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Length-weight relationships of two conservation-concern mahseers (Teleostei: Cyprinidae: Tor) of the river Cauvery, Karnataka, India
Adrian C. Pinder, Rajeev Raghavan, Shannon D. Bower & J. Robert Briton
26 July 2020 | Vol. 12 | No. 10 | Pages: 16257–16261 DOI: 10.11609/jot.6201.12.10.16257-16261
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Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 July 2020 | 12(10): 16257–16261 ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) PLATINUM OPEN ACCESS DOI: htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.6201.12.10.16257-16261
#6201 | Received 21 May 2020 | Final received 23 June 2020 | Finally accepted 20 July 2020
C o m Length-weight relatonships of two conservaton-concern mahseers m u n (Teleostei: Cyprinidae: Tor) of the river Cauvery, Karnataka, India i c 1 2 3 4 a Adrian C. Pinder , Rajeev Raghavan , Shannon D. Bower & J. Robert Briton t i 1,4 Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Poole, BH12 5BB, UK. o 1,2 Mahseer Trust, c/o Freshwater Biological Associaton, East Stoke, Wareham, Dorset, BH20 6BB, UK. n 2 Department of Fisheries Resource Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies (KUFOS), Kochi, Kerala 682506, India. 3 Infnity SES, 507 McLeod St., Otawa, Ontario, Canada. 1 [email protected] (corresponding author), 2 [email protected], 3 [email protected], 4 [email protected]
Abstract: Length-weight (LW) relatonships are presented for two conservaton-concern species of mahseer (Tor spp.) from southern India’s river Cauvery. Constructed from angler catch data, these are the frst available LW relatonships for the Critcally Endangered Tor remadevii and the non-natve and locally invasive Tor khudree. For T. remadevii, the value of b, the allometric parameter, was 2.94 (95% CI: 2.75–3.14) and was not signifcantly diferent from 3.0, indicatng isometric growth (t = 0.61, P = 0.54). For T. khudree, b was greater at 3.18 (95% CI: 3.01–3.38), but with this also not signifcantly diferent from 3.0 (t = 1.91, P = 0.06). Outputs are discussed with reference to species conservaton and recreatonal catch-and-release fsheries. Keywords: Angling, Critcally Endangered, invasive fsh, Tor khudree, Tor remadevii.
Editor: Mandar Paingankar, Government Science College Gadchiroli, Maharashtra, India. Date of publicaton: 26 July 2020 (online & print)
Citaton: Pinder, A.C., R. Raghavan, S.D. Bower & J.R. Briton (2020). Length-weight relatonships of two conservaton-concern mahseers (Teleostei: Cyprinidae: Tor) of the river Cauvery, Karnataka, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 12(10): 16257–16261. htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.6201.12.10.16257-16261
Copyright: © Pinder et al. 2020. Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of this artcle in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton.
Funding: Pinder, Bower, and Raghavan’s partcipaton was supported by the Fisheries Society of the Britsh Isles and the Mahseer Trust. Bower was also funded by the Ontario Graduate Scholarship, Too Big to Ignore, and Mitacs Research Grant.
Competng interests: The authors declare no competng interests.
Author details: Adrian Pinder is based at Bournemouth University (UK) and is the Director of Research at the Mahseer Trust. He is a fsh ecologist with a special interest in the conservaton of threatened species. Rajeev Raghavan is interested in conservaton of aquatc biodiversity of Western Ghats with special reference to freshwater fshes. Shannon Bower’s primary area of research is fsh and fsheries, with an emphasis on recreatonal fsheries, social-ecological systems analysis, sustainable development, and partnerships. This work has taken her around the world, ofering insights into the role cultural systems and beliefs play in our relatonships with the world aquatc and the solutons we create to solve our problems. Rob Britton is a Professor at Bournemouth University. His research interests cover the impacts on aquatc fauna of anthropogenic stressors, including invasive alien species, habitat loss and climate change.
Author contributon: All authors contributed equally to the study design and data collecton. ACP and JRB did the data analysis. ACP wrote the frst draf. All authors contributed equally fnalizing the manuscript
Acknowledgements: The authors wish to thank Naren Sreenivisan and the Wildlife Associaton of South India (WASI) for the provision of angler catch data from the Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary. We thank Coorg Wildlife Society for access to their waters for sampling purposes and all the anglers’ who contributed to the collecton of data. We are also grateful to A. Harrison for assistance in the producton of Figure 1.
16257 J TT Length-weight relatonships of two conservaton-concern mahseers Pinder et al.
INTRODUCTION assist the urgent conservaton of T. remadevii.
Despite its global iconic status as a premier sport fsh and the largest growing of all mahseers (Tor spp.) MATERIALS AND METHODS (Pinder et al. 2019), the formal taxonomic identty of the mega-faunal Hump-backed Mahseer has untl recently Historic length-weight statstcs for T. remadevii were eluded ichthyologists since frst being brought to their recovered from the former angling camps and protected atenton in the 19th century (Jerdon 1849). Now known reaches of the middle River Cauvery that extend across to be endemic to the Cauvery River catchment (Pinder 24km between Doddamakali Nature Camp (12.3070N & et al. 2015a), recent research has confrmed this fsh to 77.2150E) and Mekedatu Gorge (12.2590N & 77.4470E), be conspecifc with Tor remadevii (Pinder et al. 2018a), Karnataka, India (Fig. 1). Data used in the analysis a species for which the formal descripton was based on date from 1976 to 1990 and were seasonally restricted 19 juvenile specimens collected from the river Pambar, between the months of December and May when river the southernmost tributary of the river Cauvery in fows are suitably reduced to allow the recreatonal Kerala, India (Kurup & Radhakrishnan 2007, 2010). Due fshery to operate. These fsh were captured by rod-and- to estmated populaton reductons in excess of 90% and line angling, with their fork lengths and weights recorded an extremely limited distributon range, T. remadevii before release. Lengths were measured using non-rigid was recently assessed as Critcally Endangered on the tape measures and weights from ‘spring-balances’. For IUCN Red List of Threated Species (Pinder et al. 2018b), the later, due to the combinaton of the size of some of making it the most imperilled of all Tor species. the fshes (> 40kg) and their recording in feld conditons, Introductons of T. khudree into the river Cauvery the weights were typically recorded to the nearest 250g. from the 1970s has been implicated in the collapse For T. khudree, length-weight data of individual fsh of the endemic T. remadevii populaton (Pinder et al. were collected from the upper river Cauvery (Ammangala 2015a; Pinder et al. in press). In recogniton of the non- Village, Valnur; 12.4570N & 75.9600E, in Kodagu District natve and invasive status of T. khudree outside its natve (Coorg), Karnataka, India (Fig. 1) during March 2014 and distributon range, India’s current Natonal Wildlife between February and April 2015. Captured using rod Acton Plan 2017–2031, includes the acton of actvely and line tactcs, the data for each fsh were recorded removing T. khudree from Cauvery, through angling or by trained fshery professionals. Fish lengths (FL) were other suitable means, to reduce the populaton of this recorded using a standard rigid measuring board (to undesirable species. This goes hand-in-hand with a 0.1cm) and weights recorded using a protectve weigh further recommendaton, that captve bred ‘orange- sling and a spring balance appropriate to individual fnned’ mahseer T. remadevii should be stocked to fsh size (models: Salter Super Samson 20kg/100g assist the recovery of this endemic species (Ministry and 5kg/25g). All fsh were released following their of Environment, Forests and Climate Change, 2017). processing. Furthermore, due to the establishment of T. khudree To assess the length-weight relatonships of each beyond its natve range throughout much of southern species, and to, thus, investgate allometry, their data India (see Pinder et al. in press), this species has recently were fted to the linear form of the length-weight power been reassessed on the IUCN Red List from Endangered functon W = aFLb, where a is the intercept parameter to Least Concern (de Alwis Goonatlake et al. 2020). (shape coefcient) and b is the regression coefcient Here, the derivaton of length-weight relatonships (allometric parameter), and where the linearised form from data collated from angling catches on the river of the equaton is ln(W) = ln(a)+bln(FL). In fshes, when Cauvery provides important biological parameters for the value of b is not signifcantly diferent from 3.0 both species for the frst tme. The results are discussed (tested here via a 2-tailed t-test), it implies isometric in relaton to their indicaton of body allometry, their growth, where there is a cubic increase in fsh weight contributons to existng knowledge and persistng as length increases (Ali et al. 2013). If b is signifcantly knowledge gaps which require urgent atenton to beter lower than 3.0, it implies negatve allometric growth and understand the biological and ecological mechanisms signifcantly higher than 3.0 implies positve allometric which may drive compettve interactons between growth (Riedel et al. 2007). Should non-isometric growth these two species. Outputs are also discussed in the be apparent then the factors driving this deviaton can context of recreatonal catch-and-release fsheries and be explored (Ali et al. 2013). how stakeholders can utlise the data presented here to
16258 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 July 2020 | 12(10): 16257–16261 J TT Length-weight relatonships of two conservaton-concern mahseers Pinder et al.
Figure 1. River Cauvery showing the 24-km sampling reach of Tor remadevii between Doddamakali Nature Camp and Mekedatu Gorge (A–B) and Tor khudree at Valnur (C) in Kodagu District (Coorg), Karnataka, India.
RESULTS increase in fsh weight as length increased. These data are important in the context of biological informaton on The length-weight relatonships were derived from these fshes that, to date, has been extremely limited. a sample of 90 T. remadevii and 59 T. khudree. The Indeed, the substantal populaton decline of subsequent values of a and b, and their associated endemic T. remadevii that has occurred in the last 15 statstcal informaton, are provided in Table 1. For T. years now prevents the contemporary sampling of remadevii, the value of b, the allometric parameter, their populatons to obtain new biometric data (Pinder was 2.94 (95% CI: 2.75–3.14) and was not signifcantly et al. 2015a, 2018b). The high historical recreatonal diferent from 3.0, indicatng isometric growth (t = 0.61, and trophy value of this fsh has, however, resulted in P = 0.54). For T. khudree, b was greater at 3.18 (95% CI: collecton of data by anglers in previous years, enabling 3.01–3.38), but with this also not signifcantly diferent these data to be used here and highlightng the inherent from 3.0 (t = 1.91, P = 0.06). Linearised relatonship of value of angler log books to provide important biological fork length (cm) versus weight (g) for both species is data from catch data (Cooke et al. 2000; Pinder & provided in Figure 2. Raghavan 2013; Pinder et al. 2015b). This did, however, result in the use of data collected by anglers in extreme feld conditons (e.g., high air temperatures) using DISCUSSION relatvely crude equipment (spring-balances recording to an accuracy of 0.25kg). Nevertheless, some of the fsh The results suggest that the growth of both the Tor in the dataset were large, over 40kg, and thus would be species analysed were isometric, i.e., there was a cubic inherently difcult to weigh to a greater level of accuracy
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 July 2020 | 12(10): 16257–16261 16259 J TT Length-weight relatonships of two conservaton-concern mahseers Pinder et al.
Table 1. Length (fork, cm) weight (g) relatonship for Tor remadevii and Tor khudree from the river Cauvery, southern India, where W=aLb, n = sample size; r2 = coefcient of determinaton. All length-weight relatonships were signifcant at P < 0.001. All data represent the frst reportng of the length-weight relatonship for the species.
Length Mean Weight Mean Species n a 95% CI a b 95% CI b r2 range (cm) length (cm) range (kg) weight (kg) 0.006– T. remadevii 90 40–175 111.83 1.5–45.3 19.7 0.016 2.94 2.75–3.14 0.91 0.040 0.003– T. khudree 59 15.5–83 34.92 0.06–8.8 0.87 0.007 3.18 3.01–3.38 0.95 0.012
Table 2. Summary of maximum length and weights reported from this study and previous studies (*Kurup & Radhakrishnan 2007; **htp:// www.fshbase.org/, version 12/2019)
Species Previous maximum reported size Data presented here
Max length (cm) Max weight (kg) Max length (cm) Max weight (kg)
Tor remadevii 33.2 (TL)* N/A 175 (FL) 45.3
Tor khudree 50 (TL)** 2.7** 83 (FL) 8.8
unless killed and also were unable to be captured by alternatve methods to angling. Consequently, despite the method of data collecton, it is argued these data have high value in the context of this conservaton- dependent species that is currently close to extncton (Pinder et al. 2015a) and for which no adult length- weight data currently exist. Due to the previous taxonomic confusion regarding the taxonomy of southern Indian Tor species (Pinder & Raghavan 2013; Pinder et al. 2018a, 2019) many previous studies have erroneously synonymised the ‘nom de plume’ Tor (or Barbus) mussullah (under the guise of the Hump-backed Mahseer (now known to be T. remadevii)) with T. khudree. As a consequence, much of the biometric data presented in the scientfc literature, and open access resources (e.g., FishBase) for T. khudree need to be treated with appropriate cauton. With reference to previous scientfc studies where a high level of confdence can be applied to correct taxonomic use, the data reported here dramatcally revise the maximum lengths and weights for both species (Table 2). Moreover, despite an absence of length records, other published data sources report weights of the Hump- backed Mahseer (T. remadevii) to 54.4kg (Wild Life 1977) and T. khudree to 27.9kg (Pinder et al. 2015a). The results presented here provide the frst biological data that can act as a base on which to build knowledge that is urgently required in a conservaton context to Figure 2. Linearised relatonship of fork length (cm) versus weight (g) for (A) Tor remadevii, and (B) Tor khudree, according to ln(W) = both beter understand the invasion consequences of ln(a)+bln(FL). The straight lines are the relatonship between the T. khudree and to inform planning for the populaton variables according to linear regression. restoraton of T. remadevii, including understanding novel species interactons, and the range of biological parameters and ecological plastcity that may drive
16260 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 July 2020 | 12(10): 16257–16261 J TT Length-weight relatonships of two conservaton-concern mahseers Pinder et al. compettve advantages between these species (Pinder S.S., A. Christanus, N.C. Kiat, & S.S. De Silva (eds.). Mahseer, the et al. in press). Biology, Culture and Conservaton. Proceedings of the Internatonal Symposium on the mahseer, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (Malaysian Given the isometric growth of both species, these Fisheries Society Occasional Publicaton No 14, Kuala Lumpur) 2007, data can now be applied in a conservaton context by 236pp. Kurup, B.M. & K.V. Radhakrishnan (2010). Tor remadevii, a new enabling sport anglers using catch-and-release angling species of Tor (gray) from Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, Pambar River, techniques to keep the fsh in the water for unhooking, Kerala, Southern India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History with weights then estmated from measured lengths. Society 107: 227–230. Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (2017). India’s This would eliminate a high proporton of the manual Natonal Wildlife Acton Plan. htp://www.indiaenvironmentportal. handling and air exposure of the fsh, minimising org.in/fles/fle/nwap_2017_31.pdf, Accessed on 17 June 2020. the stress that this is known to cause, along with the Pinder, A.C. & R. Raghavan (2013). Conserving the endangered mahseers (Tor spp.) of India: the positve role of recreatonal associated elevated risk of post-release mortality (Cooke fsheries. Current Science 104: 1472−1475. & Suski 2005; Cook et al. 2015; Bower et al. 2016). Pinder, A.C., R. Raghavan & J.R. Briton (2015a). The legendary Hump- backed Mahseer Tor sp. of India’s River Cauvery: an endemic fsh swimming towards extncton? Endangered Species Research 28: 11–17. REFERENCES Pinder, A.C., R. Raghavan & J.R. Briton (2015b). Efcacy of angler catch data as a populaton and conservaton monitoring tool for the fagship Mahseer fshes (Tor spp.) of southern India. Aquatc Ali, A., N. Dahanukar & R. Raghavan (2013). Length-weight and length- Conservaton: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 25: 829–838. length relatonship of three species of snakehead fsh, Channa Pinder, A.C., A. Manimekalan, M.J.D. Knight, P. Krishnankuty, J.R. diplogramma, C. marulius and C. striata from the riverine reaches Briton, S. Philip, N. Dahanukar & R. Raghavan (2018a). Resolving of Lake Vembanad, Kerala, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 5(13): the taxonomic enigma of the iconic game fsh, the Hump-backed 4769–4773. htps://doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o3353.4769-73 Mahseer from the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot, India. Bower, S.D., A.J. Danylchuk, R. Raghavan, S.E. Clark-Danylchuk, A.C. PLoS ONE 13(6): e0199328. htps://doi.org/10.1371/journal. Pinder & S.J. Cooke (2016). 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Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 July 2020 | 12(10): 16257–16261 16261 PLATINUM The Journal of Threatened Taxa (JoTT) is dedicated to building evidence for conservaton globally by publishing peer-reviewed artcles online every month at a reasonably rapid rate at www.threatenedtaxa.org. OPEN ACCESS All artcles published in JoTT are registered under Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License unless otherwise mentoned. JoTT allows allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of artcles in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton.
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July 2020 | Vol. 12 | No. 10 | Pages: 16195–16406 Date of Publicaton: 26 July 2020 (Online & Print) www.threatenedtaxa.org DOI: 10.11609/jot.2020.12.10.16195-16406
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Some rare damselfies and dragonfies (Odonata: Zygoptera and Anisoptera) in Ukraine: Eleven new records of lichens to the state of Kerala, India new records, notes on distributon, and habitat preferences – Sonia Anna Zachariah, Sanjeeva Nayaka, Siljo Joseph, Pooja Gupta & Scaria – Alexander V. Martynov, Pp. 16279–16294 Kadookunnel Varghese, Pp. 16402–16406
Floristc diversity of Anjaneri Hills, Maharashtra, India – Sanjay Gajanan Aut, Sharad Suresh Kambale, Kumar Vinod Chhotupuri Gosavi & Arun Nivrut Chandore, Pp. 16295–16313
A checklist of macrofungi (mushroom) diversity and distributon in the forests of Tripura, India Publisher & Host — Sanjit Debnath, Ramesh Chandra Upadhyay, Rahul Saha, Koushik Majumdar, Panna Das & Ajay Krishna Saha, Pp. 16314–16346
Member
Threatened Taxa