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Độc Chất Học Thức Ăn Chăn Nuôi,Nguyễn Quang Thiệu,Dhnonglam

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Độc Chất Học Thức Ăn Chăn Nuôi,Nguyễn Quang Thiệu,Dhnonglam 12/15/2012 II. Các hợp chất Alkaloid trong trong cây thức ăn và Những Alkaloid độc hại trong thực phẩm cây thức ăn và thực phẩm • Alkaloid là hợp chất hữu cơ có chứa nitrogen, có tính kiềm, có tácdụng kích thích sinh họcrất mạnh lên hệ thống thần kinh. • Đã biết đượctrên 3.000 alkaloid khácnhau, đượcchia thành 3 nhóm: - True – alkaloid: Alkaloid thực. - Pseudo – alkaloid: Alkaloid giả. - Proto – alkaloid: Tiền alkaloid. 1 2 Indole alkaloid Những dẫn xuất quan trọng của Indole alkaloid Indole alkaloid được tạo thành từ acid amin tryptophan khi bị mất alanine, còn lại vòng idole rất giống với nhân idole của - Ergot alkaloids (ergotamine, ergocristine, v.v...); tryptophan. Từ indole chuyển hóa ra nhiều dẫn xuất alkaloid - Fescue alkaloid (ergovaline, ergosine,ergonine, lysergic acid độc hại khác có trong một số loại thực vật. amide); - Perloline và perlolidone, 3-methylindole (được tạo ra trong dạ cỏ NH 2 từ sự lên men tryptophan). CH CH COOH - Serotonin và psilocybin 2 - Beta-carboline. N N H H R1 R1 Tryptophan Nhân Indole alkaloid H3CO N N R2 R2 NH OPO H R2 3 2 N N H CH H CH N H O 3 3 CH CH CH NH 3.R1=H,R2=OMe,Harmaline 3 2 2 2 CH CH N(CH ) 1.R1=H,R2=H,Harman 2 2 3 2 4.R1=H,R2=OH,Harmalol 6.6Metoxytetrohydroharman 2.R1=H,R2=OMe,Harmine 5.R1=OMe,R2=H,6Methoxyharmalan N N 3 4 Serotonin H H Psilocybin Cỏđuôi trâu(Fescue) vớiđộctốcủanó Những tác động của Fescue Alkaloid lên cơ thể cuu duong than cong . độngcom vật Hai alkaloid độc được biết là perlolidone và perloline. Cung cấp perloline cho cừu thì thấy có những triệu chứng như sau: - Gây ra phản ứng quang học nhẹ - Tăng nhịp đập tim và tầng số hô hấp, - Mất sự kiểm soát hoạt động cơ, biếng vận động, sau cùng hôn mê rồi chết. - Loline cũng là alkaloid nó có tác dụng gây ra co mạch vừa phải, có thể nâng cao thân nhiệt. - Gây hoại thư phần sau như chân, mống, đuôi trên bò và cừu. - Ergopeptine là alkaloid được phát hiện ra 1970, nó gây trở Scientific Name: Festuca arundinacea ngại cho việc thải tiết hormon prolactin và sự điều tiết thân Common Name: Tall Fescue nhiệt. Vì vậy làm giảm sức sản xuất sữa rất rõ. Species Most Often Affected: cattle, horses - Ergopeptine gây co thắt mạch máu, làm giảm sự lưu thông Poisonous Parts: all tuần hoàn máu ngoại biên do đó nó làm tăng thân nhiệt và Primary Poisons: diaziphenanthrene, pyrrolizidine, andand ergot gây hoại thư ở cuối các chi. 5 6 /plants/fescue.html 1 CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt 12/15/2012 Ảnh hưởng của fescue alkaloid lên Biện pháp phòng trị nhiểm độc sự sinh sản của ngựa cái Fescue alkaloid • Phôi thai có thể bị chết. • Bào thai lệch ngôi vị, dị dạng quái thai, yếu t, suy dinh Không chăn thả ngựa, bò, cừu vào những vùng bị nhiểm dưng. loại cỏ đuôi trâu nhiều, đặc biệt là trong giai đoạn thú • Đẻ non, thai tách ri khỏi màng thai. mang thai thì rất nguy hiểm cho bào thai. • Nhau thai dầy cộm lên dính vào tử cung. Nếu thú đã bị nhiểm độc dùng thuốc điều trị: Perhenazine, • Ngựa mẹ không sinh sữa và cũng không tiết sữa. reserpin. • Nếu nhiểm độc tố thấp, không gây chết thai thì thi gian mang thai kéo dài. Ngộ độc Fescue không chỉ xảy ra trên ngựa, mà nó còn • Ngựa con sinh ra rất yếu t, có chân rất dài, đứng khó, có thể xảy ra trên các loài thú chăn thả khác. Vì vậy mống mọc dài ra, bắp cơphát triển kém, răng mọc không cần đề phòng khi chuyển vùng chăn thả thú trên đồng đều. cỏ mới có nhiều loại cỏ độc hại. • Ngựa con bị cưng giáp, phản xạ bú sữa kém, sự vận động kém. Bò vắt sữa ăn loại cỏ này thì sữa của chúng cũng bị • Kháng thể ngựa con giảm thấp, do kháng thể mẹ chuyền nhiểm độc, trẻ em tiêu thụ cũng không tốt. qua sữa giảm. Sinh kháng thể của ngựa con cũng giảm. 7 8 Cây lá ngón ( Gelsemium elegans Các dẫn xuất độc hại của cây lá ngón Benth) Gelsemium elegans Benth Cây lá ngón có chứa độc tố Gelsemium alkaloids Indol alkaloid rất nguy hiểm O O CH2OH N CH3 N CH3 H N O N O Gelselegine OMe Gelsenicine OMe O H N CH3 H R N O R=H:Gelsedine OMe 9 R=OMe:Gelsemicine 10 Cây cần dại “Poison Hemlock” Câycần dại“Poison Hemlock” với độc cuutố Piperidine duong alkaloid than cong . com Phân loại thực vật: Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Apiales Family: Apiaceae Scientific Name: Conium maculatum Subfamily: Apioideae Common Name: Poison Hemlock Genus: Conium L. Species Most Often Affected: all Species Conium maculatum Poisonous Parts: all Conium chaerophylloides Primary Poisons: coniine 11 12 /plants/conium.html 2 CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt 12/15/2012 Piperidine alkaloid (Conium alkaloid) Water Hemlock Piperidine là hợp chất hữu cơ mạch vòng di dạng, bão hòa, có nhân piperidine. Đây là chất độc có trong cây cần độc hemlock, có tên khoa học là Conium maculatum. Chất chiết xuất từ cây này đã giết chết nhà hiền triết học Socrates . Chất chiết xuất này có ít nhất là 5 loại alkaloid với một tên chung là conium. CH CH CH 2 2 3 CH CH CH N N 2 2 3 N H H Nhân piperidine bão hòa Coniin Gama -coniceine OH H O CH CH CH 2 3 CH CH CH CH CH CH N 2 2 3 2 2 3 N N H H Conhydrine CH N -methylconiine Pseudoconhydrine 13 3 14 Triệu chứng ngộ độc conium alkaloid Conium alkaloid trên thú ăn cỏ Triệu chứng chung: - Bỗng nhiên bồn chồn, hốt hoảng, bức rức khó chịu. Trênbò: Liều 3,3 mgconiine/kg thể trọng qua miệng thìgâyratriệu - Run lên cầm cập. chứng ngộ độcnghiêm trọng.Coniumalkaloid cóthể gâythiệthại cho bògấp hơn 10 lần.Sựkhácnhau nàychủ yudotraođổi chất - Không phối hợp được các động tác. ởgan.Chích 16 mgcoiinine /kgthể trọng cóthể gâyratvong - Đồng tử giản ra. cho bò. - Nhịp đập của tim yếu ớt. - Đầu, mũi lạnh đột ngột. Trênngựa: Liều 15,5 mgconiine/kg thể trọng qua miệnggâyratriệu - Hôn mê và chết do liệt hô hấp. chứng ngộ độcnghiêm trọng. - Conium alkaloid có thể gây quái thai. Thínghiệmtrên ngựa,ngườitanhận thấykhông xuấthiện quái thaikhi ngựa mẹnhiểm độc,có lẽ bàothaingựa kháng lại được Trên heo: Liều cao 1g hạt Conium maculatum / kg thể trọng qua độctkhông cho vàotrong thai. miệng có thể gây chết. Nếu heo ăn cây tươi như là thức ăn xanh, mắt mở trợn tròn, 15 phút sau mờ không nhìn thấy. Sau đó yếu đuối, run lên và hôn mê. Nếu heo ăn cả hạt và lá ở mức Trêncu: Liềugâyngộ độctrên cu 44 mg coniine/kgthểtrọng qua thấp thì gây quái thai, bào thai 30-45 ngày vòm miệng nức ra, khớp miệng.Liều gâychếtlà 240 mgcoiinine /kg thể trọng. sống cong vẹo, tràn dịch não. Các khớp khuyểu lồi ra ở giai đoạn Cho ăn liều gâyquáithai cho bòthìkhông thấyxuấthiện quái thai 43 – 61 ngày tuổi bào thai. trên cu. 15 16 Phòng ngừa ngộ độc conium alkaloid Ngộ độc “Watercuu Hemlock”trên duong người than cong . com Heo rất dễ bị ngộ độccây cn độc, vì nó sn sàng ăn loại cây c này. • Giãn đồng tử (Mydriasis) Trong khi đó cây này không ngon miệng với bò, • Tim đập nhanh (Tachycardia) ngựa, cu cho nên ít khi chúng ăn liều cao gây ra ngộ độc. Nhưng nếu để chúng đói, thiếu • Thời gian xuất hiện triệu chứng 5 phút - 2 giờ chất, chúng có thể ăn nhiều đạt đến liều gây • Sùi bọt mép, viêm dạ dày, tiêu chảy, nôn mửa ngộ độc. • Hồi hợp hốt hoảng, thận suy Trên bò tình trạng quái thai do nhiểm liều thấp dễ • Acid hóa máu xảy ra hơn. Khi bò có chửa đến tháng thứ 3 xuất hiện quái thai thì cn phải kiểm tra bãi • Thần kinh bị kích thích mạnh chăn hoặcthứcăn có nhiểm cây và hạt độc cn hemlockhay không. Nếu có thì phải tìm 17 biện pháp loại bỏ chúng. 18 3 CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt 12/15/2012 Pyridin alkaloid Nicotiana glauca – tree tobacco Pyridine là một alkaloid có cấu trúc hóa học gần giống với piperidine, vòng dị dạng có chứa nitrogen chưa bão hòa. Nó có hai dẫn xuất độc hại là nicotine và anabasine. Cả hai hợp chất này đều tìm thấy trong loài thực vật Nicotiana spp. bao gồm một số loại cây trồng, thuốc lá và một số loại cỏ hoang dại N N H CH N 3 N Pyridinealkaloid,Nicotine Piperidinepiridinealkaloid,Anabasine 19 20 Nicotiana glauca – cây thuốc lá thân gỗ Sự khiếm khuyết bào thai do độctố Conium và Nicotiana Cừu: cong xương cng chân, biến dạng vòm miệng. Dê: Biến dạng khớp xưong chân, trẹo c, gù lưng, vẹo xương sng, lồng ngựcméo mó, biến dạng bẩm sinh vòm miệng. Nhiểm độctừ ngày có thai thứ 30-60 (từ 35-40 biến dạng hàm ếch) Máy siêu âm có thể quan sát đượcbiến dạng bào thai. 21 22 Ngộ độccuu nicotian duong trong than congNicotiana - . com cây thuốc lá đối với heo nái tobacco Biến dạng khớp xương nếu nhiểm độcngày 10-35 Số ca đã đượcthông báo có 1095 trong tổng s heo theo dõi 2289 là không bình thường, trên 13 bầy - JAVMA 162:453-455.
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