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Home , Arthothelium, Pertusaria, Sanjeeva Nayaka, Strigula, Strigulaceae, Upreti

Turkish Journal of Botany Turk J Bot (2018) 42: 346-353 http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/botany/ © TÜBİTAK Research Article doi:10.3906/bot-1707-58

New species and new records of lichenized from tropical deciduous forests of the Western Ghats hotspot,

Sumesh N. DUDANI, Sanjeeva NAYAKA*, Komal K. INGLE, Siljo JOSEPH Laboratory, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research – National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, , India

Received: 26.07.2017 Accepted/Published Online: 21.12.2017 Final Version: 03.05.2018

Abstract: Stirtonia ghattensis Sumesh N. Dudani, Nayaka, Komal K. Ingle & S. Joseph sp. nov. having UV+ white thallus, 4–6-spored asci, and 5(–7)-septate ascospores and lacking substances is described as new to science. Pertusaria mesotropa Müll. Arg. is reported for the first time from India. Bacidia subannexa (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Graphis caesiella Vain., G. handelii Zahlbr., Hemithecium scariosum Makhija & Adaw., and Pertusaria coccodes (Ach.) Nyl. are new records for Western Ghats. Arthothelium aphanocarpum (Nyl.) Zahlbr., which had a restricted distribution in the Andaman Islands, is collected from the mainland of India for the first time. An updated world key for 28 Stirtonia taxa known to date is provided.

Key words: , , Stirtonia, biodiversity, , state

1. Introduction mostly 8 ascospores; ascospores thick walled, trans- Among the various biogeographic regions in India, the septate (Aptroot, 2009). Makhija and Patwardhan (1998) Western Ghats is an important habitat for numerous lectotypified the with S. obvallata (Stirt.) A.L. Sm. endemic, rare, and endangered taxa of flora and fauna. The and provided a detailed morphotaxonomic account of 12 Western Ghats has rich diversity of represented by accepted species. Since then the genus was updated several 1138 species, of which 266 are endemic. The region has times with discoveries of many new species (Aptroot, 2009; a maximum number of crustose lichens with 728 species Wolseley and Aptroot, 2009; Lücking et al., 2011; Alves et (Nayaka and Asthana, 2014). Novel taxa are constantly al., 2014; Aptroot et al., 2014; Cáceres et al., 2014; Xavier- being reported from the Western Ghats (e.g., Subramanya Leite et al., 2014; Seavey and Seavey, 2015; Weerakoon et and Krishnamurthy, 2015; and Upreti, 2016; Kumar al., 2016; Diederich et al., 2017; Seavey et al., 2017). At and Krishnamurthy, 2016), which indicates that the present the genus is represented by 28 species in the world. lichen exploration in the region is far from completion In India, eight species of Stirtonia have been recorded and several ecologically interesting habitats are yet to (Singh and Sinha, 2010; Gupta, 2015), of which five are be investigated. In such an attempt we are exploring the endemic to India, found in the Andaman and Nicobar lichen diversity in the central Western Ghats, mostly Islands, West Bengal, and Tamil Nadu. S. santessonii belonging to state of Karnataka, and we have collected Makhija & Patw., which was considered to be restricted to several interesting specimens. Among them, one species of the Andaman Islands, was also recorded from the Kodagu Stirtonia A.L. Sm. is described as new species, one species district in Karnataka (Rashmi and Rajkumar, 2015). of Pertusaria DC. is reported as a new record to India, and Arthothelium A. Massal. and Pertusaria DC. are six other corticolous lichen species are reported as new to common lichen genera in the tropical region represented the Western Ghats. by about 120 and 500 species respectively in the world The lichen genus Stirtonia A.L. Sm. is among the (Kirket al., 2008; Lücking et al., 2016). Singh and Sinha inconspicuous and understudied lichen elements in (2010) listed a total of 42 Arthothelium species from India tropical forests across the world. This genus is typically and later on three more species were added to the genus characterized by the absence of a true hamathecium, by Jagadeesh Ram et al. (2012), Makhija et al. (2014), and ascigerous areas usually containing crystals and sometimes Singh et al. (2015). Similarly, Singh and Sinha (2010) listed algal cells; asci generally round to ovoid containing 52 species of Pertusaria from India and a total of 20 more * Correspondence: [email protected] 346 DUDANI et al. / Turk J Bot

– species were added to the genus by various researchers max), where min and max are the extreme values, X the (Jagadeesh Ram and Sinha, 2010; Bajpai and Upreti, 2011; arithmetic mean, and SD the corresponding standard Shukla and Singh, 2011; Jagadeesh et al., 2012; Singh and deviation followed by the number of measurements (n). Gupta, 2012; Gupta and Singh, 2013; Rai et al., 2014; The chemistry was studied by spot tests and thin-layer Mishra and Upreti, 2015; Sinha et al., 2015). chromatography (TLC) following Orange et al. (2001).

2. Materials and methods 3. Results and discussion The specimens examined were collected from different 3.1. The new species forest patches in the Uttara district of Karnataka Stirtonia ghattensis Sumesh N. Dudani, Nayaka, Komal (Central Western Ghats, Figure 1) and deposited in the K. Ingle & S. Joseph sp. nov. (Figure 2) CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute herbarium MycoBank No. MB823293 (LWG), Lucknow. This is the northernmost coastal Type. India. Karnataka, Uttara Kannada district, district of Karnataka state with the distinction of having Dandeli road, 15°18′6.20″N, 74°38′5.14″E, elev. 400 m, on the highest forest cover, accounting for about 76% of its bark of tree, 9 January 2012, Sumesh Dudani 12-016857 total area (Ramachandra et al., 2015). It is dotted with (holotype-LWG). numerous sacred groves. Morphological details were Diagnosis. Similar to Stirtonia alba, but differs by UV+ examined using a Leica S8APO stereo-zoom microscope. white thallus, asci 4–6-spored, 5(–7) septate ascospores, Anatomical details were studied using a Leica DM500 and lacking lichen substances. compound microscope. Hand-cut sections of thalli and Description. Thallus corticolous, crustose, thin, ascomata mounted in distilled water, KOH solution (K), smooth to uneven, continuous, 5–7 cm across, whitish, and lactophenol cotton blue (LPCB) were studied. The ca. 50 µm thick with calcium oxalate crystals; ecorticate; amyloid reactions were tested in Lugol’s iodine solution photobiont Trentepohlia, 8–13 × 5–8 µm. Prothallus dark without (I) or with pretreatment with KOH (KI). All brown to black. measurements were made on material mounted in distilled Ascigerous zone punctiform to lirelliform, mostly in water. The length, breadth, and length/breadth ratio (l/b) – – radiating lines, up to 1.5 mm long, ca. 0.1–0.2 mm wide; of ascospores are given as (min–){X–SD}–{X+SD}(– pale brown with crystals, without algal cells, ascigerous

Figure 1. Map showing the lichen collection localities in Uttara Kannada district: A- Stirtonia ghattensis; B- Pertusaria mesotropa; C- Arthothelium aphanocarpum; D- Bacidia subannexa; E- Graphis caesiella; F- Graphis handelii; G- Hemithecium scariosum; H- Pertusaria coccodes. WG: Western Ghats.

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Figure 2. Stirtonia ghattensis: A- habitus, B- asci, C–F- ascospores (scale bars: A = 1 mm, B–F = 50 µm). zone separated from the thallus by crack; interascal tissue Remarks. The new species S. ghattensis is characterized not inspersed, amyloid, IKI+ blue. Asci not abundant, by white, smooth thallus, lirellate to radiating ascomata, globose to ovoid, not visible through surface, 4–6-spored, 4–6-spored ascus, 5-septate ascospores with enlarged 67.37–112.29 × 51.23–70.75 µm; ascospores hyaline, upper cell. Though the thallus is UV+ white, no chemicals oblong-ellipsoidal, upper cell distinctly enlarged, (53.09– were detected in TLC. Morphologically, it closely resembles )58–63.6(–65.16) × (17.25–)22.1–26.7(–27.02) µm (n = S. alba Makhija & Patw. However, the latter species 25), mostly 5-septate, rarely up to 7-septate; septa 1.02– differs by having UV– thallus, 8-spored asci, slightly 3.29 µm thick; wall 2.17–3.66 µm thick. Pycnidia not seen. smaller ascospores (38–60 × 14–22 µm), and presence Chemistry. Thallus K–, C–, KC–, Pd–, UV+ white; no of perlatolic acid as lichen substance. Among the Indian lichen substances detected in TLC. species, S. santessonii Makhija & Patw. differs in having Ecology and distribution. Stirtonia ghattensis was pale brownish thallus, 8-spored asci and smaller oblong found growing on a tree trunk in a moist deciduous forest ascospores (35–50 × 13–18 µm). Another species, S. indica of Lagerstroemia sp. at an altitude of 400 m on the Dandeli Makhija & Patw., was recorded from the Eastern Ghats in road that heads toward Castle Rock in the Uttara Kannada Tamil Nadu state. This species differs from S. ghattensis district of Karnataka. in having 8-spored asci, ascospores lacking enlarged end Etymology. The species epithet ghattensis refers to its cell, presence of psoromic and conpsoromic acids as lichen type locality of Western Ghats. substances. A world key for all known species of Stirtonia is provided, which is modified from Aptroot et al. (2014).

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3.2. New record for India 74°44′51.00″E, elev. 590 m, on bark of a Mextesia sp., 29 Pertusaria mesotropa Müll. Arg. (Figure 3) March 2012, Sumesh Dudani 12-018649 (LWG). The species can be characterized by its verrucae Graphis caesiella Vain. (Figure 4C) with 1–3 apothecia, each usually with a distinct ostiole, This species is characterized by having elongate, 8-spored asci and 85–105 × 32–40 µm ascospores, and irregularly branched lirellae, concealed disc, entire UV+ yellow thallus. It was found growing on the bark of labia, white pruinose, laterally carbonized exciple, clear a tree in a moist deciduous forest. Earlier it was reported hymenium, 8-spored ascus with transversely 5–9-septate from Sri Lanka, Northwest Mexico (Lumbsch et al., 1999), ascospores of 24–35 × 6–8 µm and containing norstictic and Kenya (Archer et al., 2009). acid. Similar G. pyrrhocheiloides Zahlbr. differs by exposed Specimen examined. Karnataka, Uttara Kannada disc and ascospores of 11–30 × 6–8 µm. district, Sirsi-Yellapur road, 14°53′28.02″N, 74°46′33.43″E, Specimen examined. Karnataka, Uttara Kannada elev. 520 m, on bark of a Lagerstroemia sp., 16 March 2012, district, Golehalli, 15°16′36.16″N, 74°48′20.74″E, elev. Sumesh Dudani 12-016891 (LWG). 520 m, on bark of a Odina sp., 3 December 2013, Sumesh 3.3. New to Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot Dudani 13-016864 (LWG). Arthothelium aphanocarpum (Nyl.) Zahlbr. (Figure 4A) Graphis handelii Zahlbr. (Figure 4D) This species can easily be distinguished from other This species is characterized by having erumpent species by having branched, lirellate, reddish brown lirellae with lateral thaline margin, exposed epruinose disc, ascomata containing 8-spored asci, muriform ascospores entire labia, laterally carbonized excipulum, inspersed of 44–65 × 15–26 µm with enlarged terminal cell, and hymenium, ascospores 7–11-septate, 20–40 × 6–10 µm, thallus lacking lichen substances. and contains norstictic acid. The species is similar to G. Specimen examined. Karnataka, Uttara Kannada crebra Vain. but the latter has white pruinose disc and district, Heravali Kan, 14°16′53.09″N, 74°32′18.66″E, elev. ascospores of 20–30 × 5–8 µm. 80 m, on bark of Hopea sp., 5 May 2014, Sumesh Dudani Specimen examined. Karnataka, Uttara Kannada 14-024699 (LWG). district, Sambrani deciduous forest, on fallen twigs, Bacidia subannexa (Nyl.) Zahlbr. (Figure 4B) 15°16′30.58″N, 74°44′35.30″E, elev. 530 m, 3 December This species is characterized by having a smooth 2013, Sumesh Dudani 13-023397 (LWG). thallus, brown apothecium, and transversely 5-septate, Hemithecium scariosum Makhija & Adaw. (Figure 4E) oblong to rod-shaped ascospores of 20–26 × 4–5 µm. The This species can be easily distinguished from other species species is close to B. submedialis (Nyl.) Zahlbr. but the by its bright greenish stramineous, somewhat wrinkled latter has 7-septate, fusiform to acicular and longer (34–50 thallus, immersed to slightly raised ascomata, noncarbonized × 3–4 µm) spores. and entire woody brown colored exciple, transversely Specimen examined. Karnataka, Uttara Kannada 15–22-septate, ellipsoid ascospores of 63–83 × 6–8 µm, and district, Kathalekan relic forests, 14°16′17.84″N, containing stictic, salazinic, and constictic acids.

Figure 3. Pertusaria mesotropa: A- habitus, B- asci, C–D- ascospores (scale bars: A = 1 mm; B–D = 50 µm).

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Specimen examined. Karnataka, Uttara Kannada Specimen examined. Karnataka, Uttara Kannada district, Chandawar, 14°24′55.55″N, 74°29′12.68″E, elev. district, Brahmur deciduous forest, 14°33′52.02″N, 30 m, on fallen twigs, 16 April 2014, Sumesh Dudani 14- 74°29′14.27″E, elev. 170 m, on bark of a Lannea sp., 15 024459 (LWG). April 2014, Sumesh Dudani 14-024430 (LWG). Pertusaria coccodes (Ach.) Nyl. (Figure 4F) Among the new records of lichen, B. subannexa, which This species is characterized by dense globose to was reported earlier from the West Bengal plains in India, cylindrical isidiate, UV– thallus, lacking apothecia, and in the present study is being reported from Kathalekan the presence of norstictic acid complex. P. coronata is swampy relic forests. G. caesiella and H. scariosum were morphologically similar to this species but differs by UV+ earlier reported from single localities of India, i.e. the orange thallus. Lakshwadeep Islands and Andaman Islands, respectively

Figure 4. Habitus: A- Arthothelium aphanocarpum, B- Bacidia subannexa, C- Graphis caesiella, D- Graphis handelii, E- Hemithecium scariosum, F- Pertusaria coccodes (scale bars: A–F = 1 mm).

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(Singh and Sinha, 2010). Another species, G. handelii, 13. Thallus and ascigerous zones partly C+ red, gyrophoric was earlier reported from Manipur, Meghalaya, and West acid present, sometimes also partly UV+ yellow with Bengal (Singh and Sinha, 2010; Singh and Singh, 2015) lichexanthone ...... S. neotropica Aptroot and (Mohabe et al., 2017). Arthothelium – Thallus and ascigerous zones C– and UV–...... 14 aphanocarpum was found growing on the bark of Hopea 14. Ascospores 35–55 µm long...... 15 sp. in the moist deciduous forest of the Heravali sacred – Ascospores 55–73 µm long...... 18 grove. This species was last reported in 1995 from North 15. Thallus with perlatolic acid, ascospores usually curved Andaman forests and since then there has been no ...... S. curvata Aptroot collection or report of it from anywhere else in India. – Thallus lacking lichen substances...... 16 Hence, this record comes as the first record of this species 16. Ascigerous zone strongly raised above the thallus from mainland India after a gap of 22 years from its last surface, branched or unbranched ...... S. coei report. F. Seavey & J. Seavey 3.4. World key to Stirtonia species – Ascigerous zone immersed, at level or slightly raise 1. Thallus foliicolous, ascospores 9-septate, 75–85 × 30– above the thallus ...... 17 36 µm, confluentic acid present ...... S. epiphylla 17. Ascospores 52–55 µm long, mid cell distinctly Aptroot & Seaward enlarged...... S. latispora F. Seavey & J. Seavey – Thallus otherwise ...... 2 – Ascospores 35–47 µm long, mid cell not enlarged ...... 2. Thallus isidiate, ascus 1-spored, ascospores ...... S. nivea Xavier-Leite et al. 7–9-septate, 210–225 µm long ...... S. isidiata 18. Thallus with divaricatic acid, ascospores with enlarged Weerakoon et al. midcell...... ….... S. divaricatica F. Seavey & J. – Thallus lacking isidia ...... 3 Seavey 3. Ascospores with enlarged upper cell ...... 4 – Thallus lacking lichen substances ...... 19 – Ascospores without enlarged upper cell ...... 8 19. Ascigerous zones conspicuous, linear and 4. Ascospores <30 µm long ...... 5 anastomosing, white, contrasting in color with the – Ascospores >30 µm long ...... 6 green thallus; ascospores hyaline, 55–58 µm long …. 5. Thallus byssoid, greenish gray, perlatolic acid present S. viridis Aptroot et al...... S. byssoidea F. Seavey & J. Seavey – Ascigerous zones inconspicuous, linear or round – Thallus crustose, pale greenish, lacking lichen or consisting of individual asci, of thallus color, substances ...... S. microspora Xavier-Leite et al. ascospores brown, 61–73 µm long...... S. punctiformis 6. Thallus with perlatolic acid, thallus whitish ...... Aptroot & Sipman ...... S. alba Makhija & Patw. 20. Thallus UV+ bright white or yellow, with – Thallus lacking lichen substances ...... 7 2’-O-methylsuperphyllinic acid or lichexanthone .. 21 7. Thallus UV+ white, asci 4–5-spored, ascospores 53– – Thallus UV–...... 22 65 µm long ...... S. ghattensis Sumesh N. Dudani et al. 21. Thallus UV+ white, with 2’-O-methylsuperphyllinic – Thallus UV–, asci 8-spored, ascospores 35–50 µm long acid ...... S. alboverruca Makhija & Patw...... S. santessonii Makhija & Patw. – Thallus UV+ yellow, with lichexanthone .....S. nitida 8. Ascigerous zones linear, branched or anastomosing, Xavier-Leite et al. raised above thallus level or not ...... 9 22. Thallus Pd+ yellow, with psoromic acid ...... 23 – Ascigerous zones mostly rounded, often distinctly – Thallus Pd–, without psoromic acid...... 25 raised above thallus level ...... 20 23. Ascospores 36–45 µm long...... S. schummii Aptroot 9. Ascospores 15–30 µm long ...... 10 – Ascospores 50–87 µm long...... 24 – Ascospores 35–73 µm long ...... 12 24. Ascospores 50–60 µm long, ascigerous zones >1 mm 10. Ascigerous zones inconspicuous .....S. dubia A. L. Sm. wide...... S. indica Makhija & Patw. – Ascigerous zones conspicuous, white, contrasting in – Ascospores 75–87 µm long, ascigerous zones <1 mm color with the green thallus ...... 11 wide...... S. psoromica Aptroot & Wolseley 11. Ascospores 27–32 µm long .. S. ibirapuitensis Aptroot 25. Thallus brownish...... 26 et al. – Thallus whitish...... 27 – Ascospores 17–19 µm long...... S. lucida M. M. 26. Ascigerous zones raised, ochraceous ...... S. ochracea E. Alves et al. M. M. E. Alves et al. 12. Ascospores 4–6-septate; ascigerous zones pale brown – Ascigerous zones not raised, white ...... S. obvallata anastomosing lines ...... S. ramosa Makhija & Patw. (Stirt.) A. L. Sm. – Ascospores 7–12-septate, ascigerous zones 27. Thallus with confluentic acid...... S. rhizophorae different...... 13 Kalb & Mongkolsuk

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– Thallus with 2’-O-methylperlatolic acid or unknown the Director of CSIR-NBRI for providing the laboratory substances...... S. macrocarpa Makhija & Patw. and herbarium facilities and to Dr DK Upreti for his encouragement. One of the authors (SND) wishes to thank Acknowledgments Dr TV Ramachandra of CES, IISc, Bengaluru, and Dr MK The authors wish to thank the Ministry of Environment Mahesh, Yuvaraja’s College, Mysuru, for their constant and Forests, Government of India; the Ministry of Science support, and Mr Vishnu Mukri and Mr Srikant Naik for and Technology (NRDMS Division, DST), Government of the field assistance. Two of the authors (SND & SJ) wish India; and the Indian Institute of Science for the financial to thank SERB for providing financial assistance under the and infrastructure support. Thanks are also extended to NPDF scheme.

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