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Firecracker Plant (Russelia Equisetiformis)

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Firecracker Plant (Russelia Equisetiformis) ISSN 2395-3411 Available online at www.ijpacr.com 72 ___________________________________________________________Review Article A BRIEF REVIEW OF PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF FIRECRACKER PLANT (RUSSELIA EQUISETIFORMIS) Dephney Renisha Veigas*, Satish S and AR. Shabaraya Srinivas college of Pharmacy, Valachil, Mangalore, Karnataka, India. ___________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT Russelia equisetiformis is commonly known as firecracker plant. The name Russelia was given to the genus Scottish naturalist Alexander Russell (1715–1768) by the Dutch scientist Baron Nikolaus von Jacquin (1727-1817). It’s a perennial plant. This article briefly reviews the common medicinal uses and also focused on various research carried on the different pharmacological activity claimed in the plant. This is an attempt to compile and document information on different aspects of Russelia equisetiformis and highlight the need for research and development. Keywords: Russelia equisetiformis, Pharmacological Activities. INTRODUCTION COMMON NAMES Russelia equisetiformis is an evergreen, Coral fountain, Coral plant, Coral blow, perennial shrub with attractive looking, plants Firecracker fern, Firecracker plant, Firecracker feature trailing, green stems and tubular red bush, Fountain bush. blossoms, formerly belonging to the polyphyletic family Scrophulariaceae and OTHER VERNACULAR NAMES recently introduced into the new monophyletic Coral plant, firecracker flower, fountain plant family Plantaginaceae, is native to Tropical (English), Rasili (Hindi), Bao zhang zhu South America especially in Mexico.1-2 The (Chinese), Plante corail (French), Coral de name Russelia honours the Scottish italia (Italian), naturalist Alexander Russell. The species name reference to this plants resemblance ACTIVE CONSTITUENTS to horse tail rushes, and the Latin Phytochemically, the plant has been reported term equisetiformis means like Equisetum. It is to contain triterpenes of lupane type. Two a deciduous, asparagus-like, many-branched, phenylethanoid glycosides, russectinol and tropical sub shrub (to 4’ tall) with trailing rush- russeliaoside, were repeatedly reported and like 4-angled stems and bright red tubular identified as active constituents of the plant. firecracker-like flowers (to 1.25” long) in Likewise, total phenolic content has also been drooping terminal cymes. Blooms freely from determined and quantified byJohnson and co- late spring to frost. Needle-like medium green workers. Leaves yielded alkaloids, flavonoids, leaves (to 1/2” long). Flowers are attractive to saponins, tannins, steroids, and terpenoids. 4 hummingbirds. Synonymous with Russelia It has around 20 essential oil compounds, The juncea.3 major constituents are hexadecanoic acid methyl ester 11.04%, 11-methyltetracosane CLASSIFICATION 8.44%, n-docosane 7.66%, α-pinene 7.26%, Kingdom :Plantae octadecanoic acid methyl ester 6.37%, Division :Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants eicosanoic acid methyl ester 6.16%, Class : Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons ctadecanoic acid ethyl ester 5.69%, geranic Subclass : Asteridae acid 5.60%, methyl tetradecanoate 5.27%, ß- Order : Scrophulariales pinene 4.60%. Phytochemical screening in Family :Scrophulariaceae extracts and fractions yielded alkaloids, Genus :Russelia Jacq. steroids, tannins, terpenoids. Species :Russelia equisetiformis Schltdl. & Cham. MEDICINAL USES Russelia equisetiformis is traditionally used in Nigeria to cure malaria, cancer, inflammatory disorders, diabetes, leukemia, and in hair preparations to promote hair growth. The fresh International Journal of Pharma And Chemical Research I Volume 4 I Issue 2 I Apr – Jun I 2018 ISSN 2395-3411 Available online at www.ijpacr.com 73 entire plant decoction is taken orally to cure • Hair-Growth Promoting Effect kidney stones in Colombia, and the whole The study demonstrated the hair growth plant is utilized as complementary therapy for promoting potential of the crude methanol DM2 patients in Mexico. Additionally anti- extract of Russelia equisetiformis. The exact oxidant, anti- inflammatory, antinociceptive mechanism of action or the components and analgesic properties were reported for responsible for the hair growth promoting different extracts of Russelia equisetiformis, as activity in the plant extract could not be well as antibacterial, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, established in this study. Number of CNS depressant, hepatic function, membrane investigators have shown that flavonoids and stabilizing. triterpenoids possess hair growth promoting activity by strengthening the capillary wall of PHARMACOLOGICAL SCREENING the smaller blood vessels supplying hair • Antimicrobial follicles, improve blood circulation to nourish Antimicrobial effect of a methanolic extract the hair follicles and thereby promoting hair was noted on S. aureus, S. albus, S. typhi, P. growth Other workers also implicate flavonoids aeruginosa and K. edwardsiella. The effect in stimulating telogen to anagen phase, a was attributed to triterpenes in the extract.5 process involved in hair growth, and also cause expressions of some growth factors, • Diabetes / Leukemia such as insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1), Phytochemical Screening of Cnidoscolus vascular endothelial growth factors(VEGF), Aconitifolius and Russelia Equisetiformis Used keratinocyte growth factors(KGF) and for the treatment of Diabetes and Leukemia. 6 hapatocyte growth factors (HGF), all of which has stimulatory effects on hair growth. It may • Antinociceptive activity be possible that the two phenolic compound & This study examines the antinociceptive effect triterpenes contained in the plants extract are of the whole plant extracts of Russelia responsible for the observed hair growth equisetiformis. The result shows the promoting effect.9 ethylacetate fraction to be the most active, while the dichloromethane fraction exhibited • Membrane Stabilizing Activity least activity. The major isolated compound The experimental evidence indicates that, the from the ethylacetate showed a tremendous aqueous-ethanol extract of Russelia activity on acetic acid induced writhing with equisetiformis possesses membrane less activity on tail-flick response in mice. The stabilizing property in a concentration- structures of the two compounds were dependent manner. Russelia equisetiformis assigned on the basis of spectroscopic data. extract could serve as a useful supplementary Occurrence of these compounds in Russelia is therapy in haemolytic disease, and also in free reported here for the first time, and the results radical-mediated oxidative cell injury confirm the traditional uses of Russelia conditions. 10 equisetiformis in the treatment of inflammation and pain7 • Hepatic Function Impairment The study showed that both aqueous and •Antiinflammatory / Analgesic activity methanol extracts of Russelia equisetiformis In a study of the methanolic extract of have the potential to impair normal liver Russelia equisetiformis in rats and mice using function in rats. This is indicated by the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema, acetic marked dose- dependent increase in serum acid-induced writhing and tail-flick testing, levels of transaminases (ALT and AST), results suggested that the extract possesses bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and a potential anti-inflammatory and analgesic significant reduction in total protein level. properties. The methanolic extract of R. These results were clear indication of cellular equisetiformis (10–40 mg/kg, i.p.) exhibited a leakage and loss of functional integrity of the significant and dose-dependent inhibition of cell membrane.Free radicals and peroxidants paw oedema induced by carrageenan in rats. have been implicated in the pathogenesis of It is possible that the effect of R. equisetiformis toxic liver injury. Many of the drugs that extract could result from an inhibitory action on precipitate liver disease produce free radicals the release of chemotactic agents or by during metabolism. Russelia equisetiformis inhibition of neutrophil migration. The extract has been reported to contain triterpenes and showed significant (P < 0.05) and dose- sterols, which could be sources of free radicals dependent analgesic activity. The extract after metabolism. In addition, it has been caused inhibition of abdominal constriction at reported that Russelia equisetiformis does not 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg 8. contain flavonoids, which have free radical International Journal of Pharma And Chemical Research I Volume 4 I Issue 2 I Apr – Jun I 2018 ISSN 2395-3411 Available online at www.ijpacr.com 74 scavenging and antioxidant activities. • Anti-Inflammatory Therefore, it is suspected that the free radical Study isolated lupeol. The lupeol extract generated by the metabolism of Russelia showed significant & dose-dependent anti- equisetiformis accumulates and adversely inflammatory activity in acute and chronic affect liver function as indicated by an increase models of inflammation viz egg albumin- in the serum levels of liver enzymes.11 induced paw edema, formaldehyde–induced arthritis & cotton pellet granuloma invivo tests. • Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Prednisolone was used standard drug.14 Cytotoxicity activity Russelia equisetiformis extract and fractions • Anticonvulsant activity showed significant antioxidant potential in Study of methanol extracts of RE for terms of scavenging free radicals. The DPPH anticonvulsant activity using picrotoxin (PCT) scavenging and linoleic acid oxidation assays showed significant protective activity against
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