Introduction to Journalism and Mass Communication

INTRODUCTION TO JOURNALISM AND MASS COMMUNICATION

18MHI43C (UNIT IV)

V.VIJAYAKUMAR

9025570709

II M A HISTORY - IV SEMESTER

LEADING NEWS PAPER OF INDIA

The Hindu

The Hindu is an English-language daily newspaper owned by The Hindu Group, headquartered in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. It was started as a weekly in 1878 and became a daily in

1889.[3] It is one of the Indian newspapers of record[4][5] and the second most circulated English- language newspaper in India, after The Times of India. As of March 2018, The Hindu is published from 21 locations across 11 states of India.[6]

The Hindu was founded in Madras on 20 September 1878 as a weekly newspaper, by what was known then as the Triplicane Six consisting of 4 law students and 2 teachers:- T. T.

Rangacharya, P. V. Rangacharya, D. Kesava Rao Pantulu and N. Subba Rao Pantulu, led by G.

Subramania Iyer (a school teacher from Tanjore district) and M. Veeraraghavacharyar, a lecturer at Pachaiyappa's College.[7] Started in order to support the campaign of Sir T.

Muthuswamy Iyer for a judgeship at the Madras High Court and to counter the propaganda against him carried out by the Anglo-Indian press, The Hindu was one of the newspapers of the period established to protest the policies of the British Raj. About 100 copies of the inaugural issue were printed at Srinidhi Press, Georgetown, on one rupee and twelve annas of borrowed money. Subramania Iyer became the first editor and Veera Raghavacharya, the first managing director of the newspaper.[citation needed]

The paper was initially printed from Srinidhi Press but later moved to Scottish Press, then to The

Hindu Press, Mylapore. Started as a weekly newspaper, the paper became a tri-weekly in 1883 and an evening daily in 1889. A single copy of the newspaper was priced at four annas. The offices moved to rented premises at 100 Mount Road on 3 December 1883. The newspaper started printing at its own press there, named "The National Press," which was established on borrowed capital as public subscriptions were not forthcoming. The building itself became The

Hindu's in 1892, after the Maharaja of Vizianagaram, Pusapati Ananda Gajapati Raju, gave The

National Press a loan both for the building and to carry out needed expansion.[citation needed]

The Hindu was initially liberal in its outlook and is now considered left leaning[by whom?]. Its editorial stances have earned it the nickname, the 'Maha Vishnu of Mount Road'.[8] "From the new address, 100 Mount Road, which was to remain The Hindu's home till 1939, there issued a quarto-size paper with a front-page full of advertisements—a practice that came to an end only in 1958 when it followed the lead of its idol, the pre-Thomson Times [London]—and three back pages also at the service of the advertiser. In between, there were more views than news."[9] After

1887, when the annual session of Indian National Congress was held in Madras, the paper's coverage of national news increased significantly, and led to the paper becoming an evening daily starting 1 April 1889.[citation needed]

The partnership between Veeraraghavachariar and Subramania Iyer was dissolved in October

1898. Iyer quit the paper and Veeraraghavachariar became the sole owner and appointed C.

Karunakara Menon the editor. However, The Hindu's adventurousness began to decline in the 1900s and so did its circulation, which was down to 800 copies when the sole proprietor decided to sell out. The purchaser was The Hindu's Legal Adviser from 1895, S. Kasturi Ranga

Iyengar,[10] a politically ambitious lawyer who had migrated from a Kumbakonam village to practise in Coimbatore and from thence to Madras.[citation needed] Iyengar's son, Kasturi Srinivasan, became managing editor of The Hindu upon his father's death in 1923 and Chief Editor in

February 1934. The descendants of Kasturi Ranga Iyengar have since owned and, through most of the paper's life, held the top editorial positions in the company.

Recent developments[edit]

In the late 1985s, when its ownership passed into the hands of the family's younger members, a change[citation needed] in political leaning was observed. Worldpress.org lists The Hindu as a left- leaning independent newspaper.[11] Joint managing director N. Murali said in July 2003, "It is true that our readers have been complaining that some of our reports are partial and lack objectivity. But it also depends on reader beliefs."[12] N. Ram was appointed on 27 June 2003 as its editor-in-chief with a mandate to "improve the structures and other mechanisms to uphold and strengthen quality and objectivity in news reports and opinion pieces", authorised to "restructure the editorial framework and functions in line with the competitive environment".[13] On 3 and 23

September 2003, the reader's letters column carried responses from readers saying the editorial was biased.[14][15] An editorial in August 2003 observed that the newspaper was affected by the

'editorialising as news reporting' virus, and expressed a determination to buck the trend, restore the professionally sound lines of demarcation, and strengthen objectivity and factuality in its coverage.[16]

In 1987–88, The Hindu's coverage of the Bofors arms deal scandal, a series of document-backed exclusives, set the terms of the national political discourse on this subject.[17] The Bofors scandal broke in April 1987 with Swedish Radio alleging that bribes had been paid to top Indian political leaders, officials and Army officers in return for the Swedish arms manufacturing company winning a hefty contract with the Government of India for the purchase of 155 mm howitzers.

During a six-month period, the newspaper published scores of copies of original papers that documented the secret payments, amounting to $50 million, into Swiss bank accounts, the agreements behind the payments, communications relating to the payments and the crisis response, and other material. The investigation was led by a part-time correspondent of The

Hindu, Chitra Subramaniam, reporting from Geneva, and was supported by Ram in Chennai. The scandal was a major embarrassment to the party in power at the centre, the Indian National

Congress, and its leader Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi. The paper's editorial accused the Prime

Minister of being party to massive fraud and cover-up.[18]

In 1991, Deputy Editor N. Ravi, Ram's younger brother, replaced G. Kasturi as editor. Nirmala

Lakshman, Kasturi Srinivasan's granddaughter and the first woman in the company to hold an editorial or managerial role, became Joint Editor of The Hindu and her sister, Malini

Parthasarathy, Executive Editor.[19]

In 2003, the Jayalalitha government of the state of Tamil Nadu, of which Chennai is the capital, filed cases against The Hindu for breach of privilege of the state legislative body. The move was perceived as a government's assault on freedom of the press. The paper garnered support from the journalistic community.[20]

In 2010, The Indian Express reported a dispute within the publisher of The Hindu regarding the retirement age of the person working as the editor-in-chief, a post which was then being served by N. Ram. Following this report, Ram decided to sue The Indian Express for defamation, a charge which the Indian Express denied. N. Ravi and Malini Parthasarathy voiced concern about Ram's decision, saying that doing so goes against The Hindu’s values and that journalists shouldn’t fear “scrutiny”, respectively.[21] During subsequent events, Parthasarathy tweeted that

“issues relating to management of newspaper have come to the surface, including editorial direction” in her response to a question. Later, Parthasarathy called N. Ram and other The

Hindu employees “stalinists”, alleging that they were trying to oust her from the newspaper.[22][23]

In 2011, during the resignation of N. Ram, the newspaper became the subject of a succession battle between the members of the stakeholder Kasturi family. Ram had appointed Siddharth

Varadarajan as his successor as the editor-in-chief of the newspaper who justified the appointment on the basis of separation of ownership and management, which was opposed by N.

Ravi as it deviated from the publication's tradition of family members retaining editorial control over it.[24] Varadarajan was subsequently accused by the dissident family members of being left leaning and the matter of Varadarajan's appointment was brought in front of the board of directors of the parent company, Kasturi & Sons. During the dispute, Narasimhan

Murali alleged that N. Ram ran The Hindu “like a banana republic, with cronyism and vested interests ruling the roost”. In the end the board voted 6–6 over a review of the appointment, the tie was broken by a deciding vote from Ram in his capacity as the chairman of the company and in favor of his decision.[22]

In 2012, The Hindu became the only Indian newspaper to appoint a Readers Editor, an independent internal news ombudsman.[25]

On 2 April 2013 The Hindu started "The Hindu in School" with S. Shivakumar as editor. This is a new edition for young readers, to be distributed through schools as part of The Hindu's

"Newspaper in Education" programme. It covers the day's important news developments, features, sports, and regional news.[26] On 16 September 2013, The Hindu group launched its Tamil edition with K. Ashokan as editor.[27]

On 21 October 2013, changes have been made in Editorial as well as business of The

Hindu.[28] N. Ravi took over as Editor-in-chief of The Hindu and Malini Parthasarathy as Editor of The Hindu. As a consequence, Siddarth Varadarajan submitted his resignation. N. Ram has become Chairman of Kasturi & Sons Limited and Publisher of The Hindu and Group publications; and N. Murali, Co-Chairman of the company.

During the 2015 South Indian floods, for the first time since its founding in 1878, the newspaper did not publish a print edition in Chennai market on 2 December, as workers were unable to reach the press building.[29]

On 5 January 2016, Malini Parthasarathy, the Editor of the newspaper, resigned with immediate effect. It was reported by the media that she resigned her post, citing "general dissatisfaction" with her performance.[30][31] However, she continues to be a Wholetime Director of Kasturi &

Sons Ltd.[31]

On October 7, 2019, The Hindu announced that "Two editorial meetings a month will be opened up to readers in order to expand conversations and build trust", a first in India's media industry.[32]

The newspaper has foreign bureaus in eleven locations –

Islamabad, Colombo, Dhaka, Kathmandu, Beijing, Moscow, Paris, Dubai, Washington,

D.C., London, and most recently Addis Ababa.[33]

A 2014 article in the Indian Journal of Pharmacology praised The Hindu's ongoing journalism and critique of clinical trials in India.[34] Management[edit]

Over the course of its history, the Kasturi Ranga Iyengar family has usually run The

Hindu through the presence of family in editorial and business operations as well as on the

Board. It was headed by G. Kasturi from 1965 to 1991, N. Ravi from 1991 to 2003, and by his brother, N. Ram, from 27 June 2003 to 18 January 2011.[35]

As of 2010, there are 12 directors in the board of Kasturi & Sons.[36]

Managing directors[edit]

• M. Veeraraghavachariar (1878–1904)

• S. Kasturi Ranga Iyengar (1904–1923)

• K. Srinivasan (1923–1959)

• G. Narasimhan (1959–1977)

• N. Ram (1977–2011)

• K. Balaji (2011–2012)

• Rajiv C. Lochan (2013- 2019)

• L. V. Navaneeth (2019–present)

Editors[edit]

• G. Subramania Iyer (1878–1898)

• C. Karunakara Menon (1898–1905)

• Kasturi Ranga Iyengar (1905–1923)

• S. Rangaswami Iyengar (1923–1926)

• K. Srinivasan (1926–1928) • A. Rangaswami Iyengar (1928–1934)

• K. Srinivasan (1934–1959)

• S. Parthasarathy (1959–1965)

• G. Kasturi (1965–1991)

• N. Ravi (1991–2003)

• N. Ram (2003–2012)

• Siddharth Varadarajan (2012–2013)[37][38]

• N. Ravi (2013–2015)[28]

• Malini Parthasarathy (2015–2016)[31][39]

• Mukund Padmanabhan (2016–2019)[40]

• Suresh Nambath (2019–present)[1]

The Times of India

The Times of India (TOI) is an Indian English-language daily newspaper and digital news media owned and managed by The Times Group. It is the third-largest newspaper in India by circulation and largest selling English-language daily in the world..[2][3][4][5][1][6] It is the oldest

English-language newspaper in India, and the second-oldest Indian newspaper still in circulation since its first edition published in 1838.[7] It is nicknamed as "The Old Lady of Bori

Bunder",[8][9] and is an Indian "newspaper of record".[10][11]

Near the beginning of the 20th century, Lord Curzon, the Viceroy of India, called The Times of

India "the leading paper in Asia".[12][13] In 1991, the BBC ranked The Times of India among the world's six best newspapers.[14][15] It is owned and published by Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. (B.C.C.L.), which is owned by the Sahu Jain family. In the Brand Trust Report 2012, The Times of India was ranked 88th among India's most-trusted brands. In 2017, however, the newspaper was ranked 355th.[16]

Beginnings[edit]

The Times of India issued its first edition on 3 November 1838 as The Bombay Times and

Journal of Commerce.[17][18] The paper was published on Wednesdays and Saturdays under the direction of Raobahadur Narayan Dinanath Velkar, a Maharashtrian social reformer, and contained news from Britain and the world, as well as the Indian Subcontinent. J.E. Brennan was its first editor.[19][20] In 1850, it began to publish daily editions.

In 1860, editor Robert Knight (1825–1892) bought the Indian shareholders' interests, merged with rival Bombay Standard, and started India's first news agency. It wired Times dispatches to papers across the country and became the Indian agent for Reuters news service. In 1861, he changed the name from the Bombay Times and Standard to The Times of India. Knight fought for a press free of prior restraint or intimidation, frequently resisting the attempts by governments, business interests, and cultural spokesmen and led the paper to national prominence.[21][22] In the 19th century, this newspaper company employed more than 800 people and had a sizeable circulation in India and Europe. This was just the start of a historic journey.

Bennett and Coleman ownership[edit]

Subsequently, The Times of India saw its ownership change several times until 1892 when an

English journalist named Thomas Jewell Bennett along with Frank Morris Coleman (who later drowned in the 1915 sinking of the SS Persia) acquired the newspaper through their new joint stock company, Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.

Dalmia ownership[edit]

Sir Stanley Reed edited The Times of India from 1907 until 1924 and received correspondence from the major figures of India such as Mahatma Gandhi. In all he lived in India for fifty years.

He was respected in the United Kingdom as an expert on Indian current affairs. He christened Jaipur as "the Pink City of India".

Bennett Coleman & Co. Ltd was sold to sugar magnate Ramkrishna Dalmia of the then-famous industrial family, the Dalmias, for ₹20 million (US$280,000) in 1946, as India was becoming independent and the British owners were leaving.[23] In 1955 the Vivian Bose Commission of

Inquiry found that Ramkrishna Dalmia, in 1947, had engineered the acquisition of the media giant Bennett Coleman & Co. by transferring money from a bank and an insurance company of which he was the Chairman. In the court case that followed, Ramkrishna Dalmia was sentenced to two years in Tihar Jail after having been convicted of embezzlement and fraud.[5]

But for most of the jail term he managed to spend in hospital. Upon his release, his son-in- law, Sahu Shanti Prasad Jain, to whom he had entrusted the running of Bennett, Coleman & Co.

Ltd. rebuffed his efforts to resume command of the company.[5]

Jain family (Shanti Prasad Jain)[edit]

In the early 1960s, Shanti Prasad Jain was imprisoned on charges of selling newsprint on the black market.[24] And based on the Vivian Bose Commission's earlier report which found wrongdoings of the Dalmia – Jain group, that included specific charges against Shanti Prasad

Jain, the Government of India filed a petition to restrain and remove the management of Bennett, Coleman and Company. Based on the pleading, the Justice directed the Government to assume control of the newspaper which resulted in replacing half of the directors and appointing a

Bombay High Court judge as the Chairman.[25]

Under the Government of India[edit]

Following the Vivian Bose Commission report indicating serious wrongdoings of the Dalmia–

Jain group, on 28 August 1969, the Bombay High Court, under Justice J. L. Nain, passed an interim order to disband the existing board of Bennett, Coleman & Co and to constitute a new board under the Government. The bench ruled that "Under these circumstances, the best thing would be to pass such orders on the assumption that the allegations made by the petitioners that the affairs of the company were being conducted in a manner prejudicial to public interest and to the interests of the Company are correct".[26] Following that order, Shanti Prasad Jain ceased to be a director and the company ran with new directors on board, appointed by the Government of

India, with the exception of a lone stenographer of the Jains. Curiously, the court appointed D K

Kunte as Chairman of the Board. Kunte had no prior business experience and was also an opposition member of the Lok Sabha.

Back to the Jain family[edit]

In 1976, during the Emergency in India, the Government transferred ownership of the newspaper back to Ashok Kumar Jain, who was Sahu Shanti Prasad Jain's son and Ramkrishna Dalmia's grandson. He is the father of the current owners Samir Jain and Vineet Jain).[27] The Jains too often landed themselves in various money laundering scams and Ashok Kumar Jain had to flee the country when the Enforcement Directorate pursued his case strongly in 1998 for alleged violations of illegal transfer of funds (to the tune of US$1.25 million) to an overseas account in Switzerland.[28][29][30][31]

During the Emergency[edit]

On 26 June 1975, the day after India declared a state of emergency, the Bombay edition of The

Times of India carried an entry in its obituary column that read "D.E.M. O'Cracy, beloved husband of T.Ruth, father of L.I.Bertie, brother of Faith, Hope and Justice expired on 25

June".[32] The move was a critique of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's 21-month state of emergency, which is now widely known as "the Emergency" and seen by many as a roundly authoritarian era of Indian government.[33][34]

The Times in the 21st century[edit]

In late 2006, Times Group acquired Vijayanand Printers Limited (VPL). VPL previously published two Kannada newspapers, Vijay Karnataka and Usha Kiran, and an English daily, Vijay Times. Vijay Karnataka was the leader in the Kannada newspaper segment then.[35]

The paper launched a Chennai edition, 12 April 2008.[36] It launched a Kolhapur edition,

February 2013.

TOIFA Awards[edit]

Introduced in 2013[37] and awarded for the second time in 2016,[38] "The Times of India Film

Awards" or the "TOIFA" is an award for the work in Film Industry decided by a global public vote on the nomination categories.[39]

Editions and publications[edit]

The Times of India is published by the media group Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. The company, along with its other group of companies, known as The Times Group, also publishes Ahmedabad

Mirror, Bangalore Mirror, Mumbai Mirror, Pune Mirror; Economic Times; ET

Panache (Mumbai, Delhi and Bangalore on Monday to Friday) and Times of India ET

Panache (Pune and Chennai on every Saturday); Ei Samay, (a Bengali daily); Maharashtra

Times, (a Marathi daily); Navbharat Times, (a Hindi daily).

The Times of India has its editions in major cities such as Mumbai,[40] Agra, Ahmedabad, Allahabad, Aurangabad, Bareilly, Bangalore, Belgaum, Bhopa l, Bhubaneswar, Coimbatore, Chandigarh, Chennai, Dehradun, Delhi, Gorakhpur, Gurgaon, Guw ahati, Gwalior, Hubli, Hyderabad, Indore, Jabalpur, Jaipur, Jammu, Kanpur, Kochi, Kolhapur, K olkata, Lucknow, Ludhiana, Madurai, Malabar, Mangalore, Meerut, Mysore, Nagpur, Nashik, Na vi

Mumbai, Noida, Panaji, Patna, Pondicherry, Pune, Raipur, Rajkot, Ranchi, Shimla, Surat, Thane,

Tiruchirapally, Trivandrum, Vadodara, Varanasi, Vijayawada and Visakhapatnam.[citation needed]

Times Group Network[edit]

• Speaking Tree: A spiritual network intended to allow spiritual seekers to link spiritual

seekers with established practitioners.[41]

• Healthmeup: A health, diet, and fitness website.[42]

• Cricbuzz: In November 2014, Times Internet acquired Cricbuzz, a website focused

on cricket news.[43]

Controversies[edit]

Paid news[edit] The Times of India has been criticized for being the first to institutionalize the practice of paid news in India, where politicians, businessmen, corporations and celebrities can pay the newspaper and its journalists would carry the desired news for the payer.[5][44][45] The newspaper offers prominence with which the paid news is placed and the page on which it is displayed based on the amount of the payment. According to this practice, a payment plan assures a news feature and ensures positive coverage to the payer.[5] In 2005, The Times of India began the practice of "private treaties", also called as "brand capital", where new companies, individuals or movies seeking mass coverage and public relations, major brands and organizations were offered sustained positive coverage and plugs in its news columns in exchange for shares or other forms of financial obligations to Bennett, Coleman & Company, Ltd. (B.C.C.L.) – the owners of The

Times of India.[5][44] The B.C.C.L., with its "private treaties" program, acquired stakes in 350 companies and generated 15% of its revenues by 2012, according to a critical article in The New

Yorker. The "paid news" and "private treaties" practice started by The Times of India has since been adopted by The Hindustan Times group, the India Today group, the Outlook group, and other major media groups in India including Indian television channels.[5][46] This division of the company was later renamed Brand Capital and has contracts in place with many companies in diverse sectors.

The "paid news" and "private treaties" blur the lines between content and advertising, with the favorable coverage written by the staff reporters on the payroll of The Times of India.[5] The newspaper has defended its practice in 2012 by stating that it includes a note of disclosure to the reader – though in a small font – that its contents are "advertorial, entertainment promotional feature", that they are doing this to generate revenues just like "all newspapers in the world do advertorials" according to The Times of India owners.[5][44] According to Maya Ranganathan, this overlap in the function of a journalist to also act as a marketing and advertisement revenue seeker for the newspaper raises conflict of interest questions, a problem that has morphed into ever-larger scale in India and recognized by India's SEBI authority in July 2009.[44]

Under an ad sales initiative called Medianet, if a large company or Bollywood studio sponsored a news-worthy event, the event would be covered by the Times of India but the name of the company or studio that sponsored it will not be mentioned in the paper unless they paid the

Times of India for advertising. In 2010, a report by a subcommittee of India's Press Council found that Medianet's paid news strategy had spread to a large number of newspapers and more than five hundred television channels.[5][47]

Critics state that the company's paid news and private treaties skew its coverage and shield its newspaper advertisers from scrutiny. The Hoot, a media criticism website, has pointed out that when an elevator in a 19-storey luxury apartment complex in Bangalore crashed killing two workers and injuring seven, all the English language and Kannada language newspapers with the exception of the Times of India called out the name of the construction company, Sobha

Developers, which was a private-treaty partner. An article titled "reaping gold through bt cotton," which first appeared in the Nagpur edition of the Times of India in 2008, reappeared unchanged in 2011, this time with a small print alert that the article was a "marketing feature". In both cases, the article was factually incorrect and made false claims about the success of Monsanto's genetically modified cotton. According to a critical article published in the Indian magazine The

Caravan, when the Honda Motors plant in Gurgaon experienced an eight-month-long conflict between management and non-unionized workers over wages and work conditions in 2005, the Times of India covered the concerns of Honda and the harm done to India's investment climate and largely ignored the issues raised by workers.[5] Vineet Jain, Managing Director of B.C.C.L., has insisted that a wall does exist between sales and the newsroom, and that the paper does not give favorable coverage to the company's business partners. "Our editors don’t know who we have," Jain said, although he later acknowledged that all private-treaty clients are listed on the company's Web site.[5] Ravindra Dhariwal, the former

CEO of B.C.C.L. had defended private treaties in a 2010 interview with the magazine Outlook and claims that the partners in the private treaties sign contracts where they agree to clauses that they will not receive any favorable editorial coverage.

Anti-competitive Behavior[edit]

There have been claims that The Times of India would strike deals with advertisers only if they removed their advertisements from other competitor newspapers.[5]

The Times of India is also embroiled in an active lawsuit against the Financial Times. In 1993, when the Financial Times was preparing to enter the Indian market, Samir Jain, the Vice-

Chairman of B.C.C.L., registered the term "Financial Times" as a trademark of his company and declared it his intellectual property in an attempt to stymie the Financial Times and prevent them from competing with the Economic Times which is owned by B.C.C.L.[5]

In 1994, when the Hindustan Times was the top-selling paper in New Delhi, the Times of India slashed their prices by a third, to one and a half rupees after having built up their ads sales force in preparation for the price drop to make up for the lost circulation revenue. By 1998, the

Hindustan Times had dropped to second place in Delhi. The Times of India took a similar strategy in Bangalore where they dropped the price to one rupee despite protests from Siddharth

Varadarajan, one of the editors of the newspaper at the time, who called the strategy "predatory pricing".[5] Cobrapost Sting Operation[edit]

In 2018, Vineet Jain, Managing Director of B.C.C.L., and Sanjeev Shah, executive president of

B.C.C.L., were caught on camera as part of an undercover sting operation by Cobrapost agreeing to promote Hindutva content through the group's many media properties for a proposed spend of

₹500 crore, some of which the client said could only be paid with black money.[48] B.C.C.L. has responded to the sting claiming that the video that was released by Cobrapost was incomplete and doctored and that Vineet Jain was engaged in a counter-sting of his own to expose the undercover reporter during the filming of the video.[49]

Legal action by The Doon School Old Boys' Society[edit]

In 2018, The Doon School Old Boys' Society threatened legal action against the publication for negligence and defamation, when the newspaper reported a rape and murder case in a Dehradun school with the phrase "Doon school" in its headline, to imply a school located in the Doon Valley.[50] Consequently, the newspaper corrected the headline of the online edition to mention "Dehradun school", and included a disclaimer at the start of the story, stating: "The headline of this story has been changed. It mentioned 'Doon school' which is incorrect. This was an inadvertent error which has been corrected. Our apologies. The school mentioned in the story has no connection with The Doon School."[51]

Notable employees[edit]

• Sham Lal, Editor and Stream black swan

• Girilal Jain, Editor and Scholar

• Samir Jain, Vice-Chairman

Publisher • Vineet Jain, MD

• Jug Suraiya (associate editor, columnist, "Jugular Vein," cartoonist, Dubyaman II)

• Swaminathan Aiyar (columnist, "Swaminomics")

• R. K. Laxman (You Said It editorial cartoon, featuring the famous Common Man)

• M. J. Akbar, Columnist, "The Siege Within" and former Editorial Team

• Chetan Bhagat, Columnist, Sunday TOI

• Shashi Tharoor, Columnist of "Shashi on Sunday"

• V. D. Trivadi, Humorist

• Twinkle Khanna, Columnist of "Mrs. Funnybones"

The Times of India

English-language newspaper in India, and the second-oldest Indian newspaper still in circulation since its first edition published in 1838.[7] It is nicknamed as "The Old Lady of Bori

Bunder",[8][9] and is an Indian "newspaper of record".[10][11]

Near the beginning of the 20th century, Lord Curzon, the Viceroy of India, called The Times of

India "the leading paper in Asia".[12][13] In 1991, the BBC ranked The Times of India among the world's six best newspapers.[14][15]

It is owned and published by Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. (B.C.C.L.), which is owned by the Sahu Jain family. In the Brand Trust Report 2012, The Times of India was ranked 88th among India's most-trusted brands. In 2017, however, the newspaper was ranked 355th.[16]

The Times of India issued its first edition on 3 November 1838 as The Bombay Times and

Bennett and Coleman ownership[edit]

Subsequently, The Times of India saw its ownership change several times until 1892 when an

Dalmia ownership[edit] Sir Stanley Reed edited The Times of India from 1907 until 1924 and received correspondence from the major figures of India such as Mahatma Gandhi. In all he lived in India for fifty years.

He was respected in the United Kingdom as an expert on Indian current affairs. He christened Jaipur as "the Pink City of India".

But for most of the jail term he managed to spend in hospital. Upon his release, his son-in- law, Sahu Shanti Prasad Jain, to whom he had entrusted the running of Bennett, Coleman & Co.

Ltd. rebuffed his efforts to resume command of the company.[5]

Jain family (Shanti Prasad Jain)[edit]

Jain, the Government of India filed a petition to restrain and remove the management of Bennett,

Coleman and Company. Based on the pleading, the Justice directed the Government to assume control of the newspaper which resulted in replacing half of the directors and appointing a

Bombay High Court judge as the Chairman.[25] Under the Government of India[edit]

Following the Vivian Bose Commission report indicating serious wrongdoings of the Dalmia–

India, with the exception of a lone stenographer of the Jains. Curiously, the court appointed D K

Kunte as Chairman of the Board. Kunte had no prior business experience and was also an opposition member of the Lok Sabha.

Back to the Jain family[edit]

During the Emergency[edit] On 26 June 1975, the day after India declared a state of emergency, the Bombay edition of The

Times of India carried an entry in its obituary column that read "D.E.M. O'Cracy, beloved husband of T.Ruth, father of L.I.Bertie, brother of Faith, Hope and Justice expired on 25

The Times in the 21st century[edit]

The paper launched a Chennai edition, 12 April 2008.[36] It launched a Kolhapur edition,

February 2013.

TOIFA Awards[edit]

Introduced in 2013[37] and awarded for the second time in 2016,[38] "The Times of India Film

Awards" or the "TOIFA" is an award for the work in Film Industry decided by a global public vote on the nomination categories.[39]

Editions and publications[edit]

The Times of India is published by the media group Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. The company, along with its other group of companies, known as The Times Group, also publishes Ahmedabad

Mirror, Bangalore Mirror, Mumbai Mirror, Pune Mirror; Economic Times; ET

Panache (Mumbai, Delhi and Bangalore on Monday to Friday) and Times of India ET Panache (Pune and Chennai on every Saturday); Ei Samay, (a Bengali daily); Maharashtra

Times, (a Marathi daily); Navbharat Times, (a Hindi daily).

Mumbai, Noida, Panaji, Patna, Pondicherry, Pune, Raipur, Rajkot, Ranchi, Shimla, Surat, Thane,

Tiruchirapally, Trivandrum, Vadodara, Varanasi, Vijayawada and Visakhapatnam.[citation needed]

Times Group Network[edit]

• Speaking Tree: A spiritual network intended to allow spiritual seekers to link spiritual

seekers with established practitioners.[41]

• Healthmeup: A health, diet, and fitness website.[42]

• Cricbuzz: In November 2014, Times Internet acquired Cricbuzz, a website focused

on cricket news.[43]

Controversies[edit]

Paid news[edit]

The Times of India has been criticized for being the first to institutionalize the practice of paid news in India, where politicians, businessmen, corporations and celebrities can pay the newspaper and its journalists would carry the desired news for the payer.[5][44][45] The newspaper offers prominence with which the paid news is placed and the page on which it is displayed based on the amount of the payment. According to this practice, a payment plan assures a news feature and ensures positive coverage to the payer.[5] In 2005, The Times of India began the practice of "private treaties", also called as "brand capital", where new companies, individuals or movies seeking mass coverage and public relations, major brands and organizations were offered sustained positive coverage and plugs in its news columns in exchange for shares or other forms of financial obligations to Bennett, Coleman & Company, Ltd. (B.C.C.L.) – the owners of The

Times of India.[5][44] The B.C.C.L., with its "private treaties" program, acquired stakes in 350 companies and generated 15% of its revenues by 2012, according to a critical article in The New

Vineet Jain, Managing Director of B.C.C.L., has insisted that a wall does exist between sales and the newsroom, and that the paper does not give favorable coverage to the company's business partners. "Our editors don’t know who we have," Jain said, although he later acknowledged that all private-treaty clients are listed on the company's Web site.[5] Ravindra Dhariwal, the former

Anti-competitive Behavior[edit]

There have been claims that The Times of India would strike deals with advertisers only if they removed their advertisements from other competitor newspapers.[5]

The Times of India is also embroiled in an active lawsuit against the Financial Times. In 1993, when the Financial Times was preparing to enter the Indian market, Samir Jain, the Vice-

Hindustan Times had dropped to second place in Delhi. The Times of India took a similar strategy in Bangalore where they dropped the price to one rupee despite protests from Siddharth

Varadarajan, one of the editors of the newspaper at the time, who called the strategy "predatory pricing".[5]

Cobrapost Sting Operation[edit]

In 2018, Vineet Jain, Managing Director of B.C.C.L., and Sanjeev Shah, executive president of

B.C.C.L., were caught on camera as part of an undercover sting operation by Cobrapost agreeing to promote Hindutva content through the group's many media properties for a proposed spend of

Legal action by The Doon School Old Boys' Society[edit]

Notable employees[edit]

• Sham Lal, Editor and Stream black swan

• Girilal Jain, Editor and Scholar

• Samir Jain, Vice-Chairman

Publisher

• Vineet Jain, MD

• Jug Suraiya (associate editor, columnist, "Jugular Vein," cartoonist, Dubyaman II) • Swaminathan Aiyar (columnist, "Swaminomics")

• R. K. Laxman (You Said It editorial cartoon, featuring the famous Common Man)

• M. J. Akbar, Columnist, "The Siege Within" and former Editorial Team

• Chetan Bhagat, Columnist, Sunday TOI

• Shashi Tharoor, Columnist of "Shashi on Sunday"

• V. D. Trivadi, Humorist

• Twinkle Khanna, Columnist of "Mrs. Funnybones"

Freedom of the press

Freedom of the press or freedom of the media is the principle that communication and expression through various media, including printed and electronic media, especially published materials, should be considered a right to be exercised freely. Such freedom implies the absence of interference from an overreaching state; its preservation may be sought through constitution or other legal protection and security.

Without respect to governmental information, any government may distinguish which materials are public or protected from disclosure to the public. State materials are protected due to either one of two reasons: the classification of information as sensitive, classified or secret, or the relevance of the information to protecting the national interest. Many governments are also subject to "sunshine laws" or freedom of information legislation that are used to define the ambit of national interest and enable citizens to request access to government-held information. The United Nations' 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights states: "Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference, and to seek, receive, and impart information and ideas through any media regardless of frontiers".[1]

This philosophy is usually accompanied by legislation ensuring various degrees of the freedom of the scientific research (known as the scientific freedom), the publishing, and the press. The depth to which these laws are entrenched in a country's legal system can go as far down as its constitution. The concept of freedom of speech is often covered by the same laws as freedom of the press, thereby giving equal treatment to spoken and published expression. Sweden was the first country in the world to adopt freedom of the press into its constitution with the Freedom of the Press Act of 1766.

Relationship to self-publishing[edit]

Freedom of the press is not construed as an absence of interference or outside entities, such as a government or religious organization, rather as a right for authors to have their works published by other people.[2] This idea was famously summarized by the 20th century American journalist,

A. J. Why, who wrote, "Freedom of the press is guaranteed only to those who own one".[2] Freedom of the press gives the printer or publisher exclusive control over what the publisher chooses to publish, including the right to refuse to print anything for any reason.[2] If the author cannot reach a voluntary agreement with a publisher to produce the author's work, then the author must turn to self-publishing.

Status of press freedom worldwide[edit]

Beyond legal definitions, several non-governmental organizations use other criteria to judge the level of press freedom around the world. Some create subjective lists, while others are based on quantitative data:

• Reporters Without Borders considers the number of journalists murdered, expelled or

harassed, and the existence of a state monopoly on TV and radio, as well as the existence

of censorship and self-censorship in the media, and the overall independence of media as

well as the difficulties that foreign reporters may face to rank countries in levels of press

freedom.

• The Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) systematically tracks the number of journalists

killed and imprisoned in reprisal for their work. It says it uses the tools of journalism to help

journalists by tracking press freedom issues through independent research, fact-finding

missions, and a network of foreign correspondents, including local working journalists in

countries around the world. CPJ shares information on breaking cases with other press

freedom organizations worldwide through the International Freedom of Expression

Exchange, a global network of more than 119 free expression organizations. CPJ also tracks

impunity in cases of journalist murders. CPJ staff applies strict criteria for each case;

researchers independently investigate and verify the circumstances behind each death or

imprisonment.

• Freedom House studies the more general political and economic environments of each nation

in order to determine whether relationships of dependence exist that limit in practice the

level of press freedom that might exist in theory. Panels of experts assess the press freedom

score and draft each country summary according to a weighted scoring system that analyzes the political, economic, legal and safety situation for journalists based on a 100-point scale.

It then categorizes countries as having a free, party free, or not free press.

Annual report on journalists killed and Prison Census[edit]

Each year, The Committee to Protect Journalists produces a comprehensive list of all working journalists killed in relation to their employment, including profiles of each deceased journalist within an exhaustive database, and annual census of incarcerated journalists (as of midnight,

December 1). The year 2017 reported record findings of jailed journalists, reaching 262.

Turkey, China and Egypt account for more than half of all global journalists jailed.[3]

As per a 2019 special report by the Committee to Protect Journalists, approximately 25 journalists were murdered on duty in the year 2019.[3] The figure is claimed to be the lowest since 2002, a year in which, at least 21 journalists were killed while they were reporting from the field.[4] Meanwhile, Reporters Without Borders (RSF), reported 49 killings, the lowest since

2003 when almost 36 journalists were killed. Leading press watchdogs fear persisting danger for the life of journalists. The drop in the murder of in-field journalists came across during the

"global attention on the issue of impunity in journalist murders", focusing on the assassination of

Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi in October 2018 and Daphne Caruana Galizia, a Maltese blogger in October 2017.[5]

Every year, Reporters Without Borders establish a subjective ranking of countries in terms of their freedom of the press. Press Freedom Index list is based on responses to surveys sent to journalists that are members of partner organizations of the RWB, as well as related specialists such as researchers, jurists, and human rights activists. The survey asks questions about direct attacks on journalists and the media as well as other indirect sources of pressure against the free press, such as non-governmental groups.

In 2020, the ten countries with the most press freedom are, in order: Norway, Finland, Denmark, Sweden, Netherlands, Jamaica, Costa Rica, Switzerland, New

Zealand and Portugal. The ten countries with the least press freedom were, in order: North

Korea, Turkmenistan, Eritrea, China, Djibouti, Vietnam, Syria, Iran, Laos, Cuba and Saudi

Arabia.[7]

Freedom of the Press[edit]

Freedom of the Press is a yearly report by US-based non-profit organization Freedom House. It is known to subjectively measure the level of freedom and editorial independence that is enjoyed by the press in every nation and significant disputed territories around the world. Levels of freedom are scored on a scale from 1 (most free) to 100 (least free). Depending on the basics, the nations are then classified as "Free", "Partly Free", or "Not Free".

Democratic states[edit]

A free and independent press has been theorized to be a key mechanism of a functioning, healthy democracy.[9] In the absence of censorship, journalism exists as a watchdog of private and government action, providing information to maintain an informed citizenry of voters.[9] In this perspective, "government efforts to influence published or broadcasted news content, either via media control or by inducing self-censorship, represent a threat to the access of important and necessary information to the public and affect the quality of democracy".[10] An independent press "serves to increase political knowledge, participation and voter turnout",[9] acting as an essential driver of civic participation.

Non-democratic states[edit]

According to Reporters Without Borders, more than a third of the world's people live in countries where there is no press freedom.[11] Overwhelmingly, these people live in countries where there is no system of democracy or where there are serious deficiencies in the democratic process.[12] Freedom of the press is an extremely problematic problem/concept for most non- democratic systems of government since, in the modern age, strict control of access to information is critical to the existence of most non-democratic governments and their associated control systems and security apparatus. To this end, most non-democratic societies employ state- run news organizations to promote the propaganda critical to maintaining an existing political power base and suppress (often very brutally, through the use of police, military, or intelligence agencies) any significant attempts by the media or individual journalists to challenge the approved "government line" on contentious issues. In such countries, journalists operating on the fringes of what is deemed to be acceptable will very often find themselves the subject of considerable intimidation by agents of the state. This can range from simple threats to their professional careers (firing, professional blacklisting) to death threats, kidnapping, torture, and assassination.

• The Lira Baysetova case in Kazakhstan.[13]

• The Georgiy R. Gongadze case in Ukraine[14] • In Nepal, Eritrea, and mainland China, journalists may spend years in jail simply for using

the "wrong" word or photo.

India[edit]

The Indian Constitution, while not mentioning the word "press", provides for "the right to freedom of speech and expression" (Article 19(1) a). However this right is subject to restrictions under sub clause, whereby this freedom can be restricted for reasons of "sovereignty and integrity of India, the security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States, public order, preserving decency, preserving morality, in relation to contempt, court, defamation, or incitement to an offense". Laws such as the Official Secrets Act and Prevention of Terrorist

Activities Act[44] (PoTA) have been used to limit press freedom. Under PoTA, person could be detained for up to six months for being in contact with a terrorist or terrorist group. PoTA was repealed in 2006, but the Official Secrets Act 1923 continues.

For the first half-century of independence, media control by the state was the major constraint on press freedom. Indira Gandhi famously stated in 1975 that All India Radio is "a Government organ, it is going to remain a Government organ..."[45] With the liberalization starting in the

1990s, private control of media has burgeoned, leading to increasing independence and greater scrutiny of government.

It ranks poorly at 138th[46] rank out of 180 listed countries in the Press Freedom Index 2018 released by Reporters Without Borders (RWB).[47] Analytically India's press freedom, as could be deduced by the Press Freedom Index, has constantly reduced since 2002, when it culminated in terms of apparent freedom, achieving a rank of 80 among the reported countries. In 2018, India's freedom of press ranking declined two placed to 138. In explaining the decline, RWB cited growing intolerance from Hindu nationalist supporters of Indian Prime Minister Narendra

Modi, and the murders of journalists such as Gauri Lankesh.[48][49][50]

In 2017, we have seen the fact that digital surpassed TV as the No. 1 advertising spending medium. However, there’s still room for print media in your overall marketing strategy. Print media tends to be more appropriate than another when it comes to some specific target markets, products or services. While print media is no longer necessarily the first option for many businesses, it does play a critical role for others.

Readers and ads spending drop

Both newspaper’s readers and advertising revenue were showing a decline in recent years.

According to incomplete statistics, about 10 famous newspaper presses in China were caused to cease publication in 2014, and in 2015 about 30 stopped publication. Moreover, the magazine firms are faced with some serious issues, such as the decrease of circulation and advertising revenue.

Print media has its unique strengths

The whole world is trending towards a technology era with immersive experiences being more popular among users, but print will still have its own position in advertising. The reason for this is that print has personal impact that people can touch and feel. Fine art is created when paper and ink come together in a powerful way. This is why the Columbia Journalism Review refers to print ads as the “new ‘new media’”.

Print media in India In 2006, newspaper circulation in India was about 39.1 million copies, yet until 2016, this number has grown to 62.8 million – a 60 percent increase. Comparable data for the most recent year available, 2015, show that although circulation fell in almost every major media market(by 12 percent in the UK, 7 percent in the US and 3 percent in Germany and France), the newspaper circulation grew by 12 percent in India. Why print media show good performance in India? Probably because of the primacy of the written word and the home delivery of the newspaper. The bulk of paid circulation is dominated by dailies in English and other languages. These now account for nearly 56 million of the total circulation in the period under study. The highest circulation of 22 million copies a day comes with Hindi language dailies, followed by English at 8.55 million, Malayalam (4.55 million) and Marathi (4.33 million).

Print media can provide what digital can’t

Print advertising will not disappear. Print will always be trusted and reliable compared with the shiny new technology. A good example is that the magazine industry is still experiencing plenty of success, and will continue to do so in 2017. In a world overwhelmed by digital media, consumers are looking for more options and ways to consume their media, and magazines provide just that. One thing is for sure, digital will never help consumers flip through a hard copy, a book or a magazine physically. Please keep that in mind when planning your 2017 ad campaign.

App for print media

To enhance the print experience, magazine apps are launched by many publishers. They will also learn to capitalize on app technology. Providing branding opportunity, extended shelf life, and multi-platform potential – app technology for print media will continue to develop in 2017.

Advertising Media

Advertising media is used in the advertising industry to advertise messages or products. In the area of online marketing, advertising media is included in the category of affiliate marketing.

Definition[edit]

Advertising media is used for communicating a promotional message. Examples include online banners, radio spots, billboards, television advertisements or in print media, ads in newspapers.

There is always a close connection to the advertising medium. For example, in a broadcast, the radio is the means of communicating the message, and the advertisement itself is the advertising media. Advertisements in computer games are called In-Game Advertising.

Relevance for Online-Marketing[edit]

In online marketing, advertisers use advertising media on their website or for e-mail marketing.

The aim is to gain the website visitors’ or the mail recipients’ attention. The goal is arousing the customer's interest or in e-commerce to make them purchase something. An alternative way of advertising includes placing an advert on external pages which are linked to the website or offer.

A commission has to be paid for this service which is calculated by affiliate systems or networks.

The abbreviation Ad for "Advertisement" is very common in online marketing for all forms of online advertisement. To judge the effect or success of advertising, the “opportunity to see“ rate can be used. This rate shows how often a person on average comes into contact with a certain form of advertising media. Types of online advertising[edit]

The most used form of advertising media online is the banner. A banner can be presented in

various formats, so in different sizes and pixels. In addition, there are several other online-

adverts/display-advertising in graphic advertising:

• Textlink - a link which should attract the users’ attention

• Placement – Blog authors write an assigned article that mentions or contains the use of the

promoted product.

• Sponsoring – a sponsor supports a (mostly nonprofit) project. In return the sponsor is mentioned

by name or banners are placed.

• Pop-Up – a form of banner advertising which pop up and cover the page’s content when opening

a website.

• Skyscraper – is a high level form of a banner. It is defined with 600 pixels.

• Sticky Ad – a form of banner advertisement which is bounded to the user’s scrolling, so it covers

the content until the user closes the ad.