert, published a book in 1932 entitled The British Way in Waifare. Bond (1), 65--70. 4. Guedalla, 75. 5. Cairns, 'Nation of Shopkeepers'; Osgood, 'Le mythe de "Ia perfide Albion" en France: 1919-1940', Cahiers d'Histoire, XX, I; Schmidt, 161 n. 367; Landon, 'Liaison with the French Army', Army Quarter!J, XCIX, I (Oct. 1969); Guyard; Avice; Trevelyan; Zeldin, II. 6. An early and still valuable study that did was Wolfers'sBritain and France between Two Wars.
CHAPTER I: THE BRITISH GROPE FOR A POLICY: JULY-NOVEMBER 1934 I. See the discussion of France's system of eastern alliances in Chapter 2 below. 2. CP 301(31). Cab. 24/225, I. 3. Lawford (London, edn), 268. 4. His predictions were not always correct. On 8Jan. 1936, for example, Sargent wrote that he did not believe that Germany would reply to French ratification of the Franco-Soviet Alliance by remilitarising the Rhineland. FO 371/19855, C6 2/1/17. 5. CP 30 I (31). Cab. 24/225. See also Gilbert, ch. 13, and Bright, 5 7-8. On the Geneva Protocol and the similarity of government and opposition views of it, see Taylor (3), 216--17; Johnson, in Waites, 100-24. 6. Steed, 8. 7. CID 1113-B (also COS 310), para. 10. Cab. 4/22. 8. Ibid., paras. 22, 24-5, 59-60. 9. CP 240(33), para. 34. Cab. 24/243. 10. The Defence Requirements Committee (DRC) was composed of the three Chiefs of Staff, the Permanent Under Secretary for Foreign Affairs, Sir Robert Vansittart, the Permanent Secretary of the Treasury, Sir Warren Fisher and the Secretary to the Cabinet and CID, Sir Maurice Hankey, who also acted as chairman. II. CP64(34), paras. 31-2. Cab. 24/247. See also Gibbs, ch. IV; Meyers, 231-44. 12. DC(M)(32)120, Cab. 27/511. 13. Roskill (2), II, 172. 14. Gibbs, 106.
249 250 Notes and References to pp. 19-25
15. CP 205(34), para. 53. Cab. 24/250. 16. CP 205(34), para. 61. Cab. 24/250. 17. DC(M)(32) 44th cons., Cab. 27/507, 104. 18. 292 HC Deb., 5s., 2339. 19. Gibbs, 127. 20. CP 205(34), paras. 30-5; section IX, para. 7; App. III, para. 9. Cab. 24/250. 21. Ibid., para. 25 and n.; Gibbs, 112. 22. Sargent to Phipps, 12 March 1934. PHPP 2/10. 23. Gilbert (I), 508-9. 24. DBFP, 2, XII, Nos. 171 and 134. Weinberg, 203-4etpassim. 25. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 136, with instructions that the Service Attaches should act as ifHMG tacitly acknowledge Germany's violation of Part V so that they would not be cut off from their sources of information. Phipps should avoid making the Embassy 'particeps criminis'. 26. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 159. 27. Quoted in Vansittart, 'The Origins of Germany's Fifth War', 28 Nov. 1939. VNST 1/26; Colvin, 345; Rose, 94. See generally, Schmidt, 211-19. 28. Perowne, minute, 1 Feb. 1935. FO 371/18824, C785/55/18. See also Sargent to Churchill, 13 Nov. 1934 and Churchill's speech of 16 Nov. on the imperative of resisting German expansion in Europe. FO 800/275, p. 204; Gilbert (I), 566--7; Gladwyn, 59. 29. CC 41(34)2, 21 Nov. 1934. Cab. 23/80,214. 30. Gilbert (1), 571. See also Poliakoffto Phipps, 3 Dec. 1934. PHPP 3/4. 31. E.g. MacDonald diary, 20 Nov. 1934; 23 Jan. 1935; Chamberlain to Ida Chamberlain, 14 March 1936, NC 18/1/951. Cross I 72-3; Jones, 204. 32. Keynes, 78. See also Chamberlain diary, 21 Oct. 1935. James (1), 73; 426; James (2), 317; Taylor (2), 118; Gilbert (1), 855. 33. On MacDonald's last agonising years, see Marquand, 693ff. See also Max Beloffs interesting comment, Imperial Sunset, I, 140 n. 3; Roskill (1), III, 162-3. MacDonald regularly noted that Simon was inadequate in his job, that criticism of his performance was 'richly deserved', and that he was indecisive. See Mac• Donald's diary entries for 8, 12 and 28 Nov., and 3 Dec. 1934. 34. Chamberlain diary,Jan. 1934 and 3 Dec. 1934; Macmillan, Past Masters, 19. 35. Vansittart (2), 427. 36. C. P. Scott, editor of the Manchester Guardian, so judged Simon in 1923. Trevor Wilson, 390-1. 37. Simon, 95-6; 106--8. Vansittart (2), 427-8; Hazlehurst, 17; 98; 112; Thorne, Limits of Foreign Policy 95-6; Middlemas and Barnes, 804; Rowse, 15-16; Gilbert and Gott,passim; Avon (I), 245; Cowling, 74--5; Marquand, 705-6; 867 n. 10. Hall, 'The Foreign Policy-Making Process in Britain, 1934--1935, and the Origins of the Anglo-German Naval Agreement', Historical}., 19 (1976). 38. Chamberlain diary, Jan. 1934; Chamberlain to Hilda Chamberlain, 17 Nov. 1934, NC 18/1/896. An example of Simon's method is his handling of the Saar question. On 28 Nov. 1934, he presented the Cabinet with four choices without indicating a preference. When the Cabinet finally agreed to send troops to police the plebiscite, a suggestion that Chamberlain seems to have originated and pushed through, and then every other government approved, Simon behaved as if he had invented the idea. In fact, he had strongly deprecated sending British forces to the Saar. CC Notes and R~ferences to pp. 25-32 251
41(34)3, 21 Nov. 1934. Cab. 23/80, 249-50. MacDonald diary, 28 Nov. 1934; Chamberlain to Ida Chamberlain, 9 Dec. 1934, NC 18/1/896. 39. CC 41(34)2, 21 Nov. !934. Cab. 23/80,215. 40. GR (34)2; Cab. 27/572. The British defined 'a first-line regular squadron' as '[a] squadron containing aeroplanes and pilots properly organised and located in its station'. In May 1935, the government decided to include non-Regular units in this calculation, at least until 1937. Non-Regular units used identical equipment and had satisfactory training. The government assumed that the speed of German expansion had to reduce the short-term fighting efficiency of the Luftwaffe. CP 100(35), paras. 14-18. Cab. 24/255. 41. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 201 (3), DDF, I, VIII, No. 142. 42. GR (34) 1st mtg., 22 Nov. 1934. Cab. 27/572, 15. 43. Ibid., II. 44. GR (34) 3rd mtg., 25 Nov. 1934. Cab. 27/572, 21. 45. GR (34) 1st mtg., 22 Nov. 1934. Cab. 27/572, 13. 46. GR (34) 3rd mtg., 25 Nov. 1934. Cab. 27/572, 17. 47. GR (34) 1st mtg., 22 Nov. 1934. Cab. 27/572, 10. 48. MacDonald diary, 26 Nov. 1934. 49. Clerk appears not to have been the sort of man who would spring to mind if one were seeking help in deciding a policy. C. Gladwyn, ch. XV. 50. C. Gladwyn, 219. 51. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 208. 52. Lawford (Boston ed.), 343. 53. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 99. My emphasis. 54. DBFP, 2, XI, No. 208. 55. See, e.g., Gladwyn, 51-69,etpassim. On 6Feb. 1935, Col. B. C. T. Paget, Head ofMI3 (Military Intelligence: Europe except Russia and the Baltic, and the Near East and Abyssinia) wrote: 'Russia is now, and is likely to remain for a long time, a greater potential threat to our security than Germany.' WO 190/299. 56. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 208. 57. DBFP, 2, XI, No. 201 (2). 58. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 201 (!). 59. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 201 (2). 60. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 211; FO 371/17696, C7875/20/ 18; DDF, I, VIII, No. 166. 61. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 211. See also, Kaiser, ch. VI. 62. Gladwyn, 52-3; 5.">--6; 62. 63. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 211. 64. Ibid. See also ADAP, C, III, 2, No. 333; DBFP, 2, XII, No. 181. 65. Part V of the Treaty of Versailles was included in the American peace treaty with Germany of 1921. 66. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 211. 67. Ibid. 68. DBFP, 2, VI, No. 223. 69. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 208 (2). 70. GR (34) 3rd mtg., 25 Nov. 1934. Cab. 27/572, 20. 71. Ibid. MacDonald diary, 25 Nov. 1934. 72. CC 42(34)2, 26 Nov. 1934. Cab. 23/80, 255. For a different view, see Middlemas and Barnes, 787. 73. CC 42(34)2, 26 Nov. 1934. Cab. 23/80, 237-40. See also Gilbert(!), 572; Poliakoffto Phipps, 3 Dec. 1934, PHPP 3/4; Cowling, ch. 2. 252 Notes and References to pp. 32-{)
74. He was handed instructions in London and sent information by cable as to the known extent of German rearmament: 21 infantry divisions plus mechanised and cavalry formations (hardly ready for war) or 300,000 troops. The army's budget was I 72 million Reichsmarks. According to the information sent Phipps, the Luftwaffe had I ,000 military aircraft (also unready for war), including some bombers, and the air force budget was 210,187,650 Reichsmarks for 1934/5, up from 78,348,540 for 1933/4, which itself was some 35 millions more than the previous year's. German industry, moreover, had doubled aircraft production in the last six months. DBFP, 2, XII, Nos. 214; 215. The Air Attache in Berlin did not believe that German military aircraft exceeded 600 in number at this time, and recommended careful distinction between actual military craft and the bonafide Lufthansa (Germany's civil airline) planes ofpotential military value. No. 219. 75. See the speech by Leon Archimbaud, rapporteur of the defence budget. 23 Nov. !934.Journal Officiel, Debats Parlementaires, Chambre des Deputes, 15e Legislature, Session Extraordinaire, 2,5 72-5. 76. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 215. 77. DDF, I, VIII, No. 148. 78. DBFP, 2, XVII, App. I. 79. DBFP, 2, XII, Nos. 216; 217. 80. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 216 n. 5. 81. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 221. 82. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 230. 83. Ibid.; Dodd and Dodd, 197. 84. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 221. 85. DBFP, 2, XII, Nos. 190; 226. 86. DBFP, 2, XII, 221 n. 5. 87. Gilbert, xxi-ii, and ch. 29 passim; DDF, I, VIII, No. 148; Gladwyn, 56; Pownall diary, 54. 88. 28 Nov. 1934. 295 HC Deb. 5s., 857. 89. E.g., in the House ofCommons, 23 Nov. 1932; 7 Nov. 1933; 8 March 1934. Gilbert (I), 451; 493; 508. 90. 295 HC Deb. 5s., 857. 91. 270 HC Deb. 5s., 632; Gibbs, 553--4; Middlemas and Barnes, 735; Gilbert (I), 499-50; Barnett(!), 43~7. 92. Slessor, Central Blue, 204. 93. 295 HC Deb. 5s., 869. 94. Ibid., 858. In fact, British civilian casualties from air raids, 1939-45, numbered 60,000. This total, low by comparison with pre-war British expecta• tions, resulted from the development of relatively effective air defence and warning systems. Pelling, Britain and the Second World War, 28; 273; Calvocoressi and Wint, 492; Murray (I), ch. 3; Barnett (I), 43~8. On German strategic bombing plans in the 1930s, see Murray (2), ch. 2. 95. 295 HC Deb. 5s., 858. On Trenchard and Douhet, see Murray ( 1), 61 and n. 6; Higham, 25 7-9; and Bond (I), 43 and 62 n. 12. See also Earle, ch. 20; Mysyrowicz, 169-73; Meyers, 114-27. 96. 295 HC Deb. 5s., 862. My emphasis. 97. Ibid., 863. 98. On 30 June 1934, the 'Night of the Long Knives', Hitler had his associate Ernst Rohm, leader of the SA, Generals von Bredow and von Schleicher, Gregor Notes and References to pp. 36-41 253
Strasser, and perhaps several hundred other Nazi leaders and others murdered. Hohne, ch. 6. 99. 295 HC Deb. 5s., 866-7. 100. Ibid., 868. 101. Ibid., 86g._72; Smith, 66. 102. James (I), 242-7; N. Butler to [T.Jones?], 9Jan. 1936. FO 800/923. 103. 295 HC Deb. 5s., 872. 104. Ibid., 873. 105. Ibid., 875. 106. A slightly larger figure was sent to Phipps. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 214. The Air Ministry and the Air Attache in Berlin disagreed on the number of military planes possessed by Germany. The Air Attache estimated German first-line strength (all types) at 600; the Air Ministry at 300, with all German military aircraft (first-line, reserve and training) at about 1,000. Londonderry to Simon, 30 Nov. 1934, same to Baldwin, 30 Nov. 1934. FO 800/291. 107. CC 43(34)1, 28 Nov. 1934. Cab. 23/80,246-7. I 08. On how German air rearmament was only just begun- five weeks later the Germans had only 150 aircraft organised into units- see Gibbs, 13~0, and Roskill (I), III, App. B. See also Volker, 130--7; Murray (2), ch. 2. Analyses of German air strength were usually superficial, whatever the data available. Careful consideration of the roles of different aircraft, of the practical meaning of the production of certain types, and of existing German doctrine on the use of air power in war rarely appear in British appreciations. See Murray (I), ch. 3; Barnett (1), 413-14. 109. 295 HC Deb. 5s., 877-8. 110. Ibid., 880. Ill. See Barnett (I), 213-14; 4 7&--82; Volker, 135--7; Schliephake, 35--6. 112. 295 HC Deb. 5s., 882. 113. Ibid. 114. Ibid., 883. 115. Ibid., 885. 116. The Times, 29 Nov. 1934. 117. 295 HC Deb. 5s., 905; 910. 118. Morton to Churchill, 29 Nov. 1934. Quoted in Gilbert(!), 578. The Industrial Intelligence Centre was responsible for providing information about arms manufacturing and stockpiling in foreign countries. 119. Gibbs, 137; 140; Collier, 27-9. 120. Poliakoffto Phipps, 3 Dec. 1934. PHPP 3/4. Cf. Simon's undated note about what he might say in the debate. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 231. 121. Monick (Financial Attache, London) to Baumgartner (Directeur du Mouvement General des Fonds, Ministere des Finances), No. 64. 622, 22 Nov. 1934. France. Finances. P"/1419. See Dennis, chs. I and 2; Meyers, 37-80; Fussell; Pownall diary, xxi-ii; Howard (I), ch. 5; Howard (3), chs. III and IV; Metcalf, 127-9. 122. CID, 266th mtg., 22 Nov. 1934. Cab. 2/6, 155. Attending the meeting were: MacDonald; Simon; Sir Philip Cunliffe-Lister, Colonial Secretary; Hailsham; Sir Archibald Montgomery-Massingberd, Chief of the Imperial General Staff; Londonderry; J. H. Thomas, Dominions Secretary; Hoare; Sir Bolton Eyres Mansell, First Lord of the Admiralty; Sir Ernie Chatfield, First Sea Lord (and Chief of the Naval Staff); Fisher; Sir Edward Ellington, Chiefofthe Air Staff. 254 Notes and Riferences to pp. 41-50
123. Ibid. 124. Ibid. 125. MacDonald diary, 22 Nov. 1934. 126. CID, 266th mtg., 22 Nov. 1934. Cab. 2/6, 156. 127. Ibid. I 28. Hailsham. Ibid. 129. Ibid. 130. Ibid., 157. I 31. Ibid., I 58-61. 132. Pownall diary, 54. 133. Gibbs, 141; DBFP, 2, XII, No. 224. 134. 295 HC Deb. 5s., 980; DBFP, 2, XII, Nos. 222-5; 229, 430. Characteristi• cally, Simon had not informed the Soviet Ambassador, Soviet membership in the League of Nations notwithstanding. The Soviet Union had not, of course, signed the Treaty of Versailles. Another omission was Japan, which had signed the Treaty of Versailles but which was no longer in the League. 135. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 235. Indecisiveness of this sort was fuel to the movement to unseat Simon as Foreign Secretary. See Chamberlain diary, II and 13 Dec. 1934; Cowling, 56; 75-7. 136. Chamberlain diary, 4 Dec. 1934. 137. DBFP, 2, XII, Nos. 240; 243. 138. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 252; Gibbs, 142. 139. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 247. 140. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 241. 141. Ibid. The ellipses replace citations to telegrams. 142. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 242; Warner, 63. 143. See the useful summary of the Saar question as at 4 Dec. 1934. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 251, CC 43(34)3, 28 Nov. 1934. CAB. 23/80, 249-50; FN31(1) [ministerial meeting on sending British troops to the Saar], 3 Dec. 1934. Cab. 23/573, 3-12; Poliakoffto Phipps, 9 Dec. 1934. PHPP, 3/4; ADAP, C, III, 2, No. 377; DBFP, 2, XII, Nos. 258-63; 286; Chamberlain to Hilda Chamberlain, 15 Dec. 1934. NC 18/1/829; Hill, 'Great Britain and the Saar Plebiscite of 13January 1935',}. rif Contemporary History, 9, 2 (April 1974); Wambaugh. 144. See above n. 17 and accompanying text; Dennis, ch. 3. 145. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 235; Seymour to Vincent, 30 Nov. 1934. PRO 30/69/1/6 I I; Sargent to Eden, 6 Dec. I 934. FO 800/275; Medlicott, Britain and Germany. 146. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 235, p. 274. 147. Ibid. 148. Ibid., p. 275. 149. Ibid., p. 276. 150. Ibid., p. 272. MacDonald's marginalia next to this sentence on his copy of the document. PRO 30/69/1611. 151. Londonderry to Simon, II Dec. 1934. FO 800/291, 41{}-IOA. 152. GR (34)4th mtg., I I Dec. 1934. Cab. 27/572, 33. 153. MacDonald diary, 13 Dec. 1934. 154. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 287. 155. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 299. 156. CC 46(34)3, 12 Dec. 1934. Cab. 23/80, 345-6. 157. CC 46(34)2, 12 Dec. 1934. Cab. 23/80. Notes and References to pp. 50-9 255
158. GR (34)4th mtg., II Dec. 1934. Cab. 27/572, 41. 159. DBFP, 2, XII, Nos. 288; 291; 299; 306. 160. MacDonald diary, 15 Dec. 1934. 161. On MacDonald's ill health, see Marquand, 762-3. 162. MacDonald diary, 15 Dec. 1934. 163. GR (34)5th mtg., 13 Dec. 1934. Cab. 27/572, 58. 164. CP 302 (34), Committee on German Rearmament, Report, 18 Dec. 1934, para. 10. Cab. 24/251. 165. Ibid., para. 12. 166. Ibid., para. 17. 167. Ibid., para. 13. 168. Ibid., para. 16. DBFP, 2, VI, Nos. 67; 97; 99; 114. 169. France would guarantee any Eastern Pact in the same way that Britain guaranteed Germany's western frontier with the Locarno Treaties. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 308. 170. Ibid. My emphasis. 171. Ibid. ADAP, C, III, 2, Nos. 307; 330; 344. 172. E.g. Harvey (First Secretary, Paris) to Sargent, 16 Dec. 1934. FO 800/274, Fr/34/6. 173. CC 47(34)4, 19 Dec. 1934. Cab. 23/80,354. 174. Ibid., 355. 175. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 308. 176. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 311. No similar French record has been found in the archives of the French Foreign Ministry. 177. DDF, I, VIII, No. 284; Aloisi, 239--40.
CHAPTER 2: THE FOREIGN POLICY OF PIERRE LAVAL
I. Treaty of Peace with Germany, 28 June 1919. Art. 16 provided that, if any member of the League resorted to war in violation of the Covenant of the League it shall have committed an act of war against all members of the League. The Article also sketched out procedures for implementing military and economic measures against the Covenant-breaking state. 2. Wandycz, 'The Foreign Policy of Edward Bend, 1918-1938', in Mamatey and Luza, 224--5; Nere, 38-45. On the formation of France's eastern alliances, see Wandycz. 3. On Barthou's foreign policy see the still valuable analysis ofCameron, chs. III and IV; Scott, chs. 8 and 9; Baumont, I, 482; Duroselle, ch. III. 4. On 8 Mar. 1935, Sargent wrote that the British government never intended to press the July 1934 scheme in Berlin. Minute, FO 371/18828, C 1720/55/18, See also Harvey to Sargent, 16 Dec. 1934, FO 800/274, and Duroselle, 108-10; Kaiser, 117-18. 5. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 156; Herriot, 458; Scott, 204; Duroselle, 123--5. 6. Warner, 7; I 0-11. Caillaux favoured at least a compromise peace, Clemenceau victory at all costs. 7. Werth, 103; Warner, 21. 8. Vansittart (!), 38. Pertinax, 387, expressed a similar view, calling Laval a depraved peasant. In a famous remark, a Soviet diplomat said 'Laval is a dustbin of conflicting desires'. Werth, 123. 256 Notes and References to pp. 59--62
9. ADAP, C, III, I and 2, Nos. 254; 374; Werth, 100. On his bad manners see DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 376. Noel, 39; 47; Duroselle, 16-17. I 0. Warner, 417, the best study of him so far, concludes that he deserved his fate, although, like most political trials, Laval's was a mockery. See also Paxton; Zeldin, II, 1107-9. II. Madariaga, 230. 12. Report on Leading Personalities in France for 1935. FO 371/18802, C 377/377/17. 13. Warner, 24-5; 27; 422; Rene Massigli, La Turquie deuant laguerre, 33. 14. ADAP, C, III, I, No. 254. 15. [Massigli?], 'Negociations avec l'Allemagne: programme de travail', 18 Feb. 1935. Massigli papers, 217/5. 16. Werth, 99; Kovrig, 197. 17. Echo de Paris, 18 Oct. 1934. Enclosed in Forster (Minister, Paris) to von Neurath, T. 1298, 18 Oct. 1934. AA, II Pol. I. Fr. 8, 65/1, II Fr. 3473. 18. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 156. Leger left a shadowy imprint. (See the sketches by Madariaga and Henri Hoppenot in Honneur aSaint-John Perse, 675--7; 803--7.) His relationship with Laval and role in formulating and executing Laval's foreign policy remain obscure. See Duroselle, 22-5; 124, where he suggests the two men did not work well together. Leger was known for his antipathy to Fascist Italy and was subsequently accused of trying to sabotage Laval's efforts to build a Franco-Italian entente. Noel, 41; Vansittart (2), 515; Cameron, 'Alexis Saint• Leger Leger', in Craig and Gilbert, 384. Yet he loyally defended Laval against the accusation that he had agreed to tolerate an Italian takeover in Ethiopia. Leger, Note pour le ministre, 30 Dec. 1935. 19. See Jeanneney, Franfois de Wendel, 543--5. Wendel was one of the leading French industrialists and a regent of the Banque de France. 20. Warner, 24; Scott, 16 n. 52. 21. Von der Ropp, memorandum, n.d., enclosed in L. R. von Rintelen, Memorandum to von Neurath, von Bulow, Kopke and others, 10 Oct. 1934. AA 5 709H/H021991. I have adopted Warner's translation, but not his capitalisations. P. 60. 22. Von der Ropp. AA 5708H/H021993--6; Pertinax, 389-90 n. 12. 23. Warner, 23--4; Laval, 23--30; 276. See also the unsigned and undated memorandum in French of a conversation in April 1938 between Laval and Sir Charles Mend! (Press Attache, British Embassy, Paris). PHPP 5/7. 24. von Rintelen, memorandum, 10 Oct. 1934. AA 5708H/H021978-9. 25. Warner, 6~ I; Flandin, I 04-5. 26. Herriot, 4 79. 27. Koster to von Neurath, 9 Nov. 1934. Bericht A 4911. AA 5669/H014882-8. Andre Fran\=ois-Poncet, the French Ambassador in Berlin, shared this view. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 204. 28. Werth, 100. Werth interviewed Laval at the end of November 1934. 29. DDB, III, No. 146; ADAP, C, III, 2, No. 344. 30. ADAP, C, III, 2, Nos. 307; 320; DBFP, 2, XII, No. 187. 31. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 189. 32. The text of the agreement, signed 8 Dec. 1934, is printed inDIA, 1934,51-5. See also DBFP, 2, XII, No. 251 (memorandum on the situation in the Saar); Aloisi [Chairman of the League Committee of Three under whose direction the agreement was concluded], 228-32; and Rueff, 119-21. Notes and References to pp. 62-9 257
33. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 161; ADAP, C, III, No. 377. 34. CC 2(35)1, 9Jan. 1935. Cab. 28/81, 9; FRUS, 1934, I, 204-5. 35. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 251 n. 7; FND/31(1), 3 Dec. 1934. Cab. 27/573, 3-12. 36. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 187 no. 4; Conseil Superieur de Ia Guerre (the highest military body in France), 15Jan. 1935. Daladier papers, 4 DA 1/Do. 2/ sdoa. See also DBFP, 2, XII, No. 167; DDF, I, VIII, No. 142; Bankwitz, 108. 37. DIA, 1934, 315. 38. Ibid., 316. 39. Ibid., 317. 40. Ibid., 318. 41. DDF, I, VIII, Nos. 47; 53; 62; DBFP, 2, XII, Nos. 188; 196; 200. 42. Herriot, 487. 43. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 200. On 12 Nov. 1934, the Soviet Foreign Ministry instructed its Ambassador in Paris to tell Herriot or Laval that' "the Germans are unofficially proposing a mutual assistance pact, without the participation of France and Czechoslovakia" and also to tell them that "naturally we are not reacting to this proposal of the Germans".' 'The Struggle of the USSR for Collective Security in Europe During 1933-1935', International Affairs, No. 7 (Moscow,July 1963), 120. 44. ADAP, C, III, 2, No. 358, n. 8, p. 664; DBFP, 2, XII, No. 228. 45. ADAP, C, III, 2, Nos. 365; 367; 374; DDF, I, VIII, No. 178; DBFP, 2, XII, No. 178. 46. FRUS, 1934, I, 204; Herriot, 488; Scott, 211. It was coincidence that the signing took place on the day of the Walwal episode. 47. The Franco-Soviet agreement, 5 Dec., and Litvinov's declaration, 9 Dec. 1934. DIA, 1934, 184-6; DDF I, VIII, No. 215; Scott, 211-12. 48. Kovrig, 194-6; Scott, I 7~82. 49. Baer (I), 62-72. Under the Washington Treaty of 1922 France and Italy ranked equal in naval strength. 50. I have used 'Ethiopia' instead of' Abyssinia'. 'Abyssinia' was common British usage in 1935; everybody else used 'Ethiopia' then and now everybody does. 51. But see Watt (6), 70 (also in E. Robertson (3), 228) who appears to misread Herriot, 488; Warner, 65, and Dampierre, 279, offer slightly different versions. 52. Herriot, 483; Watt (6), 76. 53. ADAP, C, III, 2, No. 322; DBFP, 2, XII, No. 177. 54. DIA, 1934, 319. 55. General Victor-Henri Schweisguth (Deputy Chief of Staff, 1935--7), memorandum of conversation with King Carol of Romania, 10 Oct. 1935. Schweisguth papers, 351 AP 2, Do. 6. See also Le Goyet, 103-9. 56. The Conventions of 1896 permitted Italians in Tunisia to maintain their nationality, have Italian language schools and other privileges. Frictions between the French and Italian communities did not, however, end. Baer (1), 63. 57. DDF, I, VIII, No. 29. 58. Herriot, 484. The Tripartite Agreement of 1906 between Britain, France and Italy defined the interests of the three powers in Ethiopia and committed them to protect Ethiopia's integrity. DBFP, 2, XIV, App. II, 754. 59. Kovrig, 195--203; DBFP, 2, XII, No. 157. 60. Kovrig, 204; Warner, 64. 61. DDF, I, VIII, No. 24. 62. DDF, I, VIII, No. 97. See also De Felice, 519-24. 258 Notes and References to pp. 69-75
63. DDF, I, VIII, No. 100. 64. DDF, I, VIII, No. 255; Dampierre, 280; Aloisi, 229; 230. 65. Kovrig, 205. 66. Aloisi, 232. 67. DDF, I, VIII, No. 190. 68. Kovrig, 205. 69. Cameron, 99. 70. Dampierre, 279; DDF, I, VIII, No. 156. 71. DDF, I, VIII, No. 326; Aloisi, 240. 72. Aloisi, 231; DDF, I, VIII, Nos. 197; 320; 321. Naggiar, the French Minister in Belgrade, reported that strong German propaganda in Yugoslavia combined with Italian penetration of that country risked either German expansion or fulfilment of Mussolini's dream of reconstituting a central European empire under his domination. 'In effect', Naggiar wrote on 26 Dec., 'if ever Berlin intensifies its game and we move closer to Italy without having obtained that she renounce her own, so contrary to our game, the German Mittel Europa would approach maturity.' Faced by a choice, the Little Entente would prefer Germany to Italy. 'As for us, this reversal of alliances would put us in a precarious situation, as much with regard to Italy as to Germany.' No. 321. 73. DDF, I, VIII, No. 97. According to the final agreement of 7 January 1935, Italians in Tunisia would progressively lose their rights and privileges as Italians and come fully under French law beginning in 1945. France ceded 44,000 square miles of desert to southern Libya and 13.5 miles of Red Sea coast to Eritrea, and Italy could buy 2,500 shares in the Djibouti-Addis Ababa railway. There were 35,000 shares altogether and France would retain 17,500. Laval before the Chambey Foreign Affairs Committee, 13 Mar. 1935. Ass. N., Chambre, Commiss. des Aff. Etr., I 5" Legis!., Do. 54, 4. Also Herriot, 494; Warner, 66-7; Baer (I), 75; Duroselle, 132-3. 74. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 29. 75. Ibid. 76. DDF, I, VIII, No. 211. 77. DDF, I, VIII, Nos. 222; 235; 239. 78. Aloisi, 237-8, Ormos, 'Sur les causes de l'echec du Pacte danubien (1934-35)', Acta Historica, XIV, 1-2 (1968). 21-83. 79. DBFP, 2, XIV, Nos. 29; 46; 46, n. II. 80. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 41, n. 2. 81. DDF, I, VIII, No. 280. Britain's wish to acquire Walwal and Wardair from Ethiopia in exchange for Zeila complicated its position. Walwal and Wardair were the immediate targets ofltalian action. Drummond reminded the Foreign Office that everybody knew them to be in the Italian sphere of influence. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 56. 82. In Rochat, 377. Emphasis in original. I am indebted to Professor MacGregor Knox of the University of Rochester for translating this and other passages in Italian. See also Baer (I), 59; E. Robertson (I), 109. 83. DDF, I, VIII, No. 284. 84. DBFP, 2, XII, Nos. 301; 311; 311 n. 7. 85. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 311; DDF, I, VIII, No. 303. 86. DDF, I, VIII, Nos. 239; 317; DIA, 1935, I, 23 n. 4. 87. Laval before the Chamber Foreign Affairs Committee, 21 Dec. 1934. Ass. N., Chambre, Commis. des Aff. Etr., 15e Legis!., Do. 53, 53. Notes and References to pp. 75-82 259
88. DDF, I, VIII, No. 323; Aloisi, 240. 89. DDF, I, VIII, Nos. 338; 341. 90. DIA, 1935, I, 24; DBFP, 2, XII, No. 722, p. 887. 91. Aloisi, 240. 92. Ibid., 240-1. 93. Dampierre, 281. 94. DIA, 1935, I, 15-24; DDF, I, VIII, No. 420. The secret clause was communicated to the British on 10 Jan. 1935. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 328. Wigram thought the British could congratulate themselves that Mussolini was 'in line', but could not associate themselves with the claim to a margin of superiority: it was too provocative of Germany. Minute, 24 Jan. 1935. FO 371/18823, C269/55/18. 95. DDF, I, VIII, No. 415; De Felice, 525-6. 96. De Felice, 533. 97. Ass. N. Chambre, Aff Etr., !Se Legisl., Do. 54, 5. 98. De Felice, 525; 530-3. See also E. Robertson (1), 116; Mack Smith (2), (first published 1976), 65. De Felice's discovery did not impress Mack Smith as much as it did Robertson. See also Dampierre, 282; DDF, I, VIII, Nos. 415 and 420 (VII); Watt (6), 7&--7. Pertinax, 384, stated that Laval had 'handed over Abyssinia to the Fascist dictator'; Werth, 124, suggested that Laval was indifferent to Ethiopia's fate. Tabouis, 231-2, agreed with Pertinax. French documents support Laval. As Leger wrote on 30 Dec. 1935, 'One would look in vain in these documents for a clause by which the Italian Government could find the slightest encouragement to implement a policy of war against Ethiopia.' Note pour le Ministre, 30 Dec. 1935. Duroselle, 132-3, accepts this version but does not mention De Felice. 99. DDF, I, VIII, No. 327. 100. Avenol, 'Les Accords de Rome', n.d. but after the Stresa Conference. 10 I. Lagardelle, 112. 102. Mussolini to Laval, 25 Dec. 1935. In Laurens, 407-8. 103. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 349. 104. DBFP, 2, XIV, Nos. 143; 145; 145 n. 6. 105. G. Thompson, 95; DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 92. 106. DIA, 1935, II, 14-15; DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 152. 107. Gladwyn, 48. Simon's words to Dino Grandi, the Italian Ambassador, on 29 Jan. were typical of his position: 'Granting that Abyssinia was a backward country, and while admitting that such countries should not have been admitted so easily to the League, the fact remained that Abyssinia was an independent State, and I presumed that Italy would be as much averse as the rest of us in regarding it as an area which could be absorbed by European States.' DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 143. 108. Drummond became 16th Earl of Perth in 1938. On Drummond see the still valuable sketch by Felix Gilbert. 'Two British Ambassadors: Perth and Hender• son', in Craig and Gilbert, 544-8. 109. This and the following nine quotations are from DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 160. 110. The title of Harry Elmer Barnes's isolationist tract (New York, 1963). On this general problem see Hinsley (I). Ill. MacDonald diary, 21 Feb. 1935; Marquand, 773. 112. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 175. 113. Ibid. See Rose, 158-60. 114. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 163; Avon(!), 220. 115. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 167. 260 Notes and References to pp. 82-90
116. DBFP,2,XIV,No.l71. 117. DBFP,2,XII,No.l87.
CHAPTER 3: THE LONDON CONFERENCE
I. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 311. 2. Vansittart, minute, 18Jan. 1935. FO 371/18823, C473/55/18. (DBFP, 2, XII, No. 348 n. 3.) 3. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 311. The French decision about the memorandum of 17 April appeared in The Times, II Jan. 1935, 12. 4. DDF, I, VIII, No. 304. 5. TheTimes,4Jan.I935, 12. 6. Without thereby necessarily having approved the mission the British Embassy in Paris agreed with this idea. Cf. Harvey to Sargent, 16 Dec. 1934. FO 800/274. 7. FO 371/18823, C305/55/18. 8. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 359 n. 3. 9. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 331. 10. Vansittart, marginalia. FO 371/18823, C305/55/18. II. MacDonald diary, 9 Jan. 1935. Punctuation as in original. 12. CC 2(35)1, 9Jan. 1935. Cab. 23/81,9. 13. CC 2(35)1, 9Jan. 1935. Cab. 23/81, 10--11. 14. Ibid., II. 15. Ibid., 12. 16. Ibid. 17. Simon, 'Material for Impending Discussions with French Ministers', 9 Jan. 1935, paras. 2-7; 24Jan. 1935 (the revised version). CP 6 and 19(35 ). Cab. 24/253. 18. CC 3(35)2, 14 Jan. 1935. Cab. 23/81, 21. 19. CP 6(35), 9Jan. 1935, para. 8(e)(ii). Cab. 24/253. 20. CC 3(35)2, 14Jan. 1935. Cab. 23/81,24. 21. Ibid., 26-8. The circumstances contemplated involved a German invasion of France. Col. B. C. T. Paget(?), memorandum, 28 Feb. 1935. WO 190/303. 22. CP 19(35), 24Jan. 1935, para. 8(f). Cab. 24/253. (DBFP, 2, XII, No. 366.) CP 19(35) is CP 6(35) as revised by the Cabinet on 14.Jan. 1935. See also Emmerson, ch. I. 23. CP 6(35), 9Jan. 1935, para. 8(£). Cab. 24/253. 24. CP 19(35), 24Jan. 1935, para. 9. Cab. 24/253. See also Sargent to Campbell (Minister, Paris), 2l.Jan. 1935. FO 800/274. 25. CC 3(35)2, 14 Jan. 1935. Cab. 23/81, 30. 26. CP 19(35), 24 Jan. 1935, para. 5. Cab. 24/253. 27. For Lothian, see his articles in The Times, 31 Jan. and I Feb. 1935, and Butler. Also Cairns, 'A Nation ofShopkeepers in Search of a Suitable France: 1919--40', American Historical Review, 79, 3 Uune 1974), 710--43; Barnett (I); Wolfers, Part II; Howard (I); Martin Gilbert, Plough My Own Furrow: The Story of Lord Allen of Hurtwood (London, 1965) and the same author's The Roots of Appeasement; Marwick, Clifford Allen; Marquand; Roskill (I), passim; Pownall diary; Bond (I); Taylor, Beaverbrook, espec. 343-58. These works show the attractiveness of the idea that Britain can choose whether to be a European power. 28. MacDonald diary, 14Jan. 1935. Notes and References to pp. 90-5 261
29. Nixon, II, 401. See Vansittart's and Sargent's minutes ofl8Jan. 1935; Phipps to Simon, 22 Jan. 1935, with minutes. FO 371/18823, C435; 437; 623/55/18. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 373. 30. DBFP, 2, XII, Nos. 340; 372; FO 371/18823, C409/55/18. 31. Robert Leslie Craigie (Head of the American Dept.), minute, 16Jan. 1935. FO 371/18732, Al712/22/45. 32. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 372. At this time, Germany's largest ships were three pocket-battleships of the Deutschland class. They were said to be of 10,000 tons but were really about 12,000. Roskill (2), II, 27-8; 28 n. I. 33. DBFP, 2, XIII, No. 282, 329. See also Bloch, 'Great Britain, German Rearmament and the Naval Agreement of 1935', in Gatzke, 129-30. 34. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 372. The police, but not the paramilitary SS and SA, would be counted among the 300,000. Reserve and types of aircraft could not now be specified. 35. Pownall diary, 61. 36. [Massigli], Note for Laval: 'Negociation de Londres', 24 Jan. 1935. Massigli papers, 217/5. The Haul Comite militaire became the Comite permanent de la Difense Nationale. The Premier, the Service Ministers, the three COS and Petain served on it. Bankwitz, 164 n. 187; R. Young, 2~6. 37. R. Young, 2~6; Adamthwaite, 161-3. 38. [Massigli], Note for Laval: 'Negociation de Londres', 23Jan. 1935. Massigli papers, 217/5. See DBFP, 2, XII, Nos. 331; 353 enclosure. Mysyrowicz, 92; Gamelin, II, 153-60; Adamthwaite, 160. 39. The Times, 12.Jan. 1935, 13. 40. Bellanger, Godechot et al., III, 561. 41. The Times, 14Jan. 1935, II. 42. DBFP, 2, XII, Nos. 341; 359; CC 4(35)3, !6Jan. 1935. Cab. 23/81,44. 43. ADAP, C, III, 2, No. 446. 44. Sargent, Vansittart and Simon, minutes, 18 (?)Jan. 1935. FO 371/18823, C370/55/18; DBFP, 2, XII, No. 359. 45. Corbin to Laval, No. 29, IOJan. 1935, in Corbin to Massigli, II Jan. 1935. Massigli papers, 217/5. 46. 'D'apres les notes prises par M. Roland de Margerie apres Ia Conference franco-anglais(e] des 1-3 fevrier 1935', 7 Feb. 1935. Margerie papers, 248 (hereafter cited as [Margerie], 7 Feb. 1935); Noel, 47. 4 7. Poliakoff ( 1880-1956) joined The Times on I Oct. 1923, after having served in the Russian army during the war and having worked for the Daily Telegraph since 1920. He wrote articles and books, often using the pseudonym 'Augur'. He resigned from The Times on I July 1936. By 1938 Vansittart was sure that he was in Germany's pay. Harvey, 167. I am indebted to Mr Gordon Phillips, Archivist and researcher of The Times, for biographical information about Poliakoff. 48. Poliakoffto Phipps, 4 Feb. 1935. PHPP 3/4. Corbin recorded that Poliakoff's influence was indirect. Note, 26 Jan. 1935. Massigli papers, 217/5. 49. Poliakoffto Phipps, 4 Feb. 1935. PHPP 3/4. 50. The Times, 21 Jan. 1935, 12. 51. Ibid., 13. 52. ADAP, C, III, 2, Nos. 454; 460. 53. R. A. Leeper (Head of the News Department), minute for Vansittart; Sargent, minute; Vansittart, minute, all of21 Jan. 1935. FO 371/18825, C961/55/18. 54. Sargent, minute, 18Jan. 1935. FO 371/18823, C473/55/18. 262 Notes and References to pp. 95-100
55. Sargent, minute, 21 Jan. 1935. FO 371/18825, C961/55/18. 56. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 349 and n. 7. 57. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 359. 58. Clerk to Simon, 18 Jan. 1935. FO 371/18823, C593/55/18. See Sargent to Campbell, 21 Jan.; Campbell to Sargent, 22Jan. 1935, FO 800/274, on British attempts to fathom French thinking. Of Clerk, Neville Chamberlain wrote: 'He is the typical British diplomat, with the tall lean figure, perfect dress and eyeglass complete.' Chamberlain to Hilda Chamberlain, 3 Nov. 1934. NC 18/1/894. It was said that Clerk preferred to finish his rubber of bridge at the Jockey Club before signing telegrams, however important. He once explained: 'I've written despatches all my life and now have a competent staff to do it for me.' C. Gladwyn 212-17. 59. Chamberlain to Ida Chamberlain, 6Jan. 1935. NC 18/1/900. The Times, 26 Jan. 1935, 13. 60. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 365 n. I. 61. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 371; Campbell to Sargent, 22Jan. 1935. FO 800/274. 62. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 371. 63. Herriot, 496. 64. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 371. 65. See Warner, 80. 66. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 371. 67. Ibid., and n. 9. 68. Cf. the resolution on air forces and the manufacture of, and trade in arms, presented to the General Commission of the Disarmament Conference. DBFP, 2, VI, No. 445. British public opinion had become more favourable to international organisation in air matters since 1932 when the Great Powers had rejected a proposal to establish an international air force. See Massigli, Note, 'Garanties de Securite', 28 Jan. 1935. Massigli papers, 217/5. Baldwin mentioned an air convention on 8 March 1934. Middlemas and Barnes, 794. See generally, Watt, 'Restraints on War in the Air Before 1945', in Howard (3), 57-78. 69. Hankey diary, 10 Feb. 1935. Roskill (I), III, 156. 70. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 365. A further paragraph liberated Austria, Hungary and Bulgaria from the restrictions on their armaments in return for a new military and security convention. 71. Simon's views changed with events and experiences between January and April 1935. See his diary entries quoted in Pratt, 19-20. 72. DBFP, 2, XII, Nos. 365 n. I; 369. 73. DBFP, 2, XII, Nos. 368; 369. 74. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 368. 75. DBFP, 2, XII, Nos. 357; 367; 373. Drummond to Simon, 19 Jan.; Foreign Office Memorandum, 21 Jan. 1935. FO 371/18823, C582, 584/55/18. 76. The Times, 28; 31 Jan. 1935, 12; 14. 77. [Massigli], Note for Laval: 'Negociation de Londres', 23Jan. 1935. Massigli papers, 217/5. 78. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 381. 79. Ass. N. Chambre. Comm. des Aff. Etr., 15e Legis!., 25Jan. 1935, Do. 53,28-9. 80. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 374; Roland de Margerie, the First Secretary of the French Embassy in London, later commented: 'The instructions sent to the Ambassador of England seem to have been as badly inspired as his method of presenting them was maladroit. They presented a rather negative character, when in fact the Notes and References to pp. 100-6 263
British Government wanted the interview to produce concrete results and one could take from it the impression that the instructions aimed to make a voyage of pure form of the French Ministers' trip.' [Margerie], 7 Feb. 1935. See also Noel (1), 47. 81. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 375. 82. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 380. 83. Ibid. 84. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 380 n. 4. For the division of opinion on the merits of the Eastern Pact see Creswell, hostile minute, 5 Feb.; Sargent, hostile, 6 Feb.; Collier [Head of the Northern Dept., responsible for the USSR], favourable, 6 Feb.; Vansittart, favourable, 7 Feb. 1935. FO 371/18824, C869/55/18. 85. Vansittart, minute, 28jan. 1935. FO 371/18825, C962/55/18. 86. DBFP, 2, XII, Nos. 390; 393. Clerk was only able to mention the subject at a party at the Elysee Palace, where there were 2,000-3,000 guests. 87. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 378. 88. Vansittart, minute, 28Jan. 1935. FO 371/18825, C962/55/18. 89. Corbin, Note, 26Jan. 1935. Massigli papers, 217/5. 90. [Massigli], Note: 'Amelioration possible du Pacte rhenan', 26 Jan. 1935. Massigli papers, 217/5. 91. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 376. 92. Wigram, minute, 29Jan. 1935. FO 371/18824, C705/55/18. 93. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 378. 94. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 382. 95. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 384; Herriot, 496; Poliakoffto Phipps, 4 Feb. 1935. PHPP 3/4. 96. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 389. To Simon's horror, the essence of the agreement appeared in The Times on 31 January 1935. Poliakoff to Phipps, 4 Feb. 1935, PHPP 3/4. 97. [Massigli], 'Observations sur le Projet de Communique remis le 26 Janvier par I'Ambassadeur d'Angleterre', 28 Jan. 1935. Massigli papers, 217/5. The document, like almost all the memoranda in Massigli's files, is unsigned. There is no indication of recipient. 98. Ibid. 99. Clerk to Simon, 18Jan. 1935. FO 371/18823, C593/55/18. 100. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 359 n. 4;J. I. Straus (Ambassador, Paris) to Hull, T. 89; Atherton (Minister, London), to Hull, No. 50, both of 2 Feb. 1935. Roosevelt papers, PSF-87. 101. The Times, 31 Jan. 1935, 13 and 15. On 27 Jan. von Neurath had cabled his embassies in Rome and Paris: 'We consider that we must now regard our equality of rights as something which has finally been won and which we ourselves no longer wish to discuss.' DGFP, C, III, No. 460 (ADAP, C, III, 2, No. 460). 102. DGFP, C, III, No. 469 (ADAP, C, III, 2, No. 469). 103. CP 19(35), 'Material for Impending Discussions with French Ministers', 24 Jan. 1935. Cab. 24/253. 104. See Adamthwaite, chs. 7, 8. 105. [Margerie], 7 Feb. 1935. Poliakoffto Phipps, 4 Feb. 1935. PHPP 3/4. They made no effort either to hide the fact they were not friends. DBFP, 2, XV, No. 43 n. 4. 106. Ibid. See also Roskill (I), III, !57; Hankey, Memorandum of a conversation with Vansittart, 16 Feb. 1935, Cab. 63/50. 264 Notes and References to pp. 106-13
107. Poliakoffto Phipps, 4 Feb. 1935. PHPP 3/4. Another assistant diplomat was Gordon-Lennox of the Daily Telegraph. [Margerie], 7 Feb. 1935. 108. Poliakoffto Phipps, 4 Feb. 1935. PHPP 3/4. 109. MacDonald diary, I Feb. 1935. 110. Noel (I), 49. Ill. In Roskill (1), III, 159. 112. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 397, p. 459. Margerie interpreted for Laval and Noel; Wigram performed the same task for MacDonald and Baldwin. Glasgow, 277. 113. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 397, pp. 459-60. The French record is less ambiguously worded than the British, and mentions 'simultaneous negotiations'. Record of Conversations. Massigli papers, 217I 5. 114. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 397, p. 460. 115. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 311. 116. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 397, p. 460. 117.1bid.,p.461. 118. In the French record only. Massigli papers, 217/5. 119. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 397, p. 461. 120. Ibid. 12l.lbid.,p.462. 122. Ibid. 123. Ibid. 124. Ibid., pp. 462-3. 125. [Margerie], 7 Feb. 1935. They are printed in DBFP, 2, XII, No. 397, Annexes II; III; copies are in the Massigli papers, 217/5. 126. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 397, p. 463. 127. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 388 n. I. Hankey said it was Vansittart's memorandum. Roskill (1), III, 160. 128. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 388. 129. DBFP, 2, XII, annex to No. 388. 130. Ibid. 131. Roskill (1), III, 157; AF(B)(35) 1st mtg., I Feb. 1935. FO 371/18825, C972/ 55/ 18. 132. AF(B)(35) 1st mtg., I Feb. 1935. FO 371/18825, C972/55/18. 133. Ibid. 134. Ibid. 135. Ibid. 136. After the accolade bestowed on Lazare Carnot who organised the armies of Revolutionary France. S. S. Wilson, 66. See also 67--8. 137. Vansittart (2), 164. See also Pownall diary, 60. 138. Simon. Roskill (1), III, 161. 139. Roskill (1), III, 156; Hankey's memorandum of a conversation with Vansittart, 16 Feb. 1935. Cab. 63/50. 140. AF(B)(35) 1st mtg., I Feb. 1935. FO 371/18825, C972/55/18. 141. Ibid. 142. Ibid. 143. See e.g. Pownall diary, 62; Roskill (1), III, 164. 144. See Roskill (1), III, chs. 14; 15. 145. AF(B)(35) 1st mtg., 1 Feb. 1935. FO 371/18825, C972/55/18. 146. Roskill (1), Ill, 157. 147. AF(B)(35) 1st mtg., I Feb. 1935. FO 371/18825, C972/55/18. Notes and References to pp. 113-22 265
148. Ibid. 149. Ibid. 150. Ibid. 151. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 398, pp. 469--70. 152. I Feb. 1935. French record. Massigli papers, 217/5. 153. [Margerie], 7 Feb. 1935. 154. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 398, p. 471. 155. I Feb. 1935. French record. Massigli papers, 217/5. The French account of this session is fuller than the British. 156. [Margerie], 7 Feb. 1935. 157. Ibid. 158. Ibid., is the only source of the tea break and of the material in this paragraph. 159. Ibid. 160. Poliakoffto Phipps, 4 Feb. 1935. PHPP 3/4. 161. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 398, p. 471. 162. Roskill (1), III, 157. 163. DBFP, 2, XII, Annex I to No. 398. 164. Afternoon. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 398, pp. 471-2. 165. [Margerie], 7 Feb. 1935. 166. DBFP, 2, XII. No. 398, p. 472. The French record has MacDonald saying: 'The head of the English Government is neither Mussolini nor Hitler.' Massigli papers, 217/5. 167. [Margerie], 7 Feb. 1935; MacDonald diary, I Feb. 1935; Gilbert (I), 599. 168. MacDonald diary, I Feb. 1935. 169. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 398, pp. 472-3. 170. [Margerie], 7 Feb. 1935. Baldwin claimed that the menu for lunch provided the key to the final agreement. He may have said so for the benefit of his interlocutor, Thomas Jones. 'I gave him [Laval] good English food', said S.B., 'and plenty of it. I didn't attempt to compete with French cooking. We had salmon trout, mixed grill, very mixed, Kentucky ham which tasted like crystallised nectar, plum pudding and brandy sauce. But for that luncheon we should never have got the important Declaration of February 3.' Jones, !53. 171. The Cabinet did not 'even' ask Hankey. Roskill (I), III, 158. I 72. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 399. 173. CC 7(35) (special), 2 Feb. 1935. Cab. 23/81, 106--8. 174. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 400, pp. 478-9. 175. The communique is printed in DBFP, 2, XII, No. 400 annex, pp. 482-4; DIA, 1935, I, 25-7. A final review of the communique took place on Sunday, 3 Feb. 1935. The Prime Ministers did not attend. I 76. Glasgow, 279.
CHAPTER 4: PAS ENCORE SERIEUX: FROM LONDON TO STRESA
1. Herriot, 498. 2. DIA, I 935, I, 27-30. 3. MacDonald diary, 2 Feb. 1935. 266 Notes and References to pp. 122--8
4. COS 364 [CID 1161-B] Memorandum on the French proposal for a treaty of mutual guarantee against air attack, 8 Feb. 1935. Cab. 53/24, 148. 5. CID 1162-B Hankey, memorandum, 14 Feb. 1935. Cab. 4/23. For further details of Hankey's energetic opposition see Nevile Butler, memorandum, 3 Feb. FO 800/423; MacDonald diary, 18 Feb. 1935 (where, contrary to Hankey's belief, MacDonald disagreed with Hankey's analysis and conclusion); Roskill (1), III, 156-64; Schmidt, 195-208. 6. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 483, paras. 10 and 6; Roskill (I), III, 162. 7. Pownall diary, 63; CID, 268th mtg., 25 Feb. 1935. Cab. 2/6, 177. 8. MacDonald diary, 9 Feb. 1935. 9. DIA, 1935, I, 31-4; Flandin broadcast, Le Temps, 6 Feb. 1935; Laval's appearance before the Chamber's Foreign Affairs Committee, 13 Feb. 1935. Ass. N., 15e Legis!., Commiss. des Aff. Etr., Do. 54, 6. See also Herriot, 498. 10. DBFP, 2, XII, Nos. 409; 413; 415; 417; 419; 423; 426; 429. 11. Sargent, minute, 4 Feb. 1935. FO 371/18824, C895/55/18. 12. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 448; Werth, 128. 13. [Massigli], Note pour le Ministre: 'Au sujet de Ia convention aerienne pour !'Europe occidentale', 6 Feb. 1935. Massigli papers, 217/5. In a private conversation, 21 June 1979, Massigli told me that his memoranda for the minister passed through Leger's office and that he frequently did not know if the minister saw them. 14. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 442. 15. Vansittart, minute, 13 Feb.; Wigram, minute, 13 Feb. 1935. FO 371/18826, Cll80/55/18 (DBFP, 2, XII, No. 442 n. 2). 16. ADAP, C, III, 2, No. 489; DBFP, 2, XII, No. 423. 17. DBFP, 2, XII, Nos. 408; 412. No German record has been found and the French account, if it exists, has not yet been published Ouly 1982). ADAP, C, III, 2, No. 479 n. 3. 18. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 437. 19. DBFP, 2, XII, Nos. 446; 447; ADAP, C, III, 2, No. 490; DIA, 1935, I, 35-6. In a conversation with Hitler on 29 Jan. 1935, Lord Lothian had raised the question of Simon's visiting Berlin. ADAP, C, III, 2, No. 468. 20. Vansittart, minute, 15 Feb.; minutes by Wigram and Sargent, 15 Feb. 1935. FO 371/18826, Cl216/55/18; DBFP, 2, XII, No. 441. 21. Vansittart, minutes, 12; 14; [20] Feb. 1935. FO 371/18829, Cl918/55/18; 371/18826, Cl356/55/18; DBFP, 2, XII, No. 441 n. 2. 22. Vansittart, minute, 12 Feb. 1935. FO 371/18829, Cl918/55/18. 23. DBFP, 2, XII, Nos. 450; 451; 461. 24. Others thought this way: e.g.,Joseph Avenal, Secretary General of the League of Nations, DBFP, 2, XII, No. 449; Wrench to The Times. The Times, 22 Feb. 1935, 15. 25. See Londonderry to Churchill, 4 May 1935. Gilbert (I), 731-2. 26. DC(M)(32)60th mtg., 19 Feb. 1935. Cab. 27/508, 116-17. 27. DIA, 1935, I, 36; DBFP, 2, XII, No. 477; Scott, 224. 28. DBFP, 2, XII, Nos. 456,461,480,480 n. 1. The last sentence of the London Declaration provided for further Anglo-French consultations. 29. DBFP, 2, XII, Nos. 271; 486. 30. Vansittart, minute, 14 Feb. 1935. FO 371/18829, Cl918/55/18. 31. See Lothian's articles in The Times, 31 Jan. and 1 Feb. 1935; ADAP, C, III, 2, No. 469; Butler, App. Ill(a), 330--7; Conwell-Evans, 37. Notes and Riferences to pp, 128-32 267
32. Vansittart, minute, n.d. FO 371/18824, C785/55/18. Vansittart to Chilston (Ambassador, Moscow), 21 Feb. 1935. FO 371/18826, Cl339/55/18. 33. MacDonald diary, 3 March 1935. 34. DC(M)(32)46th cons., 17 May 1934. Cab. 27/507, 170; Middlemas and Barnes, 768. 35. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 490 n. 2. 36. Vansittart, memorandum of conversation with Dina Grandi (Italian Am• bassador, London), 27 Feb. 1935. FO 371/18828, Cl632/55/18. 37. Vansittart, minute, n.d. [9 Mar. 1935?]. FO 371/18832, C2518/55/18. 38. Sargent, minute, 28 Feb. 1935. FO 371/18827, Ci558/55/18; DBFP, 2, XII, No. 484; Laurence Collier (Head of the Northern Dept.), Ralph Wigram (Head of the Central Dept.) and Charles Orde (Head of the Far Eastern Dept.), 'The Present International Position of the Soviet Union', 12 Feb.; Collier to Sargent, 20 Feb.; Sargent to Vansittart, 20 Feb. 1935, with Vansittart's marginalia. FO 371/19460, N880, N927/135/38. Sargent minute, 19 Feb. 1935. FO 371/18827, Cl406/55/18; DBFP, 2, XII, No. 513; Niedhart, 326-9; Kaiser, 124. 39. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 468. 40. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 501; Creswell, Wigram and Sargent, minutes, 22 Feb.; Peterson, minute, 25 Feb. 1935. FO 371/18827, Cl463/55/18. 41. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 509. 42. ADAP, C, III, 2, No. 502; Clerk to Simon, 21 Feb. 1935. FO 371/18827, Cl435/55/18. 43. DGFP, C, III, No. 440. 44. DBFP, 2, XII, Nos. 482; 509; 449. See also Kaiser, 124. 45. Vansittart agreed. Minutes by Collier and Vansittart [28 Feb. 1935?]. FO 371/18827, c 1558/55/18. 46. Hankey to Phipps, 8 Mar. 1935. PHPP 3/3. 47. Peterson, minute, 25 Feb. 1935. FO 371/18827, C1463/55/18; DBFP, XII, No. 515. 48. Foreign Office, 'memorandum on matters for discussion during the Secretary of State's visit to Paris on February 28th, 1935'. FO 371/18827, Cl609/55/18. Memoranda for the Minister among Massig1i's papers, 217/2, all dated 27 Feb. 1935: 'Assouplissement du projet de Pacte de !'est'; 'Controle de Ia fabrication des armes'; 'Procedure des negociations avec I' Allemagne'; 'Conversations avec Sir John Simon- Questions relatives a Ia limitation des armements'. 49. FO memorandum, 28 Feb. 1935. FO 371/18827, Cl690/55/18; DBFP, 2, XII, No. 517. 50. Sous-Direction de Ia Societe des Nations [of which Massigli was the head], 'Note pour le Ministre: Convention generale sur les armements', 21 Feb. 1935. Massigli papers, 217/5; DBFP, 2, XII, No. 517; Leger, memorandum handed to Sir George Clark, 28 Feb. Clerk to Simon, 3 Mar. 1935. FO 371/18828, Ci762/55/18. 51. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 520. 52. Vansittart (2), 508. 53. Roskill (1), III, 149; CC 9(35)8; 11(35)1, 13; 25 Feb. 1935. Cab. 23/81, 136; !59; Hankey to MacDonald, 14 Jan. 1935. PREM 1/175; Hankey to Phipps, 8 Mar. 1935. PHPP 3/3; MacDonald diary, 5 Mar. 1935. 54. Cmd. 4827. Statement Relating to Defence, I March 1935 (published 4 Mar.). DIA, 1935, I, 38-47. Roskill (1), III, 148-50; Gibbs, 171-2; Shay, 48-50. 268 Notes and References to pp. 133-9
55. DBFP, 2, XII, Nos. 538; 554; 536; 562 n. 2; Wigram, memorandum, 7 Mar. 1935. FO 371/18832, C2517/55/18; Weinberg, 205. 56. CC 13(35)2,6Mar.; 14(35)2, 13Mar.l935.Cab.23/81, 184-5; 199;DBFP,2, XII, Nos. 533; 549; 557; MacDonald diary, 3; 7; 9 Mar. 1935; Chamberlain diary, 8; II Mar. 1935; Chamberlain to Ida Chamberlain, 16 Mar. 1935. NC 18/1/909. 57. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 536. 58. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 543. 59. Petain, 'La securite de Ia France au cours des annees creuses', La revue des deux mondes, XXVI (I Mar. 1935), I-XX; Flandin, statement to the Chamber of Deputies, 15 Mar. 1935. DIA, 1935, I, 5&-8; Gamelin, II, 148-59; Challener, 225-9. 60. Reynaud, La France, I, 308-34; Mysyrowicz, 258-69; Robert Young, 'La Guerre de Longue Duree: Some Reflections on French Strategy and Diplomacy in the 1930s', in Preson, 46. 61. The French wanted to protest, the British hesitated. The announcement of conscription overtook them both. DBFP, 2, XII, Nos. 566; 562. Vansittart, memorandum, 15 Mar. 1935. FO 371/18830, C2181/55/18. 62. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 585; Wigram, memorandum, 18 Mar. 1935. FO 371/18832, C2539/55/18; Weinberg, 205. 63. DBFP, 2, XII, Nos. 571-3. 64. Craigie, minute, 19 Mar. 1935. FO 371/18732, A2878/22/45. 65. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 588. 66. Corbin to Simon, 17 Mar. 1935. FO 371/18830, C2171/55/18; DBFP, 2, XII, No. 581. 67. MacDonald diary, 15 and 17 Mar. 1935; Marquand, 771. 68. MacDonald diary, 19 Mar. 1935. 69. Ibid., 17 and 18 Mar.; Chamberlain diary, 18 Mar.; CC 15(35), 18 Mar. 1935. Cab. 23/81, 219--25; DIA, 1935, I, 64-6. 70. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 599 and n. I; 299 HC Deb. 5s., 827. 71. DBFP, 2, XII, Nos. 593; 600; 60 I. 72. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 594. 73. MacDonald diary, 19 Mar. 1935. 74. Chamberlain to Hilda Chamberlain, 18 Mar. 1935. NC 18/1/910. 75. DBFP, 2, XII, Nos. 587; 590; 607. 76. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 608. 77. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 588. 78. MacDonald diary, 19 Mar. 1935. 79. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 641; Herriot, 517-18; Warner, 79; Scott, 235. 80. DBFP, 2, XII, Nos. 604; 610; The Times, 16 Mar. 1935, II. 81. Aloisi, 259. Et passim. 82. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 619. 83. MacDonald diary, 23 Mar. 1935. 84. Chamberlain diary, 7 Feb. 1935. The 'Big Six' were: MacDonald (National Labour), Baldwin (Nat. Conservative), Chamberlain (Nat. Cons.), Simon (Nat. Liberal) and Thomas (Nat. Lab.). See Middlemas and Barnes, 808-11; Cowling, 5&-8; Campbell; james (3), 4&-7, 113-15, etpassim. 85. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 604 n. 6. 86. Chamberlain diary, 21 Mar.; Chamberlain to Hilda Chamberlain, 23 Mar. 1935. NC 18/1/910 [sic]. 87. DBFP, 2, XII, Nos. 609; 621; 634; 642; 644; 645. The French record of the Notes and Riferences to pp. 139-44 269 meetings, 23 Mar. 1935, is in Massigli's papers, 217 I 5. The French position was stated in a note of 22 Mar. 1935, 'not to be regarded as a Diplomatic Document' enclosed in Harvey to Wigram, 23 Mar. 1935. FO 371/18832, C2483/55/18. (Partly in DBFP, 2, XII, pp. 831-4.) 88. CC 16(35), 20 Mar. 1935. Hankey's notes of discussion prepared for Simon and shown only to Simon and MacDonald. Cab. 23/81, 239-4 7. Chamberlain diary, 2 Apr. 1935. ADAP, C, III, 2, No. 552. 89. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 651, p. 714; ADAP, C, III, 2, No. 555, p. 1030. 90. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 651, pp. 733 and 739. 91. Hillgruber, 'England's Place in Hitler's Plans for World Domination',]. rif Contemporary History, 9, I (1974), 9; 12-13. 92. Foreign Office memorandum on Simon's visit to Berlin, 22 Mar. 1935, revised in light of the Cabinet meeting, 20 Mar. 1935. FO 371/18831, C2413/55/18. 93. DBFP, 2, XII, Nos. 114; 114 n. 5. 94. Craigie, minutes, 7 Mar., 13 Feb. 1935. FO 371/188732, A2343, 1713/22/45. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 564 n. 20, and XIII, No. 114 n. 2. See also Bright, 264-6. 95. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 651, p. 731. 96. Ibid., p. 732. 97. DBFP, 2, XIII, No. 118. 98. MacDonald diary, 27 and 28 Mar., 2 and 4 Apr. 1935. Chamberlain diary, 2 Apr. 1935. See also Vansittart (2), 507; 512. 99. Vansittart, minute, I Apr. 1935. FO 371/18732, A3190/22/45. 100. Chamberlain to Ida Chamberlain, 30 Mar. 1935. NC 18/1/911. 101. Sir Bolton Eyres Monsell (First Lord of the Admiralty) to Simon, 2 Apr. 1935. FO 371/18732, A3324/22/45; DBFP, 2, XII, Nos. 682; 686. 102. The Times, 4 Apr. 1935, 15. 103. MO (35)2 Hankey to Simon, 6 Apr. 1935 (not sent because Hankey spoke to Simon). Cab. 63/50. 104. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 701; CC 21(35)2, 8Apr. 1935. Cab. 23/81, 306; Avon (I), 19~200. 105. MacDonald diary, 20 and 30 Mar. and 2 Apr. 1935; Marquand, 772. 106. Chamberlain diary, 2; 8 Apr. 1935. I 07. CC 20(35) I, 8 Apr. 1935. Cab. 23/81, 289. On other preparatory meetings see Chamberlain diary, 2; 5 Apr. 1935; MacDonald diary, 5 Apr. 1935. 108. CP 79(35). Simon 'Stresa', 5 Apr. 1935. Cab. 24/254, 347; DBFP, 2, XII, No. 696, p. 321. 109. CC 20(35)1, 8 Apr. 1935. Cab. 23/81, 197. 110. Ibid., 300; DBFP, 2, XII, No. 734. Ill. 'Note by the General Staff on CP 79(35 )', 6 Apr. 1935. WO 190/317. See also Maj. P. C. Whitefoord, Ml3, notes on CP 79(35), 5 Apr. 1935. WO 190/318. 112. Eden was the first British minister to meet Stalin. 113. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 669 and n. 4. On 19 Dec. 1934, Paraguay rejected League proposals for settling the Chaco dispute with Bolivia and on 24 Feb. 1935 announced its intention to withdraw from the League. 114. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 656; MacDonald diary, 7 Apr. 1935. 115. CC 20(35) I, 8 Apr. 1935. Cab. 23/81, 298; DBFP, 2, XII, No. 70 I. 116. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 691. II 7. Pietri to E. L. Spears, 4 Apr. 1935. SPRS 1846. 118. DBFP, 2, XII, Nos. 663; 664; 674. Unsigned, untitled paper, 5 Apr. 1935. 270 Notes and Riferences to pp. 145-50
Massigli papers, 217/2. Scott, 235; 'The Struggle of the U.S.S.R. for Collective Security during 1935', International Affairs (Moscow, Oct. 1963), 112-13. 119. DBFP, 2, XII, Nos. 678; 678 ns. 3-5; 679. 120. MacDonald diary, 2; 3; 5; 7; 8 Apr. 1935; Marquand, 772-3; CC 20; 21 (35 ), 8 Apr. 1935. Cab. 23/81, 295-306; Chamberlain to Hilda Chamberlain, 6 Apr. 1935. NC 18/1/912. 121. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 722, p. 877. 122. MacDonald diary, 'J.R.M.' notebook. 123. Vansittart to Clerk, 18 Nov. 1935. FO 371/18811, C7837/6562. (The punctuation is slightly changed in the printed version. DBFP, 2, XV, No. 229.) 124. MacDonald diary, 11 Apr. 1934. 'J.R.M.' notebook. 125. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 722, pp. 862-3. 126. Ibid., p. 863. 127. Ibid., p. 876. See generally, Hinsley. 128. 26 Feb. 1885. 94 HL Deb., 3s., 1317. 129. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 722, p. 863. 130. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 723. 131. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 722, pp. 878--9. 132. MacDonald diary, 'J.R.M.' notebook. 133. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 588; Wormser, 182-3. Wormser was Mandel's chef de cabinet and had been Clemenceau's. 134. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 722, p. 875. 135. Ibid., pp. 876-7. 136. DIA, 1935, I, 98--9. 137. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 722, p. 880. 138. FRUS, 1935, I, 255. 139. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 722, p. 885. Phipps to Simon 12 Apr. 1935. Cmd. 5143 (1936), No. 12. 140. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 722, p. 886. See also FRUS, 1935, I, 255. 141. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 722, p. 888. 142. Ibid., pp. 888--90; 901-4; DIA, 1935, I, 81. The communique stated that the three governments would actively pursue the air pact as envisaged on 3 Feb. and such bilateral agreements as might be necessary to implement it. 143. Under the Treaty of Versailles, Germany surrendered control ofMemel and its hinterland, which Lithuania seized from Allied control in 1923. Partly because of National Socialist agitation and partly because of its national policy to enforce the integration of Memellanders into Lithuania, the Lithuanian government infringed on the rights of Germans in Memel. In 1935 and 1936, Simon and his successors pressed Lithuania to observe the Statute of 1924, which established a limited autonomy for Memel, and tried to promote better German-Lithuanian relations. An 'uneasy truce' was established in 1936, almost certainly the product of Germany's growing power. See Weinberg, 82-5; 300-2; Toynbee (2), I, 246-65. 144. CC 20(35)1, 8 Apr. 1935. Cab. 23/81, 304. 145. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 722, p. 912. 146. Ibid., p. 881. 147. Ibid., pp. 891-2. 148. MacDonald diary, 12 Apr. 1935. 'J.R.M.' notebook. 149. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 229. 150. DBFP, 2, XIV, Nos. 230-3, 232 n. 4; G. Thompson, 97-8; Massig1i, note for Notes and References to pp. 150-3 271
Leger: 'Developpements eventuels du conflit italo-ethiopien', 26 Apr. 1935. Massigli papers, 217/ I. 151. Noel (I), 85. Noel was Secretary-General of the French Prime Minister's Office and acted as French Secretary at Stresa. 152. Mussolini appears to have invented the famous story ofhis emphasising the words the peace of Europe in the Stresa communique. The story apparently started circulating almost immediately. A full version is in a letter from Alberto Pirelli (Vice-President of the Pirelli Rubber Co. and an economic expert) to Arthur Salter, n.d., in Guariglia, 782. The British records and Salter's own little memoir do not confirm the story. Cf. Salter, 236-7. Versions of the Pirelli story appear in important memoirs: e.g., Churchill (1948), 133; Vansittart (2), (1958), 520; Flandin, (1947), 178. As the dates of publication reveal, enough time had passed since the conference for the authors to have confused what happened at Stresa with what Mussolini said happened; and Churchill was not there. . Among journalists and historians who have repeated the story are Barros, 67-8; Baer (I), 122; 123-9; Colvin, 61; E. Robertson (I), 131, is more accurate, though nis conclusions seem to me to be wrong. See also De Felice, 660-1. The editors ofDBFP dealt with the subject well. XII, No. 722 n. 43; XIV, No. '230 n. 5; Noel (I), ch. V, also disputes the traditional account. 152. Simon and Vansittart wrote that the decision was made at Stresa. MacDonald told the Cabinet Simon did it at Geneva. Aloisi implied that Laval decided to present the resolution as an Anglo-Franco-Italian motion after conferring with Simon on 16 Apr. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 734; Vansittart to Phipps, 26 Apr. PHPP 2/17; CC 24(35)1, 17 Apr. 1935. Cab. 23/81, 329; Aloisi, 267. 154. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 722, p. 891. See the quotations from Simon's papers in Pratt, 20. Pratt apparently misdates Simon's notes. 20 n. 40. In a wise anderstatement, Prentiss Gilbert (American Consul, Geneva) called the front \"elative solidarity'. FRUS, 1935, I, 255. 155. FRUS, 1935, I, 254-8. 156. Ibid. Also, Nixon, II, 486-8. 157. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 728.
CHAPTER 5: THE FRANCO-SOVIET ALLIANCE AND THE ANGLO-GERMAN NAVAL AGREEMENT
I. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 722, p. 881. 2. Phipps to Simon at Stresa, 12 Apr. 1935. Cmd. 5143 (1936), No. 12; DIA, 1935, [, 82-4. 3. Ass. N., Chambre, Commiss., des Aff. Etr., 19June 1935. 15e Legis!., Do. 54, 9; rlandin, 170; DBFP, 2, XIII, No. 146. 4. 'The Struggle of the U.S.S.R.', International Affairs (Moscow, Oct. 1963), 116. This account never mentions Stalin, Litvinov or Potemkin, the Soviet Am• bassador in Paris. 5. Pertinax, 244-5; Cameron, 'Alexis Saint-Leger Leger', in Craig and Gilbert, 384-6; Scott, 245--6. 6. DBFP, 2, XIII, Nos. 120; 122; 139; 145; 151; 159. 7. 'The Struggle of the U.S.S.R.', International Affairs (Moscow, Oct. 1963), 118. 272 Notes and Riferences to pp. 154-8
8. Ulam, 22S. 9. Herriot, S30-4; Henri Torres, Report to the Chamber of Deputies, session of I 0 Dec. 193S. Journal officiel, Documents parlementaires, Chambre, l5e Legis!., Annexe No. 2792. For texts and analyses: DIA, 193S, I, 116-19; Scott, 246-9; 272-S; Duroselle, 13~2. 10. Dubief, IS; Sherwood, 194. II. Herriot, S30; Pietri to Spears, 4 Apr. 1935. SPRS 1846; DBFP, 2, XII, No. 663; Young, 93-4. 12. DBFP, 2, XIII, Nos. 199; 201; 206; 207; Warner, 81-2. 13. Sargent, minute, 24 Apr. 19SS. FO 371/18837, C3328/SS/18; DBFP, 2, XIII, Nos. 13S ns. 1-3; 149 n. 3. 14. MacDonald diary, 24 Apr. 193S; DBFP, 2, XIII, Nos. 129; ISO. IS. DBFP, 2, XIII, No. 149 n. 3. 16. DBFP, 2, XIII, Nos. 122; 135; 301 HC Deb. Ss., 681-2. 17. CC 31(3S)l, 29 May 193S. Cab. 23/81, 438; ADAP, C, IV, I, No. 107. 18. See, e.g., Malkin, minute, 4 May. FO 371/18838, C3613/SS/18; DBFP, 2, XIII, No. 303. 19. The negotiations ending in British, Belgian and I tal ian agreement on the text of the French memorandum may be followed in DBFP, 2, XIII, Nos. 264; 29S; 299; 300; 301; 310; 316; 341; 349; 381; 382; 391; 39S; 397. 20. The metaphor is from a minute by Gallop, 12 Apr. 1935. DBFP, 2, XI II, No. 197 n. 2. Presumably the French corps would have the political job of mediating good working relations between I_talians and Yugoslavs. XVI, No. 18. Gamelin, II, 162-S;.Noel (I), ch. VI; Paul-Emile Tournoux (2), 238-40; Le Goyet, 103-4. 21. Compte-rendu of a conversation between Gen. Schweisguth, Deputy Chief of Staff of the Army, and King Carol of Rumania, I 0 Oct. 193S. Schweisguth papers, AN 3S I AP 2, Do. 6; Young, 103; Renouvin, 'Les relations Franco-Anglaises: 'Esquisse provisoire', in Renouvin, 22-3. 22. Gamelin, II, 16S; Flandin, 172-3. Le Goyet, 104; Noel (I), 96, dispute Gamelin's claim to have said on 6 Apr. that he would have refused command if he had not believed the French army to be capable of offensives. Gamelin perhaps meant a final, victorious offensive. See Young in Preston, 46. On 7 May 193S, Leger reported to the General Staff on Stresa and Franco-Italian relations. Schweisguth Rapport, 7 May 193S. Schweisguth papers. AN 3Sl AP 2, Do. 4. 23. Massigli, note for Leger: 'Developpements eventuels du conflit italo• ethiopien', 26 Apr. 193S. Massigli papers, 217/1; FRUS, 193S, I, espec. 2S4. Walters, II, 609--14; DBFP, 2, XII, Nos. 732; 734; XIII, No. 121. 24. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 235; Aloisi, 266. 2S. DBFP, 2, XIV, Nos. 143; 241; 244. 26. Baer (1), 13-'r-9; Aloisi, 269--70. 27. Massigli, note for Leger: 'Developpements eventuels du conflit italo• ethiopien', 26 Apr. 193S. Massigli papers, 217/1. I am indebted toM. Degros, formerly Conservateur en Chef of the French Foreign Ministry Archives, for assistance in identifying Massigli as the author. 28. Jeanneney (I), 51-'r-39; Laurens, ch. III; Cameron, ch. VII; Weber, 287-8. 29. On Leger and Italy, see Vansittart (2), 515; Noel (1), 19; Duroselle, 73. Cameron suggested that Leger's reputation for hostility to Italy was unfounded. Craig and Gilbert, 384. 30. CP 98(35), II May 1935. Cab. 24/255. (DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 253.) 31. Massigli, note for Leger, 7 May 1935. Massigli papers, 217/1. Notes and References to pp. 158-62 273
32. DBFP, 2, XIV, Nos. 250; 251; 253. 33. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 255. While Laval was away, Pilsudski died. Laval attended the funeral and met Goring, with whom he discussed Franco-German relations. The two men 'got on extremely well', Laval thought. ADAP, C, IV, I, No. 129. 34. Baer (I), 142-3; DBFP, 2, XIV, Nos. 263; 264. 35. DBFP, 2, XIV, Nos. 256; 266; 267. 36. DBFP, 2, XIII, Nos. 197; 200; Young, 90--1; Flandin, 173. 37. DBFP, 2, XIII, No. 194. 38. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 276 and n. 2. 39. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 281. 40. Had he seen Mussolini earlier, Drummond wrote, he would not have been so optimistic in his presentation to the Cabinet on 17 Apr. (CC 28(35) Appendix II, 17 Apr. 1935. Cab. 23/81, 415-16). DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 281 n. 10. See also Eden to Simon (from Geneva), 21 May 1935. FO 800/290, 271-4. 41. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 281; Eden to Simon 21 May 1935. FO 800/290, 271-4. 42. DBFP, 2, XIV, Nos. 277; 278; 280; 283; 287-9; 292. Aloisi, 271-5; Avon(!), 230--40; Baer (I), 149--69; Hardie, 88-9; DIA, 1935, II, 25-6. 43. Aloisi, 276-7; Avenol to Massigli, 10 May 1935, on the need to give Mussolini 'une ichappatoire'. Massigli papers, 217/ I. Baer (I), 153ff. Eden expressed cautious optimism in the Commons on 27 May but pessimism to Drummond. 302 HC Deb., 5s., 766; Avon (I), 239. Laval had hardly been in Paris since leaving for Moscow on 9 May. He rushed back to participate in manceuvring connected with the political crisis then reaching a climax. See Herriot, 542ff. 44. Baer (!), 163; DIA, 1935, I, 176 (Mussolini's speech in the Chamber of Deputies, 25 May 1935); DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 290. 45. Simon to Phipps, 5 Apr. 1935. FO 800/290, 194-5. 46. MacDonald diary, I May 1935. 47. 2 May 1935. 301 HC Deb. 5s., 570. 48. CC 24(35) I, 17 Apr. 1935. Cab. 23/81, 329. 49. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 516 and n. 8. 50. DBFP, 2, XII, Nos. 516 n. 8; 704; 704 ns. 2 and 3; 712; Vansittart, minute, 9 Apr. 1935. FO 371/18800, C3080/55/18; Gilbert(!), 633; Rose, 144-5. At this time, German planning called for the production of I 7,015 aircraft (8,941 trainers) by April 1938, a target later modified to account for technical developments and modifications. See Overy, 779--80. 51. DBFP, 2, XII, No. 698; DC(M)(32)138. Ellington, British and German Aircraft Industries, Apr. 1935, para. 29. FO 371/18838, C3614/55/18; Overy, 791-2. 52. Col. T.G.G. Heywood (Military Attache, Paris) to Clerk, 9 Apr., in Clerk to Simon, 10 Apr. Heywood had spoken with Gen. Maurin, Minister of War, Pietri, Gens. Gamelin and Georges, and others. Vansittart, minute 9 Apr. 1935. FO 371/18800, C3080/227 I I 7. In Brussels, the Minister of Defence and the Chief of Staff expected a German invasion within a few weeks. The Belgian Minister in Berlin did not expect aggression for at least two to three years. The British Military Attache there noted that German troops had only had about five months training and lacked equipment. DBFP, 2, XIII, No. 170; Sir Esmond Ovey (Minister, Brussels) to Simon, 6 May 1935. FO 371/18839, C3704/55/18. 53. Applied to the condition of the German air industry, this estimate of German capabilities was correct. Hitler defied the odds. Overy, 792. 274 Notes and Riferences to pp. 163-9
54. CP 85(35) E. L. Ellington, 'German Expansion and its Effects on the Security of this Country', 15 Apr. 1935, paras. 5; 6; 20; 21; 23. Cab. 24/254; CP 100(35) (DC(M)(32)141) Ministerial Committee on Defence Requirements, Sub• Committee on Air Parity, Interim Report, 9 May 1935, paras. 6-9. Cab. 14/255. 55. Vansittart, minute, 9 Apr. 1935. FO 371/18800, C3080/227/17. 56. Under the ten-year rule, used from 1919 to 1932, the British government assumed that, from any given day, there would be no great war involving Britain for ten years. See Gibbs, chs. 1; n. 57. DBFP, 2, XIII, No. 127. MacDonald thought Vansittart's estimate ofFrench readiness in the air might be too high. (Marginalia on DC(M)(32)139. PRO 30/69/1/610.) Friedenson and Lecuir, 31-2. 58. Gibbs, 176-7; Metcalf, 23-32; Pownall diary, 71. 59. Col. Bernard Paget, MI3, memorandum for MOl (strategy, plans, opera• tions, League of Nations and other matters), 27 Apr. 1935. WO 90/324. 60. DC(M)(32)137 (COS 374) Chatfield, Dill (for the CIGS) and Ellington, 'The German Air Programme and its Bearing on British Air Strength', 29 Apr. 1935 (but prepared earlier. Cf. Paget, memorandum, 27 Apr. 1935. WO 90/324). Copy inFO 371/18838, C3522/55/18. 61. WO 190/324. MO (35)2 Hankey, memorandum on suggested line for the Stresa meeting, 3 Apr.; Hankey to Simon, 6 Apr. 1935 (not sent). DBFP, 2, XIII, Nos. 230; 275. 62. ADAP, C, IV, I, No. 96; Sargent, minute, 22 May 1935. FO 371/18840, C4004/55/18; Weinberg, 209. 63. MacDonald diary, 21 May 1935 'J. R. M.' notebook. 64. DBFP, 2, XIII, Nos. 220; 234. 65. Vansittart, minute, 23 May 1935. FO 371/18840, C4004/55/18; DBFP, 2, XIII, No. 234 n. 8. 66. Vansittart to Hankey (and Fisher), 22 May 1935. Cab. 21/540. Parts of this letter are quoted in Roskill (!),III, 168, and Rose, 146-7. Rose, 135-6, suggests that Vansittart's old friend was Group Captain Malcolm Grahame Christie, formerly Air Attache in Berlin. Christie regularly reported to Vansittart on Germany. Conwell-Evans, 37-9; 42. 67. Vansittart to Hankey (and Fisher), 23 May 1935. Cab. 21/540. 68. Norman Fenwick Warren Fisher ( 1879-1948) was Permanent Secretary of the Treasury and official Head of the Civil Service, 1919-39. On Fisher, see Watt (I), essay no. 5; Peden, Sir Warren Fisher and British Rearmament against Germany', EnglishHist.Rev., XCIV (1979), 29-47. 69. Fisher to Vansittart, 23 May 1935. Cab. 21/540; Chamberlain to Hilda Chamberlain, 26 May 1935. NC 18/1/919. 70. See, e.g. jones, 129. 71. Hankey to Vansittart, 24 May 1935. Cab. 21/540. 72. Vansittart to Hankey, 24 May 1935. Cab. 21/540; DBFP, 2, XIII, No. 293 n. 2. 73. DBFP, 2, XIII, No. 293 n. 2. Cf. Rose, 117-19; Watt (3), 169; Vansittart (2), 527; Haraszti, 113-14; Colvin, 64-6. 74. DBFP, 2, XIII, No. 230. 75. DBFP, 2, XIII, No. 282, Annex 2. 76. DBFP, 2, XIII, annex to No. 305; Gibbs, 166. 77. DBFP, 2, XIII, No. 281. 78. On 9 and 10 May 1935, E. L. Woodward published two articles in The Times on Notes and References to pp. 169-73 275 the Anglo-German naval rivalry before 1914. They were adapted from his book, Great Britain and the German Navy, which Oxford University Press published in the autumn of 1935. Similarly, Hoare spoke of the pre-1914 naval race when defending the Agreement. 304 HC Deb. 5s., 512. 79. DBFP, 2, XIII, No. 311, p. 375; Gibbs, 161; Middlemas and Barnes, 827. 80. DBFP, 2, XIII, Nos. 315; 325; 328; 336; 340; 343; 348 annex; 352. FRUS, 1935, I, 164-5. A violent transformation of the naval balance of power would allow the Germans to ask the British to reexamine the Agreement in the light of new circumstances. Both governments would consult and agree on adjustments among categories that might be necessary to permit Germany the full benefit of the 35 per cent ratio. See Bright, ch. VII; Gibbs, 162-3; Haraszti, 98-113; Metcalf, 230-60; Olla; Roskill (2), II, 305--6; Watt (3); Weinberg, 210-16. 81. ADAP, C, IV, I, No. 165; DBFP, 2, XIII, No. 388. 82. DBFP, 2, XIII, No. 327; minutes by Wigram, Sargent and Vansittart, 2July; Stanhope, 5 Aug. 1935. FO 371/18846, C4684/55/18. See also Chamberlain to Hilda Chamberlain, 22 June 1935. NC 18/ 1/35; Gilbert (I), 655; Cross, 192-3. 83. Nixon, II, 543; Herriot, 561. 84. CC 33(35)2, 19June 1935. Cab. 23/81,5. 85. DBFP, 2, XIII, No. 388. 86. Metcalf, 242; Weinberg, 216; Gibbs, 169; Roskill (2), II, 321; Taylor (3), 377 n. I corrected by Gibbs, 167n. 87. See, e.g., Templewood, 144-5. 88. DBFP, 2, XIII, Nos. 338; 354; Cameron, 130; Laurens, 85. 89. DBFP, 2, XIII, Nos. 335--6; [Massigli?], 'Armement de I' Allemagne', 4 May; note for Leger: 'A(u] s[ujet] du discours d'Hitler', 3June 1935. Massigli papers, 217/5; FRUS, 1935, I, 165--7. 90. DBFP, 2, XIII, No. 353 and n. I. Vansittart's private message has not been found. Craigie expressed a common sentiment in blaming French anger on the Latin temperament. ADAP, C, IV, I, No. 154. 91. Memento, 20 June 1935. Schweisguth papers, AN 351 AP 2 Do. 4. Gamelin left for Rome on 25 June. 92. Baer (!), 194. 93. Pietri to Spears, 19 July 1935. SPRS 1846; Massigli to Corbin, 19 July 1935. Massigli papers 6. 94. 15 June 1935. DBFP, 2, XIII, Nos. 335; 336; 352; Herriot, 558-60. 95. Herriot, 562; DBFP, 2, XIII, No. 362. 96. On the changes in the British government at the beginning ofJune 1935, see ch. 6 below. 97. CC 33(35)2 and 4, 19June 1935. Cab. 23/81, 4; 10-11. 98. ADAP, C, IV, I, No. 171; DBFP, 2, XIII, No. 372. 99. Ass, N., Chambre, Commis. des Aff. Etr., 19June 1935. 15e Legis!., Do. 54, 35--6. DBFP, 2, XIII, No. 363; record of Anglo-French conversations, 21 June 1935. Massig1i papers, 217/5. 100. DBFP, 2, XIII, No. 353. 101. DBFP, 2, XIII, App. II; Sargent minute. FO 271/18846, C4694/55/18; CC 32(35)4, 5June 1935. Cab. 23/81, 456; DBFP, 2, XIII, Nos. 174; 180; 205; 254; 263. 102. CC 33(35)3, 19 June 1935. Cab. 23/82, 8; Wigram, Strang and Courtney (Deputy Chief of the Air Staff), memorandum for Eden's trip to Paris, 20 June 1935. FO 371/18846, C4888/55/18. 276 Notes and Riferences to pp. 174-81
103. DBFP, 2, XIII, Nos. 363; 371; [Massigli?], 'Voyage de M. Eden', 20June 1935. Massigli papers, 217/5. Laval followed the line expounded in a memoran• dum for him, 'Negociation sur le Pacte aerien', 8 May 1935. Massig!i papers, 217/5. 104. DBFP, 2, XIII, Nos. 357; 363. 105. DBFP, 2, XIII, No. 363. 106. DBFP, 2, XIII, Nos. 362; 368. 107. DBFP, 2, XIII, No. 377. 108. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 320. 109. DBFP, 2, XIII, No. 3i9. 110. DBFP, 2, XIII, Nos. 374; 379; 396; CC 34(35)6, 26June 1935. Cab. 23/82, 30-3. Ill. Herriot, 563; DBFP, 2, XIII, No. 373. 112. DBFP, 2, XIII, Nos. 383; 384. 113. Record of Anglo-French conversations, 27 June 1935. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 327; Clerk to Hoare, from Eden, 27 June 1935. FO 371/18847, C5031/55/18. Templewood, 155; Toscano, 'Eden's Mission to Rome on the Eve of the ltalo-Ethiopian Conflict', in Sarkissian, 144; Baer (!), 197-201. 114. Cf. Poliakoff, memorandum of conversation with Leger and Count Rene de Saint-Quentin (head of the African-Levant Department, French Foreign Minis• try), 30June 1935. FO 371/18847, C515/55/18. 115. DBFP, 2, XIII, Nos. 383, 384. 116. DBFP, 2, XIII, Nos. 389; 398. CC 35(35)3, 3July 1935. Cab. 23/82,55-7. 117. Geraud ('Pertinax'), 'France and the Anglo-German Naval Treaty', Foreign Affairs, 14, I (Oct. 1935), 61. 118. DBFP, 2, XIII, No. 377. 119. DBFP, 2, XIII, No. 361 n. 3. 120. C.J. Norton, minute 29June 1935. FO 371/18847, C5124/55/18. 121. DBFP, 2, XIII, Nos. 416; 431; 473; 492; 503; Sous-Direction de Ia Societe des Nations, Note pour le Ministre, 8 Nov. 1935. Massigli papers, 21 7I 5. 122. Cf. Dalton, 72; Middlemas and Barnes, 865-9; Vansittart (2), 534. 123. II July 1935. 304 HC Deb. 5s., 512; 514.
CHAPTER 6: SUMMER 1935: THE ETHIOPIAN FACTOR
I. COS 372 Chiefs of Staff, Annual Review for 1935, 29 Apr. 1935, paras. 19; 34. Cab. 53/24. 2. See Watt (2), ch. 4, on the inconsistencies in service thinking in Europe in the 1930s. 3. Templewood, 196; Cross, 187-8. 4. Cowling, 77; Thompson, 65. 5. Hoare was, moreover, ill when he became Foreign Secretary. Cross, 170-3. 6. Hoare to MacDonald, 7 Mar. 1934. PREM 1/175; Taylor (4), 91. 7. Templewood, 137-8; Rose, 164;James (3), 407. 8. Pownall diary, 73-4. The old Cabinet had 19 members, the new had 22. Seventeen had been in the previous government. Eden was now in the Cabinet where before he had been excluded though Lord Privy Seal. 9. See above, ch. 2, and DBFP, XIV, No. 175. Notes and Riferences to pp. 181-6 277
10. DBFP, 2, XIV, Nos. 290; 307; 307 n. 6; Poliakoff, memorandum of conversations with officials of the Quai d'Orsay, 30 June 1935. FO 371/18847, C5151/55/ 18. Massigli, for whom the Entente Cordiale was the foundation of a wise policy, wrote[?]: 'By deciding to conclude an agreement by which Germany can choose to start building warships now, the British Government has just shown that its immediate and direct interests have priority over the prudence that should have made it concerned to maintain the solidarity of action of the Western Powers. It could hardly therefore criticise the French Government for reserving to itself the right to examine the present situation from the point of view of its own interests.' 'Great Britain has taken the responsibility for breaking the Stresa front.' 'Voyage de M. Eden', 20 June 1935. Massigli papers, 21 7I 5. II. Drummond to Hoare, 18June 1935. FO 800/295,9. 12. In Waley, 43. 13. DBFP, 2, XIV, App. II, pp. 757; 768; 775. 14. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 308. 15. DBFP, 2, XIV, Nos. 301; 308. 16. DBFP, 2, XIV, Nos. 297; 320; 320 n. 8; Goldman, 'Sir Robert Vansittart's Search for Italian Cooperation against Hitler, 1933-36' ,J. of Contemporary History, 9, 3 (July 1974), 93-130; Gehl, 119. 17. On the Peace Ballot see Waley, 19-20; Taylor (3), 379-81. Over half the more than II million respondents to the Peace Ballot questionnaire supported military measures by other nations if necessary to stop aggression. Ninety per cent or more of the same eleven and one-half million favoured British membership in the League. The League ofNations Union, the most important British lobby group for the League, called membership 'a cardinal point in Great Britain's policy'. 18. COS 372 Chiefs of Staff, Annual Review for 1935, 29 Apr. 1935, para. 23. Cab. 53/24; COS 405 (also CID 410-C), 'Strategical Situation in the Far East with Particular Reference to Hong Kong', 10 Oct. 1935. Cab. 53/25. 19. DBFP, 2, XIII, No. 389. 20. COS 372, para. 12. Cab. 53/24. 21. ADAP, C, IV, I, No. 188. 22. Rose, 16&-7; Middlemas and Barnes, 835-8; MacDonald diary, 3July 1935, noted that the Foreign Office had predicted a good public response to the Zeila proposal. 23. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 338. 24. CC 35(35)2, 3 July 1935. Cab. 23/82, 52-4; COS/I 46th mtg., 5 July 1935. Cab. 53/5, 137; Chamberlain diary, 5July; Hoare to George V, 4July 1935. FO 800/295, 49-52. On 3 July, the Daily Express reported that the government contemplated asking other governments to agree to economic sanctions against Italy. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 340 n. 3. 25. DBFP, 2, XIV, Nos. 342; 326. 26. Chamberlain to Ida Chamberlain, 6July 1935. NC 18/1/924. 27. Chamberlain to Hilda Chamberlain, 7; 22 Sept. 1935. NC 18/1/932, 934. 28. Chamberlain diary, 5 July 1935. Feiling, 265. Baldwin, Chamberlain, MacDonald, Hoare, Simon and Eden attended the meeting. Chamberlain's remarks rattled the Foreign Office when, as a result of his briefing the press, they appeared amid criticism in The Times, Daily Telegraph, Daily Mail, Daily Express and Daily Herald. Afterwards, Chamberlain continued to brief the press but kept away from foreign affairs. 29. DBFP, 2, XIV, Nos. 163; 335; 366 n. 5. 278 Notes and Riferences to pp. 186-90
30. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 366 n. 5. 31. 304 HC Deb. 5s., 519-20; Baer ( 1), 217-18; DIA, 1935, II, 36-8. Chamberlain claimed credit for the idea, which he was to act on during the crises of his Premiership, in a letter to his sister Hilda, 14July 1935. NC 18/1/925. MacDonald thought Hoare's speech was good and realistic. He too accepted the need for Italian expansion. Diary, 11 July 1935. 32. See above n. 28 and DBFP, ·2, XIV, No. 338 n. 1. 33. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 366 n. 5. 34. DBFP, 2, XIV, Nos. 354; 372. 35. Aloisi, 384; 386. See also Mack Smith (2), 68--9. 36. CC 39-(35)1, 22July 1935. Cab. 23/82, 101-2. 37. Avon (1), 272; CC 40(35) 1. Cab. 23/82, 114-15; Chamberlain diary, 18July 1935. 38. Chamberlain diary, 18July 1935. 39. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 407. 40. As a concession to fashion, the authors of this despatch noted that '[t]he balance of power is an overworked expression. The relati~ns of the Great Powers with each other are dynamic rather than static'; and then proceeded to describe the working of the 'balance of power' as a law as immutable as laws of physics. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 403. 41. CC 40(35) 1, 24 July 1935. Cab. 23/82, 115. 42. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 203. Laval reported the gist of this dispatch to Aloisi, who understood it to mean that the British would do their best to prevent an Italian campaign against Ethiopia. Aloisi, 290. 43. On the other hand, some War Office intelligence officers thought 'Italy is a very uncertain military factor'. MI3 (b), 3320, 'Germany and British Security in the Future', 17 June 1935. WO 190/335, 10. 44. Laurens, 86. 45. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 342; Templewood, 157-62. 46. Fabry, 75. See also DBFP, 2, XIII, No. 320; Scott, 26~7. 47. Warner, 93-4; Macartney and Palmer, 330--40; Roberts, 151-2; Noel, L'agression allemande contre !a Pologne, 114-17; ADAP, C, IV, 1, Nos. 169; 171. On 19 June one of Laval's intimates told Alexander Werth, Manchester Guardian correspondent in Paris: 'We have been duped by England. Ifshe had not talked so much about "international cooperation" in the last few months, France might have got in first with a direct military agreement with Germany. Now that the Germans have got from England what they want, they will not bother. I am afraid we have missed the boat.' Werth, 172. 48. Werth, 167. See also Cameron, ch. VII. 49. Seven divisions on the Alpine border with Italy, three divisions and two cavalry brigades in Algeria and four divisions elsewhere in North Africa. DDF, 2, I, Nos. 82; 83. I am indebted toMs Noelle Jordan for bringing this document to my attention. The British were not sure transfers took place. DBFP, 2, XVI, No. 18. The fullest account is in Young, 90--1; I 03; see also E. Robertson (I), 16~4; ADAP, C, IV, I, No. 373. On 20 June, the Quai d'Orsay approved Gamelin's visit. Memento, 20 June 1935. Schweisguth papers, AN 351 AP 2 Do. 4; Le Goyet, 108. On the military benefits France derived from the Rome Agreements, see Fabry, 69-70 and Laval's testimony at Petain's trial in 1945. Proces du Marechal Pitain, 184. Notes and References to pp. 190-5 279
50. Wigram, minute, 8July 1935. FO 371/18847, C5145/55/18. See also similar minutes by Creswell, Baxter, Wigram, Sargent and Grey, II; 12; 14; 15; 31 July 1935. FO 371/18848, C5333/55/18. 51. Heywood to Clerk, IOJuly, in Clerk to Hoare, II July 1935. FO 371/18848, C5408/55/18. Vansittart noted in a minute of 17 July that the magnetism of 750,000 men in uniform overcame Georges' contempt and drew France towards Italy. Vansittart thought the French ignored the inferior training and weapons of Mussolini's armies. Ibid. 52. DBFP, 2, XIII, No. 359. 53. Ass. N., Chambre, Commiss. des Aff. Etr., 19 June 1935, 15e Legisl., Do. 54, 40-7. 54. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 327. 55. See Wigram, minute, II July 1935, on a despatch regarding the Croix de Feu and the possibility of violence on 14 July. FO ~71/18793, C5313/33/17. 56. DBFP, 2, XIV, Nos. 338 n. I; 342; 348 (also XIII, No. 400); XIII, No. 420. 57. Denis Mack Smith suggests that Mussolini's warlike statements at this time reflected his genuine willingness to fight the British and, if necessary, the French. Mack Smith (2), 68. 58. Cecil to Massigli, 8July 1935. Massigli papers, 6. See also Cowling, 18-22. On 26June, Cecil visited Hoare and urged him to declare the outlines of his policy. Cecil wanted the Foreign Secretary to persuade the City to deny financing to Italy, to work for American cooperation in refusing loans to Italy, to persuade the League to send observers to Ethiopia and to 'go ahead with a disarmament scheme even though the Germans stayed out of the discussions'. Hoare, memorandum of conversation, 26June 1935. FO 800/295, 19-20. The similarity of the views of the Foreign Office and Cecil emerged in a despatch to Drummond of6 July. 'Public opinion in this country was united upon this issue: the war generation and its successor believed firmly in the League, as they considered that it was only by a system of collective security that this country could play its part in Europe.' DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 349. Military experts shared the outlook Drummond had expressed. In an analysis of'Germany and British Security in the Future', 17 June 1935, part of the staff of Ml3 wrote: 'The vital question is whether Great Britain can, on military grounds, afford to risk a life and death struggle with a Germany far stronger than in 1914, or whether British policy can avoid a conflict which would ruin us, equally with all participants, whether we win or lose.' WO 190/335. 59. Massigli to Corbin, 19 July 1935, Massigli papers, 6. In a note dated 9 Dec. 1975, Massigli wrote: 'I certainly did not send the letters that bear my signature without the agreement of the Secretary-General of the Department and, I think, that of the Minister himself.' 60. Massigli to Cecil, 18July 1935. Massigli papers. 217/1. 61. 23July 1935. Quoted in Werth, 174. 62. Massigli to Cecil, 18July; see also Cecil's reply of27 July 1935, which Massigli does not appear to have answered. Massigli papers, 6; 217/1. See DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 384 and n. 4, where the same view of French policy is reported on the basis of a leak about instructions sent to Chambrun. 63. Massigli to Corbin, 19 July 1935, enclosing the letter to Cecil. Massigli papers, 6. 64. Wigram, minute, II July 1935. FO 371/18793, C313/33/17. 65. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 429. 66. In the House ofCommons II July and I August. 280 Notes and Riferences to pp. 195-9
67. COS/146th mtg., 5July 1935. Cab. 53/5, 137-8; CC 36(35)6, lOJuly 1935. Cab. 23/82, 71. 68. DIA, 1935, II, 43-4; DBFP, 2, XIV, Nos. 40~11; 413; 415; 416; 420; Aloisi, 290-2; Avon (I), 277-8. 69. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 407. 70. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 426. 71. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 407 n. 5. 72. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 407. 73. Aloisi, 290-1. 74. Ibid. 75. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 411. 76. Aloisi, 291; DBFP, 2, XIV, Nos. 407; 411 n. 4. 77. Aloisi, 292. 78. Laval to Corbin, T. 1481, 8 Aug. 1935; Herriot, 574. 79. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 399. 80. Chamberlain diary, 2 Aug. 1935. 81. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 426. 82. COS 388, 'Military Implications of the Application of Article 16 of the Covenant of the League ofNations', 2 Aug. 1935. Cab. 53/25, 33-48. On the state of Britain's Mediterranean Fleet, see Marder, 66. On the japanese application of an Asiatic Monroe Doctrine, see Crowley, ch. IV. 83. DBFP, 2, XIV, Nos. 426 and n. 6; 443. A misunderstanding about whether this decision was a decision or merely a rumination delayed the reinforcement of Malta until after the Cabinet meeting of22 Aug. See also the Defence Policy and Requirements Committee mtg. of 23 Aug. DPR/5th mtg. Cab. 16/136, 18; CC 42(35)3, Cab. 23/82, 182; Gibbs, 191-2. 84. Templewood, 160-1. 85. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 427. The use of the term 'mad dog' act to describe an Italian attack on British forces and bases in the Mediterranean henceforth became a feature of British discussions of the Ethiopian crisis and the implications of sanctions. Another curious phrase, which apparently dates from the meeting of6 Aug. (see Templewood, 160-1) is 'if Italy took the bit between her teeth', which meant 'decided to attack Ethiopia in violation of the League Covenant'. As Aloisi noted on 21 July, the British regarded the Italians as madmen. The American Ambassador in Rome, Breckinridge Long, disagreed, writing that what appeared to be madness was calculated planning. Nixon, III, 5. Nevertheless in December 1935, Vansittart suggested that the French government could not win public approval of oil sanctions until it proved that 'the Italians were mad'. Rose, 181. 86. COS/148th mtg., 8 Aug. 1935. Cab. 53/5, 153. 87. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 429. 88. DBFP, 2, XV, No. 20; Wigram to Phipps, 2 Oct. 1935. PHPP 2/5. 89. COS/I 48th mtg., 8 Aug. 1935. Cab. 53/5. 90. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 431 and n. 3. The COS concluded that '[a]ny idea that sanctions can be enforced whenever diplomatically desirable is highly dangerous from the point of view of the Services, and we urge that no measures almost certain to lead to war, such as the closing of the Suez Canal, should be taken until the Services are prepared'. COS 392, 'The Italo-Abyssinian Dispute', 9 Aug. 1935. Cab. 16/138,94-5. 91. Middlemas and Barnes, 836-41. Notes and References to pp. 199-203 281
92. See Avon (1), 277. 93. DBFP, 2, XIV, Nos. 433; 434 and n. 8. 94. Vansittart (2), 522; see also, Avon (1}, 270-1; Middlemas and Barnes, 541; Goldman, 'Vansittart's Search for Italian Cooperation against Hitler', 109-10; 12&--7; Gehl, 119. 95. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 469. 96. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 442. 97. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 443. 98. Aloisi, 295. 99. E.g., DBFP, 2, XIV, App. I(d); Avon (1}, 282. 100. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 451. Article 22 of the Covenant defined Class 'C' mandates as: 'There are territories, such as South-West Africa and certain of the South Pacific Islands, which, owing to the sparseness of their population, or their small size, or their remoteness from the centres of civilisation, or their geographi• cal contiguity to the Mandatory, and other circumstances, can best be ad• ministered under the laws of the Mandatory as integral portions of its territory, subject to the safeguards above mentioned in the interests of the indigenous population.' 101. DBFP, 2, XIV, Nos. 446; 447. 102. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 456. 103. DBFP, 2, XIV, Nos. 45&--9; 461; 465; Aloisi, 295-7; Avon (I}, 280-3. 104. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 465; Aloisi, 297. 105. DBFP, 2, XIV, Nos. 460; 470 and n. 2; FRUS, 1935, I, 631; Hull, I, 421-3; Nixon, II, 610-14. 106. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 468; Nixon, II, 613. 107. DBFP, 2, XIII, No. 473. 108. DBFP, 2, XIII, No. 475. See also XIV, App. l(d). 109. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 472. II 0. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 505; Herriot, 575. Ill. DBFP, 2, XIV, Nos. 47&--7; 480-1; 483-4. Hoare met with the Dominion High Commissioners from whom he received similar views of the situation. They operated from the principle that the British government had to decide their course. No. 482. Lloyd George came away from meeting Hoare and Eden thinking the government a 'frightened pack!' ADAP, C, IV, I, No. 270. 112. Gilbert(!), 663--4. 113. FNH/7. Conference of Ministers (Baldwin, MacDonald, Simon, Chamber• lain, Hoare, Eden, Malkin (Legal Adviser, Foreign Office) and Strang), 21 Aug. 1935. Cab. 23/82, 163. 114. Ibid., 157. 115. Ibid., 153--7; Chamberlain to Ida Chamberlain, 25 Aug. 1935. NC 18/1/929. Eden later suggested that Vansittart and Hoare favoured the arms embargo he wanted to lift. Avon (I}, 285. But Hoare's memorandum of his and Eden's conversation with Lloyd George (DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 481 ), and Chamberlain's letter to his sister do not confirm Eden's account. 116. CC 42(35) I, 22 Aug. 1935. Cab. 23/82, 174. The Cabinet delegated authority for monitoring the Ethiopian crisis to the Defence Policy and Requirements subcommittee of the CID. DPR members were: Baldwin, MacDonald, Chamber• lain, Eyres Monsell, Halifax, Cunliffe-Lister, Runciman, Eden, Simon and M. MacDonald, The COS would act as advisers. CC 42(35)6, 22 Aug. 1935. Cab. 23/82, 185. 282 Notes and References to pp. 203-9
117. CC 42(35)3, 22 Aug. 1935. Cab. 23182, 180. See also Vansittart (2), 543, where he summarises his advice to Hoare as 'fight or compromise'. 118. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 507. 119. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 493. 120. Hoare to Lord (Clive) Wigram (Private Secretary to George V), 25 Aug. 1935. FO 8001295. 121. Chamberlain to Ida Chamberlain, 25 Aug. 1935. NC 18/11929. 122. DPR/5th mtg., 23 Aug. 1935. Cab. 161136; DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 496. 123. DBFP, 2, XIV, Nos. 521; 530; 538; Eayrs, II, 3-6. 124. DBFP, 2, XIV, Nos. 496 enclosure; 499; 538. 125. Sous-direction de Ia Societe des Nations, 'Attitude probable des membres du Conseil dans !'affaire italo-ethiopienne', 27 Aug. 1935. Massigli papers, 2171 I. See also DBFP, 2, XIV, Nos. 502; 504; 504 n. 4. 126. DBFP, 2, XIV, App. l(b); (c). 127. MacDonald diary, 8 Sept. 1935. 128. DBFP, 2, XIV, Nos. 498; 506 n. 5. 129. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 520. Vansittart, who had been at Aix-les-Bains to brief Baldwin, attended this Paris meeting. 130. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 537. 131. Drummond to Hoare, 3 Sept.; minutes by Hoare and Eden, 29 Aug. 1935. FO 8001295, 172-3; 139. 132. DPR/6th mtg., 5 Sept. 1935. Cab. 16/136. 133. DPR 15 Chatfield, 'The Naval Strategical Situation in the Mediterranean', 3 Sept. 1935. Cab. 16/138. 134. Marder, 77-8. 135. Ibid., 82-4; Schmidt, 208--11. 136. DPR/6th mtg., 5 Sept. 1935. Cab. 16/136, 23. See alsoJP 116 (also COS 394 QP) ), 4 Sept. 1935, on the naval plans, which had, as one premise, cooperation with France, and COS/I 49th mtg., 6th Sept. 1935. Cab. 5315, and DPR 17 (also COS 395 ), on possibilities arising out of the application of sanctions. 9 Sept. 1935. Cab. 161138. 137. Laval to Corbin, T. reserve, 1634-40,8 Sept. 1935. Massigli papers, 217/1; DBFP, 2, XIV, Nos. 547; 547 n. 2. 138. Hoare let his friend Chamberlain vet the speech. Baldwin met the two men before Hoare left London and both Hoare and Chamberlain took his silence about the draft as approval. Chamberlain to Hilda Chamberlain, 7 Sept. 1935. NC 18111932. Cf. Middlemas and Barnes, 85.:H>; Cross, 213-14; Rose, 168--70. 139. Aloisi, 299--30 I. 140. Not everybody agreed with the government's analysis of public opinion. See Pownall diary, 80. 141. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 553; Anglo-French conversations, II Sept. 1935. Massigli papers, 21 7I 1. 142. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 554, p. 603. The French record does not correspond to the British in this instance. Massigli papers, 217 I I. 143. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 554. Fuller, up-to-date accounts of these conversations which disagree on some points, are in Hardie, 136--40; Cross, 214-21; Rose, 170; Marder, 71. 144. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 554, p. 603. 145. DBFP, 2, XIII, No. 496. Notes and References to pp. 209-12 283
146. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 564 and App. IV, p. 789. See Wa1ey, 31, for the frequent use of the words test case to describe the Ethiopian affair. 147. Vansittart to Hoare, T. 119, 10 Sept. 1935. FO 800/295, 199; Avon (1), 292. Eden wrote that the draft committed Britain to intervention in the Sino-Japanese conflict. 148. CP 177(35), French Government memorandum, 10 Sept.; Carr, minute, 12 Sept.; Hoare, minute, 15 Sept. 1935. FO 371/18810, C6562/6562/62.
CHAPTER 7: FROM MESENTENTE TO MESALLIANCE: CONFRONTATIONS WITH ITALY AND GERMANY
I. Braddick, 'The Hoare-Lava1 Plan: A Study in International Politics', in Gatzke, 152; Holborn, 144-5; Namier, Europe in Decay, 10; Ulam, 234-8. 2. Some of the important treatments are: Baer (2); Braddick, 'Hoare-Laval Plan'; Baumont, 'The Rhineland Crisis: 7 March, 1936', in Waites; Cairns, 'March 7, 1936, Again: The View from Paris', in Gatzke; Cross; Debicki, 'The Remilitariza• tion of the Rhineland and Its Impact on the Franco-Polish Alliance', The Polish Review, XIV, 4 (1969); Defrasne, 'L'evenement du 7 mars 1936', in Colloques internationaux du Centre National de Ia Recherche Scientifique, Les relations franco-allemandes: 1933-1939; Duroselle, 'France and the Crisis of March 1936', in Acomb and Brown, and the same author's Decadence; Emmerson; Funke; Hardie; Knapp, 'The Rhineland Crisis of March 1936', injoll; Laurens; Middlemas and Barnes; Meyers, 'Das Ende des Systems von Locarno. Die Remilitarisierung des Rhein! andes in britischer Sicht', in Relations franco-allemandes; Nere; Parker, 'Great Britain, France and the Ethiopian Crisis', English Historical Rev., LXXXIX, 351 (1974:), and 'The First Capitulation: France and the Rhineland Crisis of 1936', World Politics, VIII, 3 ( 1956); E. Robertson, 'Hitler and Sanctions: Mussolini and the Rhineland', European Studies Rev., 7 (1977). (A German translation of this article appeared in the Vierteljahrshefte for Zeitgeschichte, XXVI, 2 (1978)); Robertson, 'The Hoare-Laval Plan',}. !if Contemporary History, X, 3 Ouly 1975); Rose; Watt (5). 3. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 564. 4. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 554; Avon (I), 294; Herriot, 579--82; Walters, II, 648--9; Barros, 94. 5. Laval's description, 3 Aug. 1945. Proces du Marichal Petain, 184, col. I. 6. Aloisi, 303. 7. Societe des Nations,Journal O.Jjiciel, special supplement No. 138, 65-6. 8. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 554. 9. Four battleships, I aircraft carrier, 2 6" cruisers, 19 destroyers and 5 submarines remained in Home waters ready to sail to Gibraltar if needed. DBFP, 2, XIV, Nos. 586; 629; Marder, 71; 78; 85-7. For a sceptical view of the anti-aircraft ammunition problem, see Quartararo, 'Imperial Defence in the Mediterranean on the Eve of the Ethiopian Crisis Ouly-October 1935 )',Historical }., (20, I 1977), 185-220. 284 Notes and References to pp. 210-17
10. The Italian Chiefs of Staff reached the same conclusions as the British. E. Robertson (I), 185. II. DPR 15, Chatfield, 'The Naval Strategical Situation in the Mediterranean', 3 Sept. 1935. Cab. 16/138; COS/150th mtg., 13 Sept. 1935. Cab. 53/5; COS 397 (also DPR 21 ), ' ... a single-handed war with Italy', para. 4, concluded that Mussolini 'and his advisers must see tha.t such action [war with Britain] would bring inevitable disaster upon Italy', Cab. 53/5; Metcalf, ch. VII. 12. See Marder, ch. 3; Gibbs, 189-98; Roskill (2), II, 252-63; E. Robertson (I), 177-9. Marder, and Roskill following him, suggested that Port X was Navarino; Gibbs noted that the navy was not certain in 1976 what harbour was meant. The Greek government cooperated with the British. DBFP, 2, XV, Nos. 287; 319; 409. 13. DBFP, 2, XIV, Nos. 595; 564. 14. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 553. 15. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 564. 16. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 568 n. 3. 17. Clerk to Hoare, 22 Sept. 1935. FO 371/18810, C6658/6562/62. Clerk wrote: 'To the suspicious and legalistic mind of the average Frenchman, who, except in rare cases, is incapable of appreciating the significance of general movements of opinion, a document of this character has an importance far transcending that of a speech.' 18. DBFP, 2, XIV, Nos. 572; 583; 612; Laurens, 146--64; Milza, 187-209. 19. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 579 n. 2. 20. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 579. 21. Memorandum on the Anglo-French conversations of 14 and 18 Sept., 19 Sept. 1935. Massigli papers, 21 7I I. 22. DBFP, 2, XIV, Nos. 588; 591; Hoare to Halifax, 24 Sept. 1935. FO 800/295, 241-2; Baer (I), 358-9. 23. DBFP, 2, XIV, Nos. 586; 594; 601; 610. 24. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 579 n. 2. 25. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 595; Clerk to Hoare, 22 Sept. 1935. FO 371/18810, C6658/6562/62; Gamelin, II, 172-3; Le Goyet, 105-9. 26. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 605. 27. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 595. 28. Baer (I), chs. 12-13, gives a full account of the work of the Committee of Five (Britain, France, Poland, Spain and Turkey) and the reception it received. 29. DPR/9th mtg., 23 Sept. 1935. Cab. 16/136, 44. 30. DBFP, 2, XIV, Nos. 632; 636; CC 43(35) I, 24 Sept. 1935. Cab. 23/82,204-7. 31. CC 43(35) I, 24 Sept. 1935. Cab. 23/82, 200. Hoare raised the question of belligerent rights on his own. On 3 October, Laval spoke with Eden in terms indicating he had not heard of belligerent rights. DBFP, 2, XV, No.7. 32. CC 43(35) I, 24 Sept. 1935. Cab. 23/82, 202. 33. Mtg. of ministers, 23 Sept. 1935. Cab. 23/82, 189. 34. DB.FP, 2, XIV, App. l(h). 35. COS 398 Montgomery-Massingberd to Hankey, 25 Sept. 1935, Cab. 53/25; mtg. of ministers, 23 Sept. 1935. Cab. 23/82, 188-91. 36. Wigram to Phipps, 2 Oct. 1935. PHPP 3/25. Sir Austen Chamberlain conveyed much the same message to Bertrand de Jouvenel in an interview published in Paris-Soir, 16 Oct. 1935. DBFP, 2, XIII, No. 525 n. I. 37. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 650. Notes and Riferences to pp. 217-23 285
38. Clerk to Hoare, 30 Sept.; I Oct. 1935. FO 371/18811, C6856/6856/62; DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 665. 39. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 662; XV, No. 20; Vansittart (1), 44; Macartney and Palmer, 338; Wandycz 'Foreign Policy ofBene5', in Mamatey and Luza, 230--1. 40. DBFP, 2, XV, No. 115; Reussner, 12. 41. Reussner, 12-13. 42. 'Proposition de Sir Samuel Hoare', 27 Sept. 1935. Massigli papers, 21 7I I. 43. Reussner, 21; 26-8. 44. Baer (I), 343. 45. Madariaga, 390. 46. DBFP, 2, XIV, Nos. 639; 664. 47. DBFP, 2, XIV, No. 631 n. 6. 48. DBFP, XV, No. 7. 49. DBFP, 2, XV, p. vi. 50. DRC/15th mtg., 3 Oct. 1935. Cab. 16/112, 104. 51. Chamberlain diary, 19 Oct. 1935. 52. Wigram to Phipps, 2 Oct. 1935. PHPP 2/25. 53. CC 44(35) I, 2 Oct. 1935. Cab. 23/82, 223-4. 54. Aloisi, 315; DBFP, 2, XV, No. 65; E. Robertson (1), 184; Baer (2), 5. 55. Chamberlain to Ida Chamberlain, 5 Oct. 1935. NC 18/1/935. 56. DBFP, 2, XV, No. 9. 57. Marginalia on Lothian to Hoare, 18 Oct. 1935. FO 800/295, 316-18. 58. Le Temps, 3 Oct. 1935; DBFP, 2, XV, No.5. 59. See Gamelin's record ofa meeting of the Haut-Comiti militaire, 22 Nov. 1935. Le Goyet, 109--12; Gamelin, II, 178. After Laval's presentation, Gamelin wrote: 'I wept for the fate of my country which up to now had found men to match times of crisis, a joffre, a Foch, a Clemenceau, a Poincare, and which today no longer finds them.' 60. 5 Oct. 1935. DBFP, 2, XV, No. 27. Vansittart thought the French answer a typical 'Lavalism'. FO 371/18810, C6952/6562/62. The French note appeared in the press on 8 Oct. 1935. . 61. Ass. N., Chambre, Commiss. des Aff. Etr., 23 Oct. 1935. 15e Legisl., Do. 55, 28; 104. See alsoProces du Marichal Pitain, 184, col. 2. 62. DBFP, 2, XV, No. 15. 63. Ass. N., Chambre, Commiss. des Aff. Etr., 23 Oct. 1935. 15e Legisl., Do. 55, 28-9. 64. DBFP, 2, XIII, No. 446. 65. Werth, 174; Vansittart in the DRC/16th mtg., 10 Oct. 1935. Cab. 16/112, 131-2. 66. DBFP, 2, XV, No. 74; Guyard, 240--5; Avice, 196-201. Henri Beraud, a recipient of the Prix Goncourt in 1922, had published an article in Gringoire entitled: 'Faut-il reduire I' Angleterre en esclavage?' 67. DBFP, 2, XV, No. 43. 68. DBFP, 2, XV, No. 29. 69. Wigram called Laval 'the arch-trickster of French politics'. Minute, 10 Oct.; Sargent, minute, II Oct. 1935. FO 371/18811, C7110/6562/62; DBFP, 2, XV, No. 43 n. 4. 70. DBFP, 2, XV, No. 61; M0(35)10, Hankey, 'The Reliability of French Co-operation', II Dec. 1935, para. 20, Cab. 63/50. 286 Notes and References to pp. 223-31
71. See CC 47(35)1, 16 Oct. 1935. Cab. 23/82, 266--73; Hoare to Eden, 16 Oct. 1935. FO 800/295, 304-6. 72. DBFP, 2, XV, Nos. 43 n. 4; 72; 77 n. 6. 73. DBFP, 2, XV, Nos. 76; 77; 77 n. 6. 74. DBFP, 2, XV, No. 77 n. 6. 75. DBFP, 2, XV, No. 79. 76. DBFP, 2, XV, Nos. 81-2; Laval to Corbin/Chambrun, T. 2333-41, 15 Oct. 1935. Massigli papers, 21 7I I. 77. DBFP, 2, XV, No. 87. Paragraph 3 of Article 16 called on League members mutually to 'support one another in resisting any special measures aimed at one of their number by the Covenant-breaking state'. 78. DBFP, 2, XV, No. 92. 79. DBFP, 2, XV, Nos. 91; 95. 80. Massigli[?], two notes for Leger, 17 Oct. 1935. Massigli papers, 217/ I, 2. 81. DBFP, 2, XV, No. 115; French note, 18 Oct. 1935. Massigli papers, 217/2. 82. DBFP, 2, XV, Nos. 91; 110; DIA, 1935, II, 316--17. 83. Wigram, minute, 8 Oct. with Vansittart's marginalia; Vansittart, minute, 13 Oct. 1935. FO 371/18810, C6952/6562/62; DBFP, 2, XV, No. 195. 84. FO 432/3, Ci470/1470/17. 85. DBFP, 2, XV, Nos. 98; 107. 86. DBFP, 2, XV, No. 98 n. 3. 87. DBFP, 2, XV, No. 112. 88. DBFP, 2, XV, No. 118. 89. DBFP, 2, XV, Nos. 132; 137; 139; 148; 148 n. 2; 201; CID, 27lst mtg., 14 Oct. 1935. Cab. 2/6; DPR 45 Monsell, 'Franco-British Naval Co-operation in the Mediterranean'; Chatfield, talks with the French naval representatives, 2 Nov. 1935. Cab. 16/139, 68-74; Marder, 89--90; Gibbs, 206--7; Reussner, 57-9. 90. CC 48(35)6, 23 Oct. 1935. Cab. 23/82, 297; Nevile Butler (Baldwin's Private Secretary) to Seymour, 15 Oct. 1935. FO 800/295, 297-8; Churchill, note for Lord Weir (sent 15 Oct. 1935). Weir papers, 19/12-13. 91. Butler, note, 'Oct. 1935'. FO 800/423. 92. Waley, 37-9; Middlemas and Barnes, 865-9. 93. DBFP, 2, XV, No. 192; Wigram, minute, 8 Nov.; Vansittart, minute, 9 Nov. Clerk to Hoare, 13 Nov. 1935. FO 371/18794, C7483, C7624/33/17; Herriot, 601-6; Larmour, 185-7; Warner, 113-14. 94. E.g. DBFP, 2, XV, No. 213. 95. Baer (2), 64-8; 99--109; Cross, 229--31. 96. DBFP, 2, XIV, Nos. 308; 316. 97. DBFP, 2, XV, No. 229. Hankey wrote a 27-page memorandum summarising the evidence of French unreliability. M0(35) 10, Hankey, 'The Reliability of French Co-operation', II Dec. 1935. Cab. 63/50. 98. Eden, minute, 26 Nov. 1935. FO 71/18794, C7717/33/17. 99. Vansittart to Hankey, 22 Dec.; Mend! to Vansittart, 8 Dec. 1935. MO (35) 10, Cab. 63/50. 100. Sir Austen Chamberlain to Hoare, I Dec. 1935. FO 800/295, 412. 101. On 28 November, Laval told the Italians about his pledge to the British. Clerk to Hoare, 25 Nov.; minutes by Wigram and Sargent, 26 Nov.; Vansittart, 25 [sic] Nov.; and Eden, 27 Nov. 1935. FO 371/18794, C7853/33/17; DPR 75 Heywood, 'Report on Conversations between Representatives of the British and French General Staffs', 9 and 10 Dec. 1935; DPR 77 enclosure, Precis of Air Notes and References to pp. 231--8 287
Vice-Marshal P. B. Joubert de Ia Ferte's report on air conversations, 9 and 10 Dec. 1935, IOJan. 1936. Cab. 16/140; DBFP, 2, XV, No. 274; App. II; DPR/13th mtg., 5 Nov. 1935. Cab. 16/136, 86; memento, 12 Dec. 1935. Schweisguth papers. AN 351 AP 2 Do. 6. 102. DBFP, 2, XV, App. l(c). 103. DBFP, 2, XIII, No. 500; XV, No. 241; ADAP, C, IV, 2, No. 425; Funke, ch. 4; Baer (2), 74-8. Hitler was not a passive spectator. See also E. Robertson (4). 104. Emmerson, 253; Knapp, 'The Rhineland Crisis', inJoll, 70-1. 105. Gamelin, II, 194; Le Goyet, 117-19; Ml 3/3540, 'Considerations of British Policy in Relation to the Demilitarized Zone in the Rhineland', 4 Sept. 1935. WO 190/365; Ml 3/3595, 'Demilitarized Zone in the Rhineland as Security against German Aggression', 7 Nov. 1935. WO 190/364. On 12 September 1935 the French general staff had called for studies of measures to take if Germany reoccupied the Rhineland. Memento, 12 Sept. 1935. Schweisguth papers.' AN 351 AP 2, Do. 5. 106. ADAP, C, IV, 2, Nos. 384; 415; 425. 107. Clerk to Hoare, 24Sept.; minutes by Wigram and Sargent, 25 Sept. 1935. FO 371/18807, C7213/5527/17. I 08. Gamelin, diary, 22 Nov. 1935. In Le Goyet, 109-13; cf. Gamelin, II, 178-81. 109. Wigram, minute, 25 Sept. 1935. FO 371/18807, C7213/5527/17; [Perowne], 'German Declarations regarding the Treaty of Locarno', 21 May 1935. FO 371/18840, C3906/55/18; ADAP, C, IV, 2, Nos. 458; 467. 110. DBFP, 2, XV, No. 383. Ill. DRC 37, 'Programmes of the Defence Services, Third Report', 21 Nov. 1935, paras. 11-23. Cab. 16/123; MacDonald, diary, 6 Dec. 1935. 112. DBFP, 2, XV, App. I(c). 113. DBFP, 2, XV, Nos. 482; 483. 114. DBFP, 2, XV, No. 455. 115. DBFP, 2, XV, Apps. I; IV(b). William Strang, who became Head of the Central Department when Wigram died in 1936, and E. H. Carr, for example, thought Germany could annex Austria and expand economically (at least) into southeast Europe without adversely affecting British interests. No. 490 and n. 2. 116. DBFP, 2, XV, App. IV(b). 117. DBFP, 2, XV, Nos. 437; 437 ns. 1-2; Hankey to Phipps, 2Jan. 1936. PHPP 3/3; Rose, 182-4. 118. DBFP, 2, XV, No. 460; CC 3(36)4, 29 Jan. 1936. Cab. 23/83, 42. Eden consistently advocated this policy. See No. 509. 119. DBFP, 2, XVI, Nos. 43; 43 n. 3; XV, App. IV(a); Gladwyn, 5~6;'63-7. 120. DBFP, 2, XV, No. 464; rapport, 14 Jan. 1936. Report on the Deuxieme Bureau. Schweisguth papers. AN 351 AP 3, Do. 7. 121. DBFP, 2, XV, No. 517. Eden spoke with wide support. In January, Chatfield, for example, had pointed out: 'If ultimately the threat ofhostilities with Italy was likely to disappear, then it would clearly be best that we should have committed France to as little as possible. The more she was committed, the more likely would she be to use her co-operation as an argument for similar aid on our part in the event of French difficulties with Germany at some future date.' COS/161st mtg., 13jan. 1936. Cab. 53/5, 288. 122. DDF, 2, I, Nos. 170; 186; 196; Le Goyet, part III, ch. II; Duroselle, 16~8. 123. Memento, 4 Aug. 1935; memento, 29 Feb.; rapport, 9 Mar. 1936. Schweis- 288 Notes and References to pp. 238-43
guth papers. AN 351 AP 3, Dos. 7-8. Defrasne, 'L'evenement du 7 Mars 1936', in Relations franco-allemandes, 25 7. 124. DBFP, 2, XVI, No. 82; Gladwyn, 65--9; memento, 29 Feb. 1936. Schweis• guth papers. AN 351 AP 3, Do. 7. 125. Gibbs, 242. The only British ships big enough to deal with the three German pocket battleships of the Deutschland class were in the Mediterranean or dry-dock. COS/166th mtg., 12 Mar. 1936. Cab. 53/5, 323; CC 20(36)7, 16 Mar. 1936. Cab. 23/83, 319; COS 441 OP) (alsoJP 135), 'The Condition of our Forces to meet the Possibility ofWar with Germany', 16 Mar. 1936. Cab. 53/27. 126. DBFP, 2, XV, Nos. 500; 517 n. 4. 127. DBFP, 2, XV, Nos. 516-17. 128. Baer (2), 220--7. 129. DBFP, 2, XVI, Nos. 11-12; annex to 20; DDF, 2, I, No. 283; E. Robertson (4), 427-8. 130. Watt (5), 193-9; Defrasne, 'L'evenement du 7 Mars. 1936', in Relations franco-allemandes, 255--6. 13 I. Emmerson, ch. 3; Weinberg, 250--3; Robertson, 'Hitler and Sanctions', 42 I. 132. DDF, 2, I, No. 268; Debicki, 'The Rhineland and the French-Polish Alliance', 5 I. 133. Duroselle, 166-8; Defrasne, 'L'evenement du 7 mars 1936', in Relations franco-allemandes, 259; Watt (2), 94. 134. Rapport, 9 Mar.; memento, informal meeting of the Conseil Superieur de Ia Gucrre, 9 Mar.; rapport, I 0 Mar. 1935. Schweisguth papers. AN 351 AP 3, Do. 8. 135. Mementos, 15jan., 7 and 9 Mar. 1936. Schweisguth papers. AN 351 AP 3, Dos. 7-8. 136. Rapport, 10 Mar. 1936. Schweisguth papers. AN 351 AP 3, Do. 8. Knapp, 'The Rhineland Crisis', in Joll, 77-85, guessed that Flandin entered negotiations with such a plan. Massigli may have originated the idea. Massigli[?], 'Schema d'une orientation eventuelle de Ia negociation fran~aise a Ia prochaine conference locarnienne', n.d. Massigli papers, 217/2. 137. CC 16(36)1, 9 Mar. 1936. Cab. 23/83, 246-7. 138. MacDonald diary, 8 Mar. 1936. 139. DBFP, 2, XVI, Nos. 48; 48 n. 22. 140. CC 16(36)1, 9 Mar. 1936. Cab. 23/83,246. 141. Avon (1), 389; Gannon, 93-8; DBFP, 2, XVI, Nos. 55; 79. Vansittart commented on 13 Mar. (No. 79 n. 3): 'Whenever I am tempted toward optimism in regard to human wisdom, a little synopsis of City opinion has a markedly stabilising effect.' CC 18(36) I, II Mar. 1936. Cab. 23/83, 291; Werth, 228. 142. Chamberlain diary, 20 Nov. 1935. 143. Knapp injoll, 83. 144. DBFP, 2, XVI, No. 63. 145. No minutes were taken of French Cabinet meetings and the memoir accounts of the meeting conflict. Flandin, 199, claimed he wanted immediate military action. jean Zay, an Under Secretary in the Prime Minister's Office, remembered Flandin's having offered choices but not recommendations. Zay, 66. See also Paui-Boncour, III, 34-5; Duroselle, 169-79; Le Goyet, 121-3; Sherwood, 179-83, and ns. 70--92, pp. 334-6. 146. Resume ofSchweisguth's London mission, 17-23 Mar. 1936. Schweisguth papers. AN 351 AP 3, Do. 8. Werth, 225--30; Zay, 67-8; Sherwood, 182; Shirer, Collapse of the Third Republic, 248-9; Duroselle, 169-71. Notes and References to pp. 243-8 289
147. DBFP, 2, XVI, No. 69. 148. CC 18(36) I, II Mar. 1936. Cab. 23/83, 287. 149. An extremely full account of these negotiations is in Emmerson, ch. 7. 150. DBFP, 2, XVI, No. 144. 151. Cairns, 'March 7, 1936, Again: The View from Paris', in Gatzke, 182. 152. See Emerson, ch. 6. 153. Gibbs, 609-11. Gamelin instructed his representative to welcome any British contingent that might be sent to France as a symbol ofAnglo-French solidarity but to make it clear to the British that French forces alone could defend the Franco-German frontier. Memento, 24 Mar.; Schweisguth, report on staff conversations, 20 Apr. 1936. Schweisguth papers. AN 351 AP 3, Do. 8; 351 AP 6, Do. 12. 154. Emmerson, 199-200. 155. Vansittart to Eden, 22 Mar. 1936. In Colvin, 102. 156. DBFP, 2, XVI, No. 98; Nicolson, 252. 157. DC(M)(32)46th cons., 17 May 1935. Cab. 27/507, 168; 170; Middlemas and Barnes, 768. 158. DDF, 2, I, No. 407; Cairns, in Gatzke, 182.
CONCLUSION
I. In Jones, 538. 2. Middlemas and Barnes, 872; Gilbert (1), 687. 3. Guedalla, 72-3; L. H. Landon, 'Liaison with the French Army', Army Quarterly, XCIX, I (1969), 82. 4. Pownall diary, 323. 5. DBFP, 2, XV, App. IV(b); Pownall diary, 103-4. 6. Avon (2), 123. 7. Pelling, Britain and the Second World War, 87. See also Bell, Part I; Bond, France and Belgium, espec. 184; Gates, e.g. 390-9. Bibliography
The literature on the origins of the Second World War is vast and growing, as is the number of documentary collections now available to researchers. The following bibliography presents the foundation for this book. Apart from abbreviations included in the List of Abbreviations, the following short-forms appear in the notes.
An author's name; an author's name together with a shortened title; an author's name followed by a number in parentheses, which keys the citation to the bibliography and indicates which of several works by a single author is intended.
I. UNPUBLISHED DOCUMENTS
A. France
I. Ministere des Affaires Etrangeres Documents to be published in forthcoming volumes of Documents diplomatiques jraTI{ais: 1932-1939, le serie: 1932-1935 (Paris, 1964- ); 2e serie: 1936-1939 (Paris, 1963- ) Papiers d' Agents: Edouard Daladier General Gamelin Henri Hoppenot Roland de Margerie Rene Massigli Paul Reynaud Papiers 1940 Dossier Leca-Devaux Nemo (transcripts of intercepted telephone conversations) 2. Archives Nationales
Ministere des Finances (F"0 ): Correspondence of the Financial Attaches Direction du Mouvement Generale des Fonds Tresorerie General Schweisguth (351 AP)
3. Assemblee Nationale Commission des Affaires Etrangeres, Chambre des Deputes
4. Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques Edouard Daladier
290 Bibliography 291
B. Germany
Auswiirtiges Amt: Abteilung II, Frankreich
C. Great Britain
I. Public Record Office Prime Minister's Office (PREM I) Cabinet Conclusions (Minutes) (Cab. 23) Cabinet Papers (Memoranda) (Cab. 24) Cabinet Registered Files (Cab. 21) Ministerial Committee on the Disarmament Conference of 1932 (Cab. 27) German Rearmament, 1934 (Cab. 27/572) Saar Question, 1934 (Cab. 27/573) Germany, 1936 (Cab. 27/599) British Commonwealth Prime Ministers Conference (Cab. 32/125) Committee oflmperial Defence, Minutes (Cab. 2) Committee oflmperial Defence, Papers (Cab. 4) Defence Requirements Committee and other committees (Cab. 16) Chiefs ofStaffCommittee (Cab. 53) Joint Planning Committee (Cab. 55)
Foreign Office: General Correspondence (FO 371) Confidential Prints (FO 432) News Department (FO 395) Individuals' Papers (FO 800)
War Office: Appreciation Files of the Director of Military Intelligence (WO 190) Correspondence between CIGS and HM Military Attache, Paris 1934--5 (WO 106/5137)
Private Collections: Earl of Avon (FO 954) Lord Hankey's 'Magnum Opus' Files (Cab. 63) J. Ramsay MacDonald (PRO 30/69)
(MacDonald asked that the following statement appear in any work making use of his diaries. 'These notes must not be printed as they stand. They are jottings to preserve for my further use feelings put down as I felt them at the moment & not final or considered conclusions. J .R.M. ')
2. Birmingham University Library
Neville Chamberlain (NC) 292 Bibliography
3. Churchill College, Cambridge Group-Captain Malcolm Grahame Christie Baron Hankey of the Chart Sir Eric Phipps (PHPP) General Edward L. Spears (SPRS) Viscount Swinton Lord Vansittart (VNST) Viscount Weir
Franklin D. Roosevelt Library Papers of Franklin D. Roosevelt President's Secretary's File (PSF) Papers of Henry Morgenthau
II. PUBLISHED DOCUMENTS
A. Belgium
Academie Royale, Documents diplomatiques be~ges: 1920-1940, vols. III-IV (Brussels, 1964-5).
B. France
Assembler Nationale,journal Officiel. Debats parlementaires. Chambre; Senat. Les evenements survenus en France de 1933 a 1945 (report by Charles Serre) (II vols, Paris, 194 7-52). Ministrre des Affaires Etrangeres. Commission de Publication, Documents dip• lomatiquesjranfais: 1932-39, le serie, 2• serie (Paris) France, Haut Cour de justice, Le proces du Marechal Pitain: Compte rendu in extenso des audiences (Paris, 1945). Le proces Laval (Paris, 1946). Le proces de Pierre-Etienne Flandin, 23-26juillet 1946 (Paris, n.d.).
C. Germany
Documents on German Foreign Policy: 1918-1945, series C, vols 111-V (London and Washington, 1959, 1962, 1966). Rothfels, Hans, et al. ( eds), Akten aur deutschen auswiirtigen Politik: 1918-1945, Serie C, vols III-V (Gottingen, 1973-7) (English translation published as Documents on German Foreign Policy: 1918-1945, Series C, vols 111-V (London and Washing• ton, 1959, 1962, 1966)). Bibliography 293
D. Great Britain
Cmd. 5143 (1936). Parliamentary Debates: House ofCommons; House of Lords. Royal Institute of International Affairs, Documents on International Affairs: 1934, 1935, 1936 (London, 1935-7). Woodward, E. L., et al. (eds), Documents on British Foreign Policy: 1919-1939, Second Series, vol. VI (London, 1957); vols XII-XVI, ed. W. N. Medlicott et al. (London, 1972-7).
E. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Degras, Jane (ed.), Soviet Documents on Foreign Policy (3 vols, London, 1951-3). 'The Struggle of the U.S.S.R. for Collective Security in Europe during 1934-35', Parts I-IV, International Affairs (Moscow, .June-Oct. 1963).
F. United States
Department of State, Foreign Relations tif the United States: 1934, 1935, 1936 (Washington, 1951-4). Nixon, Edgar B. (ed.), Franklin D. Roosevelt and Foreign Affairs: 1935-1938, vois 11-111 (Cambridge, Mass., 1969).
III. NEWSPAPERS
New York Times New York Herald Tribune Le Temps The Times
IV. DIARIES AND MEMOIRS
Aloisi, Baron Pompeo, journal (25 juillet 1932-14 juin 1936), Maurice Vaussard, trans. (Paris, 1957). Amery, Leopold, My Political Life (3 vols, London, 1953-5). Armengaud, Jean, Batailles politiques et militaires sur /'Europe: Timoignages (1932-1940) (Paris, 1948). Attlee, Clement, As It Happened (London, 1954). Avon (I). Avon, Earl of, The Memoirs tif Anthony Eden: Facing the Dictators (Boston, 1962). Avon (2). --.The Reckoning (Boston, 1965). 294 Bibliography
Bloch, Marc, Strange Defeat, G. Hopkins trans. (rpt., New York, 1968). Blum, John Morton, From the Morgenthau Diaries, vol. 1: Years tj Crisis: 1928-1938 (Boston, 1959). Pownall diary. Bond, Brian (ed.), Chief ofStaff: The Diaries tj Lieutenant-General Sir Henry Pownall, vol. 1: 1933-1940 (London, 1972). Bonnet, Georges, Difense de la paix (2 vols, Geneva, 1946, 1948). --. Le Quai d'Orsay sous trois Republiques (Paris, 1961). Boothby, Robert, My Yesterday, Your Tomorrow (London, 1962). --. Recollections of a Rebel (London, 1978). Bullitt, Orville H. (ed.), For the President Personal and Secret: Correspondence between Franklin D. Roosevelt and William C. Bullitt (Boston, 1972). Chambrun, Charles de, Traditions et souvenirs (Paris, 1952). Charles-Roux, Fran~ois, Huit ans au Vatican: 1932-1940 (Paris, 1947). Chatfield, Lord, It Might Happen Again (London, 1947). Chauvel, Jean, Commentaires, vol. 1: De Vienne a Alger (1938-1944) (Paris, 1971 ). Churchill, Winston S., The Second World War, vol. 1: The Gathering Storm (Boston, 1949). Coulondre, Robert, De Staline a Hitler: Souvenirs d'une ambassade a Berlin (Paris, 1946). Dalton, Hugh, The Fateful Years: Memoirs, 1931-1945 (London, 1957). Dampierre, Robert de, 'Dix annees de politique fran~aise a Rome (1925--1935)', Part II, La revue des deux mondes (15 Nov. 1953). De Bono, Emilio, Anno XIIII: The Conquest tj an Empire, trans. B. Miall (London, 1937). De Gaulle, Charles, Memoires de guerre (3 vols, Paris, 1954, 1956, 1959). Dilks, David (ed.), The Diaries tj Sir Alexander Cadogan: 1938-1945 (New York, 1972). Dodd, William E., Jr., and Dodd, Martha (eds), Ambassador Dodd's Diary: 1933-1938 (New York, 1941). Fabry, Jean, De la Place Concorde au Cours de l'Intendance: fivrier 1934 au juin 1940 (Paris, 1942). Flandin, Pierre-Etienne, Politiquefran{aise: 1919-1940 (Paris, 1947). Fran~ois-Poncet, Andre, Souvenirs d'une ambassade a Berlin (Paris, 1946). Gamelin, General Maurice G., Servir (3 vols, Paris, 194&-7). Gladwyn, Lord, The Memoirs of Lord Gladwyn (London, 1972). Guariglia, Raffaele, Riccardi: 1922-1946 (Naples, 1949). Halifax, Viscount, Fullness tj Days (London, 1957). Harvey,John (ed.), The Diplomatic Diaries tjOliver Harvey: 1937-1940 (London, n.d. [1970?]). Herriot, Edouard,jadis, vol. II: D'une guerre a!'autre, 1914-1936 (Paris, 1952). Hitler, Adolf, Mein Kampf (trans., New York, 1939). Hull, Cordell, Memoirs (2 vols, New York, 1948). Ismay, Lord, Memoirs (New York, 1960). Jedrzejewicz, Wac!aw (ed.), Diplomat in Berlin, 1933-1939: Papers and Memoirs tj josef Lipski (New York, 1968). --. Diplomat in Paris: Memoirs tjjulius::. .Lukasiewicz New York, 1970). James (2). James, Robert Rhodes, Chips: The Diaries tj Sir Henry Channon (New York, 1967). James (3). --.The Memoirs tj a Conservative:}. C. C. Davidson's Memoirs and Papers, 1910-1937 (London, 1969). Bibliography 295
Jones, Thomas, A Diary with Letters: /93/-/950 (London, 1954). Kelly, Sir David, The Ruling Few or the Human Background to Diplomacy (London, 1952). Kirkpatrick, Sir lvone, The Inner Circle (London, 1959). Lawford, Valentine, Boundfor Diplomacy (Boston and London, 1963). La val, Pierre, Laval Parle (Paris, 1948). Lazareff, Pierre, Derniere edition (New York, n.d.). Leca, Dominique, La rupture de /940 (Paris, 1978). Liddell Hart, Basil H., The Liddell Hart Memoirs (2 vols, New York, 1965, 1966). Londonderry, Marquess of, Winds of Destiny (London, 1943). MacDonald, Malcolm, Titans & Others (London, 1972). Macleod, R., and Kelly, D. (eds), Time Unguarded: The Ironside Diaries, 1937-1940 (New York, 1962). Macmillan, Harold, Winds of Change: 1914-1939 (New York, 1966). --.The Past Masters: Politics and Politicians, 1906-1939 (New York, 1975). Madariaga, Salvador de, Morning Without Noon: Memoirs (Farnborough, 1974). Massigli, Rene, La Turquie devant la guerre: Mission a Ankara, 1939-1940 (Paris, 1964). --. Une comMie des erreurs, 1943-1956: Souvenirs et rijlexions sur une hape de la construction europienne (Paris, 1978). Minney, R.J. (ed.), ThePrivatePapersofHore-Belisha (London, 1960). Modiano, Patrick, lnterrogatoire (Paris, 1976). Moran, Lord, Churchill (London, 1966). Muggeridge, Malcolm (ed.), Ciano's Diary: 1937-1938 (London, 1947). Nicolson, Nigel (ed.), Harold Nicolson: Diaries and Letters, 1930-1939 (London, 1966). Noel, Leon, L 'agression allemande contre la Pologne: Une Ambassade a Varsovie, 193~1939 (Paris, 1946). Noel (I). --. Les illusions de Stresa: L 'Italie abandonee aHitler (Paris, 197 5). Paul-Boncour,Joseph, Entre deux guerres: Souvenirs sur la file Republique (3 vols, New York, 1946--7). Peterson, Sir Maurice, Both Sides of the Curtain (London, 1950). Portmann, Georges, Le cripuscule de la paix (Paris, 1955). Reynaud, Paul, Au CIEUr de la melie: /930-1945 (Paris, 1951). --.La France a sauvi !'Europe (2 vols, Paris, 1947). --. Mimoires (2 vols, Paris, 1960, 1963). Rueff, Jacques, Oeuvres completes, voJ. 1: De l'aube au cripuscule: Autobiographie de ['auteur (Paris, 1977). Salter, Sir Arthur, Personality in Politics (London, 1947). Selby, Sir Walford, Diplomatic Twilight: 1930-/940 (London, 1953). Shirer, William L., Berlin Diary: The Journal of a Foreign Correspondent, 1934-1941 (New York, 1941). Simon, Viscount, Retrospect (London, 1948). Slessor, Sir John, The Central Blue (New York, 1957). Speer, Albert, Inside the Third Reich, trans. Richard and Clara Winston (New York, 1970). Stevenson, Frances, Lloyd George: A Diary, ed. A.J. P. Taylor (New York, 1971). Strang, Lord, Home and Abroad (London, 1956). Swinton, Lord, Sixty Years of Power (London, 1966). 296 Bibliography
Szembek, Jean, journal: 1933-1939, trans. J. Rzewuska and T. Zaleski (Paris, 1952). Tabouis, Genevieve, They Called Me Cassandra (New York, 1942). Templewood, Lord, Nine Troubled Years (London, 1954). Thompson, Sir Geoffrey, Front-Line Diplomat (London, 1959). Vansittart, Lord, Bones of Contention (New York, 1945). Vansittart (I).--. Lessons of My Life (New York, 1943). Vansittart (2). --.The Mist Procession (London, 1956). Wellesley, Sir Victor, Diplomatic Fetters (London, 1944). Weygand, M., Memoires (Paris, 1950). Za y, Jean, Souvenirs et solitude (Paris, 1946).
V. AUTHORITIES
A. Biographies
Baldwin, A. W., My Father (London, 1973). Bankwitz, Philip C. F., Maxime Weygand and Civil-Military Relations in Modern France (Cambridge, Mass., 1967). Barros, James, Betrayal from Within: joseph Avenol, Secretary-General of the League of Nations, 1933-1940 (New Haven, 1969). Berlin, Isaiah, Mr. Churchill in 1940 (London, n.d.). Birkenhead, Lord, Halifax (Boston, 1966). Blaxland, Gregory,}. H. Thomas: A Lifefor Unity (London, 1964). Bond (1). Bond, Brian, Liddell Hart: A Study of his Military Thought (New Brunswick, N.j., 1977). Bullock, Alan, Adolf Hitler: A Study in Tyranrry, 2nd edn (London, 1962). --.The Life and Times of Ernest Bevin, 2 vols (London, 1960, 1967). Butler, J. R. M., Lord Lothian (Philip Kerr): 1882-1940 (London, 1960). Campbell,John, Lloyd George: The Goat in the Wilderness, 1922-1931 (London, 1977). Carlton, David, Anthony Eden: A Biography (London, 1981). Carter, Violet Bonham, Winston Churchill as I Knew Him (London, 1965). Colton, Joel, Leon Blum: Humanist in Politics (New York, 1966). Colvin, I. Vansittart in Office (London, 1965 ). Cross, J. A., Sir Samuel Hoare: A Political Biography (London, 1977). De Felice, Renzo, Mussolini it Duce, vol. 1: Gli anni del consenso: 1929-1936 (Turin, 1974). Feiling, Keith, The Life of Neville Chamberlain (London, 1946). Fest, Joachim C., Adolf Hitler: Eine Biographie (Berlin, 1973). Gilbert (!). Gilbert, Martin, Winston S. Churchill, vol. V: 1922-1939 (London, 1976). --. Sir Horace Rumbold: Portrait of a Diplomat (London, 1973). --.Plough My Own Furrow: The Story of Lord Allen of Hurtwood (London, 1965). Hibbert, Christopher, Benito Mussolini (London, 1962). Honneur a Saint-john Perse (Paris, 1965 ). Hyde, H. Montgomery, Baldwin: The Unexpected Prime Minister (London, 1973). James (I). James, Robert Rhodes, Churchill: A Stutfy in Failure 1900-1939 (New York, 1970). Bibliography 297
Jeanneney (I). Jeanneney, J. N., Fran{ois de Wendel en Republique: L'argent et le pouvoir, 1914-1940 (Paris," 1976). Keynes (1). Keynes,J. M., Essays in Biography (London, 1933). Kirkpatrick, lvone, Mussolini: Study qf a Demagogue (London, 1964). Lapie, Pierre Olivier, Edouard Herriot (Paris, 1967). Le Goyet, Pierre, Le 77rystere Gamelin (Paris, 197 5). Mack Smith (1). Mack Smith, Denis, Mussolini (New York, 1982). Mack Smith (2). --. Mussolini's Roman Empire (Penguin, ed., 1977). McLachlan, Donald, In the Chair: Barrington- Ward qf The Times, 1927-1948 (London, 1971). Macleod, lain, Neville Chamberlain (London, 1961). Mallet, Alfred, Pierre Laval, 2 vols (Paris, 1954). Marquand, David, Ramsay MacDonald (London, 1977). Marwick, Arthur, Clifford Allen: The Open Conspirator (London, 1964). Middlemas, Keith, and Barnes, John, Baldwin: A Biography (London, 1969). Pelling, Henry, Winston Churchill (London, 1974). Reader, W. J ., Architect qf Air Power (London, 1968). E. Robertson (I). Robertson, Esmonde M., Mussolini as Empire-Builder: Europe and Africa, 1932-1936 (London, 1977). Rock, William R., Neville Chamberlain (New York, 1969). Rose, Norman, Vansittart: Study qf a Diplomat (London, 1978). Roskill (1). Roskill, Stephen, Hankey: Man q[Secrets, 3 vols (London, 1970-4). Rowland, Peter, Lloyd George (London, 1975). Ruby, Marcel, La vie et oeuvre de jean Zay (Paris, 1969). Sherwood, John M., Georges Mandel and the Third Republic (Stanford, 1970). Sou lie, Michel, La vie politique d'Edouard Herriot (Paris, 1962). Steiner, George, 'St-John Perse: Letters', New Yorker (10 Sept. 1979). Taylor (I). Taylor, A. J. P., Beaverbrook (New York, 1972). Taylor (2). --. et al., Churchill Revised (New York, 1971). Toland, Henri, La France trahie: Pierre Laval (New York, 1941). Trythall, A. J., 'Boney' Fuller (New Brunswick, N.J., 1977). Warner, Geoffrey, Pierre Laval and the Eclipse qf France (New York, 1968). Wormser, Georges, Georges Mandel: L'homme politique (Paris, 1967). Wrench, G. Evelyn, Geoffrey Dawson and Our Times (London, 1955). Young, G. M., Stanley Baldwin (London, 1952).
B. Monographs, Articles, Collections rif Articles and Theses
Acomb, Evelyn, and Brown, Marvin L. (eds ), French Society and Culture since the Old Regime (New York, 1966). Addison, Paul, The Road to 1945: British Politics and the Second World War (London, 1975). Adamthwaite, Anthony, France and the Coming qf the Second World War (London, 1977). Adler, Selig, The Uncertain Giant: 1921-1941 (New York, 1966). Aigner, Dietrich, Das Ringen um England: Das deutsch-britische Verhiiltnis (Munich, 1969). Albrecht-Carrie, Rene, Britain and France: Adaptations to a Changing Balance qf Power (Garden City, N.Y., 1970). 298 Bibliography
Allard, Paul, Le Quai d'Orsay (Paris, 1938). A ron, Raymond, Peace and War: A Theory qf International Relations, trans. R. Howard and A. Fox (London, 1966). Ashford, W., An Economic History qf Modern England: 1870-1939 (London, 1960). Auphan, Gabriel, and Mordal, Jacques, La marine fran(aise dans la seconde guerre mondiale, 2nd edn (Paris, 1967). A vice, Andre, Mesentente cordiale: La politique seculaire de l 'Angleterre (Paris, 1964). Baer (I). Baer, George W., The Coming qf the Italian-Ethiopian War (Cambridge, Mass., 1967). Baer (2), --.Test Case: Italy, Ethiopia, and the League qf Nations (Stanford, 1976). Barnes, Harry Elmer, Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace (New York, 1963). Barnett (I). Barnett, Core IIi, The Collapse qf British Power (London, 1972). Barnett (2). --.'A Military Historian's View of the Great War', in Stocks, Mary (ed.), Essays by Diverse Hands (London, 1970). Bassett, R., 'Telling the Truth to the People: The Myth of the Baldwin Confession', Cambridge}., II, 2 (1948). Baumont, Maurice, La Faillite de laPaix ( 1918-1939), 5th edn, 2 vols (Paris, 1967). Bell, Coral, The Conventions qf Crisis: A Study in Crisis Management (London, 1971). Bell, P. M. H., A Certain Eventuality: Britain and the Fall qfFrance (London, 1974). Bellanger, Claude, Godechot, Jacques, et al., Histoire generate de la pressefran(aise, vol. Ill: De 1971 ii 1940 (Paris, 1972). Bel off, Max, The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia: 1929-1941, 2 vols (London, 194 7, 1949). --.Imperial Sunset, vol. I: Britain's Liberal Empire (New York, 1970). Bennett, Edward W., German Rearmament and the Disarmament Conference 1932-33 (Princeton, 1979). Berl, Emmanuel, La fin de la IIIe Republique (Paris, 1968). Blythe, Ronald, The Age of Illusion: England in the Twenties and Thirties, 1919-1940 (Boston, 1964). Bond, Brian, France and Belgium (London, 1975). Bonnefous, Edouard, Histoire politique de la Troisieme Republique, vol. V: La Republique en danger: Des liques au front populaire, 1930-1936 (Paris, 1962). Bright, Charles C., 'Britain's Search for Security, 1930-1936: The Diplomacy of Disarmament and Imperial Defense', unpublished PhD diss. (Yale, 1975). Brogan, D. W., Is Innocence Enough? (London, 1941). --.The Development of Modern France (London, 1939). Cairns, John C., 'A Nation of Shopkeepers in Search of a Suitable France: 1919--1940', American Historical Rev., 79, 3 (1974). Calvocoressi, Peter, and Wint, Guy, Total War: Causes and Courses of the Second World War (London, 1972). Cameron, Elizabeth R., Prologue to Appeasement: A Study in French Foreign Policy (Washington, 1942). Carr, E. H., The Twenty Years Crisis: 1919-1939 (London, 1939). Carrias, Eugene, La pensee militaire fran(aise (Paris, 1961). Castellan, Georges, Le rearmement clandestin du Reich: 1930-1935 (Paris, 1954). Centre National de Ia Recherche Scientifique, colloques internationaux, Les relationsfranco-allemandes: 1933-1939 (Paris, 1976). --. Les relations militairesfranco-belges: mars 1936-10 mai 1940 (Paris, 1968). Challener, Richard D., The French Theory qf the Nation in Arms: 1866-1939 (New York, 1955). Bibliography 299
Chastenet,Jacques, Dec/in de Ia Troisieme: 1931-1938 (Paris, 1962). Cobban, Alfred, A History of Modern France, vol. III: 1871-1963 (London, 1965). Collier, Basil, The Defence of the United Kingdom (London, 1957). Connell, John, The 'Office': A Study of British Foreign Policy and its Makers (London, 1958). Conwell-Evans, T. P., None So Blind: A Study of the Crisis Years, 1930-1939 (privately printed, London, 1974). Coghlan, F., 'Armaments, Economic Policy and Appeasement: 'Background to British Foreign Policy, 1931-1937', History, 57, 190 (1972). Cowling, Maurice, The Impact of Hitler: British Politics and British Policy, 1933-1940 (Cambridge, 1975). Craig, Gordon A., and Gilbert, Felix (eds), The Diplomats (Princeton, 1953). Crowley, James B., japan's Quest for Autono"!)': National Security and Foreign Policy, 1930-1938 (Princeton, 1966). Dallek, Robert, Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy: 1932-1945 (New York, 1979). Debicki, Roman, The Foreign Policy of Poland: 1919-1939 (New York, 1962). --.'The Remilitarization of the Rhineland and its Impact on the Franco-Polish Alliance', Polish Review, XIV, 4 (1969). Delperrie de Bayac, Jacques, Histoire du Front Populaire (Paris, 1972). Dennis, Peter, Decision by Default: Peacetime Conscription and British Defence, 1919-1939 (London, 1972). Dubief, Henri, Le dec/in de Ia Troisieme Republique: 1929-1938 (Paris, 1976). Duroselle, J. B., La decadence: 1932-1939 (Paris, 1979). Earle, Edward Meade (ed.), The Makers of Modern Strategy (Princeton, 1941). Eayrs, James, In Defence of Canada: Appeasement and Rearmament, 2 vols (Toronto, 1965). Ehrman, John, Cabinet Government and War: 1890-1940 (Cambridge, 1969). Emmerson, James T., The Rhineland Crisis, 7 March 1936: A Stu.:[y in Multilateral Diplomacy (London, 1977). Fohlen, Claude, La France de l'entre-deux-guerres: 1917-1939 (Paris, 1966). Fridenson, Patrick, and Lecuir, Jean, La France et Ia Grande-Bretagne face aux problemes aeriens, 193~mai 1940 (Vincennes, 1976). Fuchser, Larry William, Neville Chamberlain and Appeasement: A Study in the Politics of History (New York, 1982). Funke, Manfred, Sanktionen und Kanonen: Hitler, Mussolini und der internationale Abessinienkonjlikt, 1934-1936 (Dusseldorf, 1970). Furnia, Arthur H., The Diplomacy of Appeasement: Anglo-French Relations and the Prelude to World War II, 1931-1938 (Washington, 1960). Fussell, Paul, The Great War and Modern Memory (New York, 1975). Gannon, Franklin Reid, The British Press and Na;:;i Germany: 1936-1939 (Oxford, 1971). Garnier, Jean-Paul, 'Au tour d'un accord', La revue de Paris (Sept. 1961 ). Gates, Eleanor M., End of the Affair: The Collapse ofthe Anglo-French Alliance, 1939~0 (Berkeley, 1981). Gatzke, Hans W. (ed.), European Diplomacy between Two Wars: 1919-1939 (Chicago, 1972). Gehl, Jiirgen, Austria, Germa'!)' and the Anschluss: 1931-1938 (London, 1963). George, Margaret, The Warped Vision: British Foreign Policy, 1933-1939 (Pittsburgh, 1965). 300 Bibliography
Geraud, Andre ('Pertinax'), 'France and the Anglo-German Naval Treaty', Foreign Affairs, 14, I (1935). Gibbs, N.H., Grand Strategy, vol. 1: Rearmament Policy (London, 1976). Gilbert, Martin, The Roots of Appeasement (London, 1966). -.and Gott, Richard, The Appeasers, 2nd edn (London, 1967). Gladwyn, Cynthia, The Paris Embas~ (London, 1976). Glasgow, George, 'The Proposed New Pact', The Contemporary Rev., 147 Qanuary, 1935). Goldman, Aaron L., 'Sir Robert Vansittart's Search for Italian Cooperation against Hitler, 1933-36',]. of Contemporary History, 9, 3 (1974). Gooch, R. K., The French Parliamentary System (Charlottesville, 1938). Graves, Robert, and Hodge, Alan, The Long Weekend: A Social History of Great Britain, 1918-1939 (New York, 1941). Greene, Nathaniel, Crisis and Decline: The French Socialist Party in the Popular Front Era (Ithaca, 1969). Guedalla, Philip, Collected Essays, vol. Ill: Men of War (London, n.d.). Guyard, Marius-Fran<;:ois, La Grande-Bretagne dans le roman fran(ais: 1914-1940 (Paris, 1954). Hall, H. Duncan, Commonwealth: A History of The British Commonwealth of Nations (London, 1971). Hall, H. Hines, III, 'The Foreign Policy-Making Process in Britain, 1934-35, and the Origins of the Anglo-German Naval Agreement', Historical]., 19, 2 ( 1976). Haraszti, Eva H., Treaty-Breakers or 'Realpolitiker'? (Boppard, 1974). Hardie, Frank, The Abyssinian Crisis (London, 1974). Harris, Brice, Jr., The United States and the ltalo-Ethiopian Crisis (Stanford, 1964). Hatton, Ragnhild, and Anderson, M. S. (eds), Studies in Diplomatic History (London, 1970). Hauser, Oswald, England und das Dritte Reich, vol. 1: 1933-1936 (Stuttgart, 1974). Hazlehurst, Cameron, Politicians at War, July 1914 to May 1915: A Prologue to the Triumph of Lloyd George (New York, 1971). Heller, Richard, 'East Fulham Revisited',]. of Contemporary History, 6, 4 ( 1971 ). Higham, Robin, Military Intellectuals in Britain: 1918-1939 (New Brunswick, N.J., 1966). Hildebrand, Klaus, The Foreign Policy of the Third Reich, trans. A. Fothergill (Berkeley, 1973). Hill, C. J., 'Great Britain and the Saar Plebiscite of 13 January 1935', }. of Contemporary History, 9, 3 (1974). Hillgruber, Andreas, 'England's Place in Hitler's Plans for World Domination',}. of Contemporary History, 9, I ( 1974). Hinsley (1). Hinsley, F. H., Power and the Pursuit of Peace: Theory and Practice in the History of Relations between States (Cambridge, 1965 ). --. et al., British Intelligence in the Second World War: Its Influence on Strategy and Operations (New York, 1979). Hi:ihne, Heinz, Der Orden unter dem Totenkopf: Die Geschichte der SS (Munich, 1967). Holborn, Hajo, The Political Collapse of Europe (New York, 1951). Holland, Sir Thomas, The Mineral Sanction and International Security (London, 1935). Hoop, J. M. d', 'Frankreichs Reakton auf Hitlers Aussenpolitik: 1933-1939', Geschichte in Wissenschaft und Unterricht, XV, 4 (1964). Hoppenot, Henri, 'Comment furent detruites le 16 mai 1940 les archives secretes du quai d'Orsay', Le Monde, 15-16 Aug. 1947. Bibliography 301
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Admiralty Balfour, A.J. 79 acceptance of Anglo-German Naval Bargeton, Paul 130 Treaty 168 Barthou, Louis 66, 83, 89, 130, 141, 178 consideration of Ethiopian Anglophile foreign policy 56-8 crisis 206-7 assassination of, 1934 56, 66 opposes war with Italy over eastern alliances made by 57 Ethiopia 212-13 gains Russian and Italian size of German Navy acceptable to 91 collaboration 58 Air Ministry Barton, Sir Sidney 82, 186 estimates German air strength, Beaverbrook, Lord 89 1935 162-3 Beck, Col. 189 Air Parity Committee 163 Belgium Air Staff (British) 110, 163 importance to British security 20-1, on growth of Ltiftwa.ffe 25, 163 52,87, 89 Alexander, King of Yugoslavia Bend, Edvard 68, 177 assassination of 58, 66, 68, 69, 70, 74 Brinon, Fernand de 234 death blamed on Hungary 68 Britain Allen, Lord, ofHurtwood 89 acceptance of German rearmament Aloisi, Baron 70, 75, 156, 157, 159, 160, 90 187, 196, 200, 211, 212, 214 air pact with France, 1935 121-5 Amery, Leopold 228 passim Anglo-German Naval Agreement 10, defence White Paper of 1935 132-3 160, 168-71, 185, 226, 234, 246 defines acceptable German arms levels, French objections to 172, 173, 174 1935 90-1 Italian objections to 175 desire to avoid continental political consequences 170-1, 178-9, liabilities 2, 5, 246-8 180, 189, 190, 191 Ethiopian crisis and 72, 73, 79-82, preliminaries to 140, 141, 161, 168 137: dilemma over 183-9, 196-7, Ashton-Gwatkin, Frank 29 202-5; inconsistent policies Asquith, H. H. 79, 112 of 202, 212-13, 215-16; public Austria 224 pressure against Italy in 182; shifts attempted Nazi coup, 1934 69 responsibility to League of discussed at Stresa Conference 148-9 Nations 21~20 negotiations on security of 67, 69, 70, European balance of power, tradition 71, 75, 76 m 5 Avenol, Joseph 77 foreign-policy decision-making 7-8 imperialist and naval tradition in 5 Badoglio, Marshal 190 irritated by French 'obsession' with Baldwin, Stanley 7, 20, 23, 31, 35, 37, security 99 44, 45, 52, 87, 98, 105, 106, 107, 110, and negotiations with Hitler, 112, 116, 127, 136, 138, 139, 163, 1935 13~2 197, 227, 247 pacifism in 14 answers Churchill's exposition of plans for rearmament 17-21 defence policy 37-9, 40 protests conscription in Germany, becomes Prime Minister, 1935 180 1935 135-6 on air convention plan, 1935 114 question of sending troops to police on German and British air forces 38, Saar plebiscite 62 39,40 reaction to Franco-Italian unwilling to electioneer on entente 78-9 disarmament 228 reaction to German remilitarisation of wins 1935 election 228 Rhineland 242
306 Index 307
Britain -continued recommend British rearmament, rejects military talks with France, 1933 16, 19 1935 88, 101-2 report on consequences of support for League of Nations in 182, Ita1o-Ethiopian war 197 198--9,209 Churchill, Winston 32, 34, 39, 40, 41, unprepared for specific commitment to 52, 247 France, 1935 85-8 and air power 35 British army challenges government on German Chamberlain's cuts in rearmament rearmament 23-4, 25 plans, 1934 18--19 exposition on British defence DRC plans for rearmament of, policy 34--7 1934 17 on growth of Luftwaffe 22, 36 role in defence White Paper, 1935 132 recommends speeding up Briining, Heinrich 59 rearmament 228 view on Ethiopian question 202 C1emenceau, Georges 58 Cabinet Committee on German Clerk, Sir George 26, 93, 96, 98--102 Rearmament (British) 24--6, 48 passim, 124, 130, 173, 185, 188,205, composition 23 224--7 passim, 231 continental commitments proposed 52 on French attitude to German fear of upsetting Germany 25-6 rearmament 49, 95-6 opposition to tying Britain to Collier, Laurence 130, 236 France 51 Committee oflmperial Defence proposals for continental (British) 41, 42, 162 accommodation 51-2, 53 approves idea of air convention 123 purpose of 24 considers Ethiopian crisis 206 Caillaux, Joseph 58 proscribes term 'Expeditionary Campbell, Ronald H. 93, 96, 136 Force' 43 on possible replacement of Laval 137 uncertain about defence policy 42-3 sees danger of arms race 97 warns about Japanese aggressive Carr, E. H. 210 intentions 104 Cecil, Lord 194, 202 Corbin, Charles 44, 101, 136, 140, 198, supports League of Nations against 199,217,226 Italy 192-3 explains British sensibilities to Chamberlain, Neville 2, 20, 24, 25, 42, Laval 94 87, 96, 136, 138, 139, 145, 166, 242 proposes 'air convention' for London assumes greater role in government, Conference 105-6 1935 138--9 Craigie, R. L. 140, 170 and Ethiopian question 185-6, 187-8, Cranborne, Lord 210 204, 220 Cunliffe-Lister, Sir Philip 86 makes cuts in rearmament plans, Curzon, Lord 79 1934 18--19 Czechoslovakia 71, 189, 244 recommends slow-down in RAF Czech-Soviet Alliance, 1935 154, 175 expansion 32 Chamberlain, Sir Austen 186, 202 Chambrun, Count Charles de 69--72 Decoux, Adm. 227 passim, 75, 159, 199 Defence Requirements Committee Chanak crisis of 1922 5, 122, 170 (DRC) 81 Chatfield, Sir Ernie 198, 199, 206, 213, on British weakness 235 219 plans for British rearmament, Chiefs of Staff (British) 110 1933-4 17-18 belief in need for a BEF 20 plans for rearmament cut by defence review for 1935 180 Cabinet 18--19 on need for French alliance 122 De Gaulle, Col. Charles 134 plans for possible war with Delcasse, Theophile 3 Germany 41 Denain, Gen. 92, 159 308 Index
Disarmament Conference of 1932 15, post-1918 cracks in 3-4, 9-11 47, 51, 92 problem of revitalising 4.'>-6 Germany leaves 16, 31 Ethiopia 171,175, 177,188, 190 Djibouti appeals to League of Nations 77 Franco-Italian negotiations over 67, British problem of not alienating Italy 71 over 181-3 Dodd, William E. 27 Franco-Italian negotiations over Dollfuss, Dr disposal of 67-8, 71-2 assassination of 58, 69 Italian annexation of 232 Douhet, Gen. Giulio 35 Italian invasion of 72, 73, 78, 219, 220 Doumergue, Gaston 61, 83, 178 Italian invasion plans 150, 15 7 Drummond, Sir Eric 34, 73, 74, tripartite meeting on crisis over, 79-80, 159, 206 1935 199-200 attitude to Italian invasion of Ethiopia 80, 214-15 Fisher, Sir Warren 166 Dunkerque 91 on finance and rearmament 42 Flandin, Pierre-Etienne 44, 48, 50, 53, Eden, Anthony 34, 44, 70, 99, 101, 103, 54, 55, 62, 65, 84, 88, 95, 96, 98-105 115, 142, 145, 159, 160. 183, 184, passim, 108,116,118,123,124,137, 187, 188, 201, 211, 220, 223 153, 158,223, 231, 237, 238, 244, becomes Foreign Secretary, 1936 236 245, 246 becomes Minister for League of actions as prime minister: forms Nations affairs 172 government, 1934 61; changed belief in modus vivendi with Hitler 236, foreign policy under 83; floats 237 agenda for London diplomatic journeying: discusses Air Conference 84; raises question of Pact and land armaments in air convention at London Paris 173-4, 176, I 77, I 78; Conference 106, 108, 109, 110, discusses Ethiopian question with 115; requirements for Mussolini 175, 176--7, 187, 190; security 96--7; Stresa Conference goes to Paris and Rome to explain and 146--50 passim Anglo-German Naval becomes foreign minister, 1936 235 Agreement 172-3, 174-5, 191; reaction to German reoccupation of included in Simon's visit to Rhineland 241, 242, 243 Hitler 133, 136; visits Berlin, rejects oil embargo against Italy 239 1935 139; visits Moscow, Foreign Ministry (French) 8, 58, 100, 1935 143; visits Paris, March 126, 127, 128, 137, 144, 172, 177, 1935 139 237, 240 equivocal on possible German Foreign Office 21, 42, 204, 227 occupation of Rhineland 237, attitude to German problem, 238-9 1935 235 opinion of France 231 attitude to German rearmament, part in Ethiopian crisis 196--7, 1933 22-3 I99-202passim, 205, 206, 208, 214, attitude to Italian invasion of 216, 218 Ethiopia 79 proposes oil sanctions against confused views on Eastern Pact 128, Italy 239 129 reaction to German reoccupation of distrust of alliances I 0 I Rhineland 241-2, 243 foresees German penetration of E. supports League against Italy 219, Europe 28-9 223-4 and Germany, 1934 28-30 Ellington, Sir Edward 113, 162 supports PoliakofT formula 95 Entente Cordiale I, 5, 40, 90, 119, 120-1, views on value of air convention, 171, 190,247,248 1935 109-10, 122-3 founding of 3 France and Locarno Treaties 14 air strength, 1935 163 Index 309
France- continued See also Anglo-German Naval approval of air convention with Agreement Britain 123 Goring, Hermann 165 E. European allies 2, 10, 57, 58, 67 and Western powers 165-6 Eastern Pact of Mutual Assistance Grandi, Dino 158, 226 and 57, 58, 101 Grey, Sir Edward 52, 79 entente with Italy, 1935 76, 155, 181, Grigg, Sir Edward 96, 97 189--90 Gringoire 223 falling number of recruits 92, 134 Guedalla, Philip 247 fears of German rearmament 44, 53 finally agrees to support Britain in any Haile Selassie, Emperor 78, 79, 82, 158, war with Italy 224-5, 226, 227 200, 201, 229 foreign-policy decision-making 8 Hailsham, Lord 24, 26, 87 importance of British alliance Halifax, Lord 86, 242, 243 to 245-6, 248 Hankey, Sir Maurice 87, 107, 111-12, Maginot Line 57, 134, 237 122, 136, 164, 166,219 naval concern about war with Italy, belief in possible deal with Hitler 167 1935 218 opposed to continental post-1918 support for Entente commitments 122 Cordiale 4 opposes air canvention, 1935 Ill, protests German conscription 137-8 112, 113 shocked by Anglo-German Naval work on defence White Paper, Agreement 17~3 1935 132 talks with Italy about Austrian Herriot, Edouard 61, 64, 68, 96, 144, security 54, 55, 69, 71, 75, 76 147, 153, 172,223,228,231 wary of arms agreement with abominates Hitler 137 Germany 91-2 Hitler, Adolf I, 4, 16, 30, 31, 32, 44, 47, Franco-Polish Alliance 189 63, 64, 99, 119, 148, 153, 161, 168, Franco-Soviet Alliance, 1935 154, 161, 223 175, 189, 237, 239, 240, 246 becomes German chancellor, 1933 13 lack of military convention 154, 189 challenge to Britain and France 6 Fran~ois-Poncet, Andre 125, 126, 139, declares Saar last territorial claim l 07 172 discussions with Simon, 1935 14~2 expresses devotion to peace, 1935 164-5 Gamelin, Gen. 67, 237 gains from Ethiopian crisis 233 plan to defend Austria 155-6 gives strength of Luftwaffe, 1935 162 unwilling to defend Rhineland 23 7, ignores French overtures, 1935 234 240 introduces conscription 135 visits Italy, 1935 172, 190 Mein Kampf 190 Geneva Protocol 15, 144 proposes enlargement of German George V Jubilee 161 Navy 135, 140, 141 Georges, Gen. rages at British demarche 33 pessimism in 1935 19~1 raises question of naval tonnage for Geraud, Andre 60 Germany 33, 91 German-Polish Non-aggression Pact, reaction to British defence White 1934 189 Paper, 1935 133 Germany reaction to London Declaration, aims to divide England and France 45 1935 125-6 attitude to Eastern Pact 99 remilitarisation of Rhineland, fears of foreign intervention pass 45 1936 239--40, 243 leaves League of Nations, 1933 16, 31 successes in 1935 134-5 naval building of 170 Hoare, Sir Samuel 24, 25, 173, 176, 177, rearmament 16, 21-2, 23, 25, 28, 134, 178, 182, 183, 186, 192, 214, 218, 162 219, 220, 227, 236 Rohm purge of 1934 21 becomes Foreign Secretary 172, 181 310 Index
Hoare, Sir Samuel- continued Lansbury, George 220 Ethiopian crisis and: anxious for Lansdowne, 5th Marquess of 3 French support against Italy 216; Laval, Pierre 28, 44, 48, 50, 51, 53, 54, belief in ineffectiveness of sanctions 55, 83, 84, 88, 89, 93-6 passim, 98, against Italy 204--5; conciliatory 100, 101, 103, 105, 106, 114, 115, note to Italy, Oct. 1935 226; 123, 124, 126, 127, 136, 139, 156, discussions with Laval 205-10 158, 159, 172, 184, 188, 192,202, passim; early part in 183-4, 187, 237, 245 188, 191-2, 195, 196, 197, 199, Air Pact and land armament 202, 203; equivocal speech to discussions and 174, 176-7 League, 1935 211-12, 213; Anglo-German Naval Agreement opposed to oil embargo on and 172, 173 Italy 229; plan to put crisis attempts to woo Hitler, 1935 125, 234 before League 203, 204; resigns becomes French Foreign Minister 58, over outcry against Hoare-Laval 61 Plan 230 concludes entente with Italy, 1935 76, influenced by Vansittart 181 84 view on League of Nations 224 Ethiopian crisis and: abandons Hoare-Laval Plan, 1935 82, 211, 226, Ethiopia to Italy 77-8; acts the 229-31, 236 middleman between London and outcry at 230, 242 Rome 195-6, 202; addresses Hoesch, Leopold von 25, 26, 32, 59 League on Ethiopia, 1935 212; finds Simon conciliatory 105 disbelieving about British support on Ethiopian question 184 for League 214, 215, 218; finally Hungary 76 agrees to military assistance to blamed for King Alexander's Britain if attacked by murder 68 Italy 224--5, 226; friendship with defends itself before League of Italy, 1935 189-90; part in Nations 69-70 tripartite meeting 200, 20 I; plan Hymans, Paul 211 to resolve dispute 218, 219; reviews options, 1935 20 I; Information, L' 234 supports Italy 185, 191, 194--5, Ironside, Gen. Sir Edmund 248 196; talks with Hoare 205-10 Italy 104 passim; unwilling for oil embargo to bad relations with Yugoslavia 66, 74 be laid on Italy 229 conquest of Ethiopia, and British execution, 1945 59, 78 interests 182 international views 60, 61, 102 entente with France, 1935 76, 155, London Conference and: explains 181 importance of Eastern Pact 108; excluded from Franco-British air opening speech 107; presses pact 123 British for declaration of grievances against France 66 unity 115-17; talks about moves against Ethiopia 72, 73, 78 disarmament treaty and German See also Mussolini, Benito rearmament 108-9 mastery of politics 59-60, 78 japan 42, 104, 122, 197, 206, 207 meets Simon in Paris, 1935 13{}-2 abrogates naval treaties I 70 needs British support against Germany aggression, early thirties 13 for French support against naval ratio with Britain, 1935 168 Italy 221-2 jebb, Gladwyn 29, 237 negotiations for Franco-Soviet jevtic, Bogoljub 75 Pact 64--5, 129, 130, 144, 148, 153-4 Keynes,]. M. negotiations with Italy 63, 66-77 condemns Treaty of Versailles 3 passim on Churchill 23-4 opportunism 77, 78 Koster, Roland 62 opposition to communism 60 Index 311
Laval, Pierre- continued conflict between British and French part in Stresa Conference 146--50 positions 100 passim conflict between British and French plagued with internal troubles in governmental styles 83, 93, 105 France 223, 228 opening speeches I 06--8 plans for Franco-German preparation of communique 114-15, agreement 6~, 65 118 position of weakness, 1935 13 7 question of air convention 108-14, reaction to German abrogation of 115-18 Versailles Treaty 135, 136 London Declaration of 1935 118-19, reputation 58-9 127, 134, 136, 140, 148, 149, 175, Saar plebiscite and 62, 63, 64 176, 223, 233 seeks British assurances on European London Treaty, 1915 66 security 213, 214 Londonderry, Lord 43, 48, 110, 113, signs alliance with Soviet Union 152 127, 162, 163, 164 talks with Stalin, 1935 154, 161 Lothian, Lord 89, 127, 128 tenders resignation, 1936 235 Hitler's desire for peace and 105 view of Britain 61, 64 sees Hitler 127-8 League of Nations 3, 5, 14, 22, 30, 47, Luftwajfe 39, 134, 165, 174 51, 78, 82, 96, 119, 129, 143, 146, growth of 22, 25, 36, 161, 162, 163 147, 148, 183 condemns German military law of 1935 156 MacDonald,]. Ramsay 7, 24, 25, 43, Ethiopian crisis and 159-60, 185, 187, 48, 98, 105, 106, 127, 132, 135, 136, 188, 191, 192-3, 195, 200, 201, 138, 139, 142, 154, 165, 241 206, 208, 215, 220, 229: condemns attitude to Italian invasion of Italian invasion 221; question of Ethiopia 81, 205 sanctions against Italy 222, 223; feels danger of war with sanctions recommended 229 Germany 41-2, 89-90, 155 Germany leaves 16, 31 on financial considerations and power of idea of 198-9 defence 42 resolution on murder of King opens London Conference, 1935 106 Alexander 70 opinion of air pact with France, Leger, Alexis 60, 95, 96, 10 I, 103, 106, 1935 121-2, 123 115, 125, 130, 133, 153, 157, 158, opposed to specific commitment to 171, 174, 181, 195,201,202,213, France 85, 86 218, 225, 227 plans to gain French acceptance for on implementation of London German rearmament 49-52 communique 124 passim Liddell Hart, Capt. Basil 89 part in London Conference Litvinov, Maxim 143, 177, 191 proceedings 108, 109, 114, negotiations with Laval 64-5, 66, 116--17 153 part in Stresa Conference 145-50 Lloyd George, David 4, 32, 39, 46, 112, passim, 152 138, 202 peace at any price view 160-1 Locarno Treaties 2, 5, 16, 20, 21, 48, 57, resigns as Prime Minister 180 84, 87, 101, Ill, 123,154,241 Madariaga, Salvador de destructive of Anglo-French on Laval 59 alliance 14, 15 Malkin, Sir William 155 ideas for strengthening 96 Mandel, Georges 61, 14 7, 154 prov1s1ons 10, 13-14, 233 Margerie, Roland de 115, 116, 117 tacitly ignored by Britain 87-8, 89 Margesson, David 24 London Conference of 1935 83 Marin, Louis 61, 96, 154 'basis for discussion' agreed I 02-3, Massigli, Rene 83-4, 92, 94, 99, 100, 104 101, 132, 125, 159, 160, 171, 174, British instructions for 88-9 192, 218 312 Index
Massigli, Rene- continued O'Malley, Owen 186 defence of French attitude over Ethiopia 193-4 Paget, Col. Bernard C. T. fears freeing German military recommends accommodation with power 103 Berlin 163-4 on need for air treaty 97, 102 Paul, Prince Regent of Yugoslavia 66, on uncertainty of implementation of 137 general European settlement Perowne, Victor 23, 234 123-4 Peterson, Maurice 226 sees approach of war 104 Phipps, Sir Eric 26-8, 45, 47, 125, 126, sees need for Franco-British 129, 134, 139, 164, 169, 234 alliance 104 analysis of situation in Germany 27 recognises consequences of German berated by Hitler 33, 34 Rhineland coup, 1936 244 desire for Anglo-German tries to brief Laval on Simon meeting, agreement 27-8 1935 131 instructed to warn Hitler about unhappy at French attitude to Italian rearmament 32-3 aggression in Ethiopia 157-8 on German militarism 26-7 wishes French to reoccupy on Hitlerism 236-7 Rhineland 240 recommends Anglo-German Maurin, Gen. 65, 91, 92 rapprochement 30--l Memel 149 reports on German rearmament, Mend!, Sir Charles 231 1935 228 Munsell, Sir Bolton Eyres 87 supports Anglo-German Naval Mussolini, Benito 6, 10, 34, 55, 58, 68, Agreement 168 79, 82, 116, 152, 156, 157, 177, 184, Pietri, Fran~ois 141, 144, 171 214, 220, 229, 230, 246 Poland 60. 65, 66, 92 arrests Yugoslav conspirators 70 German criticise Anglo-German naval pact with, 1934 30--1 willing to support France on Rhineland Agreement 172, 175 issue 240, 241 Ethiopian crisis and: conscious of Poliakoff, Vladimir 106 British weakness 210; discussion plan for concessions for German return with Eden 175; insists on free to League 94 hand 158--9, 183, 187, 194, 195, receives Foreign Office approval for 196, 199-200; moves against plan 95 Ethiopia 72, 73, 74; preparations Popular Front 228 to invade Ethiopia 200--1, 215; Pownall, Col. {later Gen. Sir) Henry 43, willing to accept League 91, 247 condemnation 159-60 Proust, Marcel 10 faithful to entente with France 137 gains territory in Libya 67 negotiates entente with Laval 66, 67, Rapallo Treaty, 1922 64 69-73, 74-7 Reading, Lord 94 prepared to guarantee Austria 69, 71, Reichenau, Gen. von 28 75, 76, 149, 188 Rhineland demilitarised zone 87, 104, role at Stresa Conference 145--6, 122, 125, 131, 233 147-8, 149 crisis over 232, 238 yearning for empire 66, 69, 71, 150, importance to Allies 235 187 remilitarisation of 211, 239-40 Western powers' reaction to German Netherlands 229 remilitarisation of 242-3 Neurath, Baron von 33, 125, 176 Ribbentrop, Joachim von 169 denies German rearmament 33 Romania 74, 229 scorns League of Nations 93 Roosevelt, Pres. Franklin D. 201 Royal Air Force (RAF) 162, 163 O!uvre, L' 193 acceptable size of Lriftwaffe to 91 Index 313
Royal Air Force (RAF)- continued opinion on Eastern Pact 108 concept of replacement of men by part in London Conference: concern machines and 20 about style of moves in Ethiopian crisis 203 communique 114-15; opening plans for rearmament of 17, 18, 19, speech at 107; proposals 83, 87, 31,38-9 88,95,98-9 role in defence White Paper, 1935 132 part in Stresa Conference 144-8 Royal Navy passim additional squadrons for Fleet Air plan to visit Berlin 127, 136 Arm 31 reaction to FO's view of value of air Cabinet refusal to expand, 1934 19 convention, 1935 110, Ill DRC plans for readying, 1934 17 resigns as Foreign Secretary 180-1 moves in Ethiopian crisis 203 Singapore 42 role in defence White Paper, 1935 132 defence plans, 1934 I 7, 19 Ruhr crisis of 1923 10, 14, 57, 122, 170, Soviet Union 3, 92, 104, 229 236, 246 French negotiations with 63, 64-5, 66, 129, 130, 144, 148, 153--4 Saar plebiscite 22, 30, 33, 44, 45, 50, 53, Spears, Gen. 54, 55, 60,83, 84 on question of French support against German success in 89--90, 134 Italy 216--17 Laval's policy towards 62, 63 Stalin,Josef 143, 153, 154 Samuel, Lord 202 Steed, Wickham 15 Sargent, Orme 21, 33, 62, 93, 95, 96, Stimson, Henry L. 59 122, 129, 154, 173, 210, 223, 236 Stoyadinovic, Minister President of analysis of European and world Yugoslavia 217 problems, 1931 15 Stresa Conference 139, 142 conclusions on German Anglo-French differences on rearmament 22, 51 Germany 146--8, 149--50 dislike of Eastern Pact 100-1 British attitude 142-3, 144, 146 proposals for London French attitude 144 Conference 97-8 Italian role 145-6 Sarraut, Albert 235 question of Austria 148-9 Simon, Sir John 20, 24-5, 26, 31, 42, 43, question of Ethiopia 150 45, 50, 58, 59, 71, 73, 84,85,87, 88, results of 150-1 93, 102, 105, 106, 109, 114, 116, 117, Suvich, Fulvio 69, 70, 72, !59 118, 122, 126, 127, 129, 136, 138, 160, 162, 165, 168, 173 attempts to persuade French on Tabouis, Genevieve 193 accommodation with Temps, Le 93 Germany 53--5 Theodoli, Marchese Alberto 80 Ethiopian crisis and 156--7, 158: Thomas,]. H. 85, 87 attitude 79 Thompson, Geoffrey 79 favours deal with rearmed attends Stresa Conference 145, 150 Germany 46--8 Thorne, Col. fears of Franco-Soviet Pact !51, 153, on German rearmament 28 !55 Times, The 39, 40, 169 friendship with Lord Lothian 127, approves Hitler's naval demands 142 128 supports Poliakoff plan for concessions journeys to Paris, 1934 74 to Germany 94-5 journeys to see Hitler, 1935 139--42 urges package deal with Germany, loss of confidence in 133 1935 93 meets Laval in Paris, 1935 130-2 Trenchard, Lord 35 nervous of condemning Germany in Tyrrell, Lord 94 League 156 on German rearmament 44 opinion on air pact 121 United States 229 314 Index
Vansittart, Sir Robert 73, 93, 110, 115, urges larger air rearmament 163, 164 116, 122, 125, 127, 133, 136, 141, view of Ethiopian question 81-2, 142, 159, 160, 171, 176, 180,210, 181-3, 186, 187, 188, 194, 196, 223, 225, 226, 227, 236, 241, 244, 198, 199, 202, 215, 219, 220, 221 245, 247 view of German reaction to London anti-French outbursts 224, 22&--7, Declaration 126 230-1 view on value of air convention, attends Stresa Conference 145, 150, 1935 109, 112, 113 !51 Van Zeeland, Belgian Prime backs Anglo-German Naval Minister 243 Agreement 161 Versailles Treaty 4, 9, 14, 22, 28, 29, 44, belief in bribing Italy over 46, 47, 50, 60, 69, 98, 124, 141, 150, Ethiopia 182-3 152 certain European war coming, Hitler abrogates Part V of 135 1935 232 London Conference plans to abrogate conclusions on German Part V of 103, 119 rearmament 22 Vienot, Pierre 96, 98 convinced ofGerman threat 128-9, floats proposals on Germany for 132, 138, 161, 162, 165 London Conference 84-5, 86 favours Hoare-Laval Pact 231 Vitetti, Leonardo 73 isolated by views on German aggression 165-7 War Office (British) on importance of League of Nations to acceptable size of German army to 91 British public 198-9 Wigram, Ralph 62, 63, 122, 125, 194, on Laval 59 199, 220, 223, 226, 234, 235, 236 opinion of Lord Lothian 128 on rise of German power 190 opposed to eastward German expansion 226, 232, 236 part in tripartite meeting on Yugoslavia 71 Ethiopia 200 bad relations with Italy 66, 74 searches for formula for European condemns Hungary for King security I 0 I, I 02 Alexander's death 69, 70 tries for French support against rallies after King's murder 68 Italy 217 soothed by Laval 68-9, 75