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PDF1.2 Was Significantly Down-Regulated Journal of Nematology 48(4):297–387. 2016. Ó The Society of Nematologists 2016. ABSTRACTS ASSESSMENT OF RHIZOBACTERIAL STRAINS ON THE CONTROL OF THE GOLDEN CYST NEMATODE, GLOBODERA ROSTOCHIENSIS IN CHILE. Aballay, E.1, C. Flores1, and S. Prodan1. 1Departamento de Sanidad Vegetal, Universidad de Chile, P.O. Box 1004, Santiago, Chile. Potato is one of the four most relevant annual crops for Chilean agriculture, with more than 50,000 ha cultivated within the country. Several pests and diseases affect the crop, with the plant parasitic nematode Globodera rostochiensis one of the most frequent, affecting its growth and productivity in many areas. This pest has been found in new areas during the last three years. Farmers try to decrease damage through crop rotations and management activities, but the main tool is the use of chemical nematicides, organophosphates and carbamates applied at sowing. The use of bioantagonists has not been evaluated under experimental or practical conditions, so the aim of this work was to evaluate some rhizobacteria isolated from grapevines roots for the control of this nematode under potted plant conditions. Four strains were cultivated in TSB at 22 8C, Bacillus brevis 37, B. weihenstephanensis 25, Oerskovia turbata 55 and Pseudomonas putida 1301, to get a final concen- tration of 1x106 UFC mL-1. The susceptible potato cultivar used was Desiree. Small tubers were dipped for 5 minutes in bacterial suspension, planted in a 5 L pot with naturally infested soil and kept in an open room under ambient environmental conditions during the summer. Two assays were performed using the same kind of soil, one (assay 1) with a density of 76 and the other one (assay 2) with 22 cysts per 250 cm3 of soil. Each experiment included five treatments, four rhizobacteria and a control with untreated soil, for a total of ten replicates per treatment. The mean number of live eggs was 180 per cyst. After four months growth, plants were uprooted and foliage and roots fresh weight were measured. Second stage juveniles and cysts per 250 cm3 soil were also determined. For assay 1, no significant differences were detected for nematode populations between treatments. The same results were shown for foliage weight, but for roots the strain 55 had a greater weight than the other strains and the control (p<0.05). For assay 2, with lower initial populations, the strain 55 was different from the control with respect to the number of cysts per soil unit. Some differences were detected for plant parameters. According to these results, the strain 55 of Oerskovia turbata shows good potential for continued assessment under different soil and weather conditions. BIOSYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES (AgNPs) BY PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA AND THEIR PO- TENTIAL AS NEMATICIDAL ACTIVITY. Abdelmoneim, T.1,2 and S.I. Massoud2. 1Biology Department, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. 2Suez Canal University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Ag- ricultural Botany, Ismailia, Egypt. The gram negative bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated from agricultural wastewater in Ismailia region, Egypt. This specie was used for biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as a potential nematicidal agent via reduction of silver nitrate (AgNO3) in cell free protein from P. aeruginosa. The AgNPs were confirmed by transmission electron mi- croscopy (TEM), analysing surface plasmon resonance using UV- visible spectrophotometer, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The results showed that the size of AgNPs, formed by P. aeruginosa ranged from 18.91 to 23.45 nm. Second stage juveniles (J2) of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne sp. were exposed to either 0, 100, 150, 200, or 250 mg/ml of AgNPs in 5ml of nematode suspension (500 J2/ml) for 40 min before they were used to infect tomato seedlings. The best results were shown at 200 and 250 mg/ml of AgNPs, with decreases in the numbers of J2 in soil (40, 56%) and inside tomato roots (30, 44%) as well as the gall numbers (46, 68%) and egg masses/g of root (50, 76%) as compared with control. Biosynthesis of the AgNPs is ecofriendly, as it is free from any solvent or toxic chemicals, is easily adjustable to large scale production, and provides a useful method for manufacturing of the biosynthetic product. DIVERSITY OF RHABDITID NEMATODES (NEMATODA: RHABDITIDA) IN XERIC ENVIROMENTS FROM SOUTHERN IBERIAN PENINSULA: THE CASE OF RIA FORMOSA-DONANA~ AREA. Abolafia, J.1, A.C. Silva1,2, Y. Martı´nez-Hervas 1, R. Pen˜a-Santiago1. Departamento de Biologıa Animal, Biologıa Vegetal y Ecologıa, Universidad de Jaen, Campus ‘‘Las Lagunillas’’ s/n, 23071-Jaen, Spain. 2Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Castilla- La Mancha. Campus Tecnologico de la Fabrica de Armas, Avenida de Carlos III s/n. 45071-Toledo, Spain. Nematodes are highly diverse organisms. Some of them, especially the representatives of the order Rhabditida, are able to dwell in extreme habitats such as xeric soils lacking humidity. These environments are inhospitable areas where the species develop morphological and functional adaptations to become drought resistant and to survive. Xeric soils are known to occur in several areas of southern Iberian Peninsula. This is the case for the coastline sand dunes of the Cadiz Gulf, between Ria Formosa Natural Park (Portugal) and Donana~ National Park (Spain), where three separate locations were sampled: Manta Rota, Islantilla, and Matalascanas.~ The study of their nematode fauna revealed the existence of a rich community of rhabditid 297 298 Journal of Nematology, Volume 48, No. 4, December 2016 forms consisting of 16 species, 11 genera (Acrobeles, Acrobeloides, Cephalobus, Chiloplacus, Dolichorhabditis, Euce- phalobus, Heterocephalobellus, Nothacrobeles, Stegelleta, Panagrolaimus and Pseudacrobeles) and three families (Ceph- alobidae, Panagrolaimidae and Peloderidae). Four species (Chiloplacus magnus, Heterocephalobelus magnificus, Notha- crobeles lanceolatus and Stegelleta incisa) are tentatively characteristic of xeric environments. One of them, N. lanceolatus, is a rare taxon, only reported (endemism?) hitherto from this region. Illustrations of these species are provided in order to show their more relevant diagnostic characters. ADAPTATION AND EXAPTATION: NEMATODES PROBABLY DON’T LIVE ON MARS (BUT THEY COULD IF THEY WANTED TO). Adams, B.1, B.N. Adhikari2, X. Xue1, and D.H. Wall3. 1Department of Biology and Evolutionary Ecology Laboratories, Brigham Young University, Provo UT 84602, 2USDA-ARS, Tucson, AZ 85721, 3Department of Biology and Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523. Nematodes that inhabit the Antarctic dry valleys must cope with multiple environmental stresses, including high (and dry) winds, rapid desiccation, and extreme variations in temperature and water availability. A handful of nematode species not only persist, but also seemingly thrive in these harsh environments yet we know little of their ecological amplitude or mechanisms by which they can survive multiple, extreme forms of environmental stress. To reveal the molecular genetic mechanisms of freezing and anhydrobiotic survival, we explored patterns of gene expression in the desiccation and freeze tolerant Antarctic nematode, Plectus murrayi during different types and stages of stress. Interestingly, heat shock and antifreeze proteins are constitutively expressed under normal conditions, but are down-regulated under desiccation stress. The adaptive responses to freezing and desiccation appear to be coupled; temporal analyses of gene expression show that acclimation to mild stress promotes survival of harsher stress. Putative adaptations to desiccation stress promote enhanced cold tolerance, and slow dehydration enhances the freeze tolerance response. As anhydrobiosis and tolerance to freezing is broadly distributed among taxa elsewhere in the world, we question which of these traits that define their current ecological amplitudes are the result of selection pressures imposed by their current environment, and those which are co-opted from traits that evolved under different environmental conditions, perhaps elsewhere in the universe. IDENTIFICATION OF SOUTH AFRICAN MELOIDOGYNE SPECIES AND THEIR AGGRESSIVENESS ON TOMATO. Agenbag, M.1, H. Fourie1,C.M.Mienie1,M.Marais2,M.Daneel3, and G. Karssen4. 1North-West University, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa, 2Agricultural Research Council-Plant Protection Research Institute, 2Nematology Unit, Biosystematics Division, Private Bag X134, Queenswood 0121, South Africa, 3Agricultural Research Council – Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Crops, Private Bag X11208, Nelspruit, 1200, South Africa, 4National Plant Protection Organization, PO Box 9102, Wageningen, The Netherlands 6700 HC. Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) globally parasitize a wide range of crops and hence impact adversely on yield and quality. Except for the four economically most important root-knot nematode pests (Meloidogyne arenaria, M. hapla, M. incognita and M. javanica) that parasitise crops in South Africa, M. enterolobii (= M. mayaguensis) has also been associated with guava, green pepper, potato and tomato locally. The aims of the study were to i) identify Meloidogyne spp. from diagnostic and research samples (28 in total) using morphological and molecular approaches and ii) determine the pathogenicity of 11 selected Meloidogyne populations in a greenhouse trial. The SCAR -
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