DNA Barcoding Reveals Polymorphism in the Pygmy Grasshopper Tetrix
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Mitochondrial Genomes of Three Tetrigoidea Species and Phylogeny of Tetrigoidea
Mitochondrial genomes of three Tetrigoidea species and phylogeny of Tetrigoidea Li-Liang Lin1, Xue-Juan Li1, Hong-Li Zhang2 and Zhe-Min Zheng1 1 College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China 2 School of Life Sciences, Datong University, Datong, Shanxi, China ABSTRACT The mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of Formosatettix qinlingensis, Coptotettix longjiangensis and Thoradonta obtusilobata (Orthoptera: Caelifera: Tetrigoidea) were sequenced in this study, and almost the entire mitogenomes of these species were determined. The mitogenome sequences obtained for the three species were 15,180, 14,495 and 14,538 bp in length, respectively, and each sequence included 13 protein- coding genes (PCGs), partial sequences of rRNA genes (rRNAs), tRNA genes (tRNAs) and a A C T-rich region. The order and orientation of the gene arrangement pattern were identical to that of most Tetrigoidea species. Some conserved spacer sequences between trnS(UCN) and nad1 were useful to identify Tetrigoidea and Acridoidea. The Ka/Ks value of atp8 between Trachytettix bufo and other four Tetrigoidea species indicated that some varied sites in this gene might be related with the evolution of T. bufo. The three Tetrigoidea species were compared with other Caelifera. At the superfamily level, conserved sequences were observed in intergenic spacers, which can be used for superfamily level identification between Tetrigoidea and Acridoidea. Furthermore, a phylogenomic analysis was conducted based on the concatenated data sets from mitogenome sequences of 24 species of Orthoptera in the superorders Caelifera and Ensifera. Both maximum likelihood and bayesian inference analyses strongly supported Acridoidea and Tetrigoidea as forming monophyletic groups. The relationships among six Tetrigoidea species were (((((Tetrix japonica, Alulatettix Submitted 9 May 2017 yunnanensis), Formosatettix qinlingensis), Coptotettix longjiangensis), Trachytettix bufo), Accepted 17 October 2017 Thoradonta obtusilobata). -
Orthoptera: Caelifera) with Description of a New Subspecies of Tetrix Transsylvanica (Bazyluk & Kis, 1960)
Zootaxa 3856 (3): 419–432 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2014 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3856.3.7 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:AA7BDCCE-7DF5-4775-826C-68B22726D402 First records of Croatian and Serbian Tetrigidae (Orthoptera: Caelifera) with description of a new subspecies of Tetrix transsylvanica (Bazyluk & Kis, 1960) JOSIP SKEJO1,2,7, FRAN REBRINA2, FILIPPO MARIA BUZZETTI3, SLOBODAN IVKOVIĆ4, ALAN RAŠIĆ5 & NIKOLA TVRTKOVIĆ6 1Institute for research and development of sustainable ecosystems, Ivana Lucića 5, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia. E-mail: [email protected] 2Biology Students Association – BIUS, Rooseveltov trg 6, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia. E-mail: [email protected] 3World Biodiversity Association onlus, c/o Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Lungadige Porta Vittoria 9, IT-37129 Verona, Italy. E-mail: [email protected] 4Scientific-research Society of Biology and Ecology Students “Josif Pančić“, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, RS-21000 Novi Sad, Serbia. E-mail: [email protected] 5Petrova 77, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia. E-mail: [email protected] 6Alagovićeva 21, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia. E-mail:[email protected] 7Corresponding author Abstract A review of the Croatian and Serbian Tetrigidae is given and first records of Tetrix undulata (Sowerby, 1806) for Croatia and Serbia as well as Tetrix tuerki (Krauss, 1876) and Tetrix transsylvanica (Bazyluk & Kis, 1960) comb. nov. for Croatia are presented. The status of the genus Uvarovitettix Bazyluk & Kis, 1960 and the taxonomic position of T. transsylvanica comb. nov. are discussed. The genus Uvarovitettix Bazyluk & Kis, 1960 syn. -
Orthoptera, Acrididae) at Non-Outbreaking and Outbreaking Situations
SHORT COMMUNICATION Longevity and fecundity of Dichroplus maculipennis (Orthoptera, Acrididae) at non-outbreaking and outbreaking situations Yanina Mariottini1, María Laura De Wysiecki1 & Carlos Ernesto Lange1,2 1Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (UNLP- CCT La Plata- CONICET). Calle 2 Nº 584, Código postal 1900, La Plata, Argentina. [email protected], [email protected] 2Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas provincia de Buenos Aires. [email protected] ABSTRACT. Longevity and fecundity of Dichroplus maculipennis (Orthoptera, Acrididae) at non-outbreaking and outbreaking situations. Dichroplus maculipennis is one of the most characteristic and damaging grasshopper species of Argentina, mainly in areas of the Pampas and Patagonia regions. We estimated and compared the longevity and fecundity of adult female D. maculipennis under controlled conditions (30°C, 14L:10D, 40% RH) from individuals collected as last instar nymphs (VI) in the field and with a known recent history of low and high density conditions. Densities of D. maculipennis at the collecting sites were 0.95 individuals per m2 in 2006 and 46 ind/m2 in 2009, representing non-outbreaking and outbreaking situations, respectively. Adult female longev- ity in 2006 (67.96 ± 3.2 days) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than in 2009 (37.44 ± 1.98 days). The number of egg-pods per female was 3.32 ± 0.44 for 2006 and 1.62 ± 0.26 for 2009. The average fecundity in 2006 (89.29 ± 11.9 eggs/female) was signifi- cantly greater (p < 0.05) than that in 2009 (36.27 ± 5.82 eggs/female). While it was observed that the oviposition rate was higher in 2006, this difference was not significant (p > 0.05). -
(Orthoptera) and Their Phylogenetic Implications Within Tetrigoidea
Mitochondrial genomes of eight Scelimeninae species (Orthoptera) and their phylogenetic implications within Tetrigoidea Ran Li1, Xiaoli Ying1, Weian Deng2, Wantao Rong2 and Xiaodong Li2 1 College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China 2 School of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hechi University, Yizhou, China ABSTRACT Scelimeninae is a key member of the pygmy grasshopper community, and an important ecological indicator. No mitochondrial genomes of Scelimeninae have been reported to date, and the monophyly of Scelimeninae and its phylogenetic relationship within Tetrigidae is still unclear. We sequenced and analyzed eight nearly complete mitochondrial genomes representing eight genera of Scelimeninae. These mitogenomes ranged in size from 13,112 to 16,380 bp and the order of tRNA genes between COII and ATP8 was reversed compared with the ancestral order of insects. The protein-coding genes (PCGs) of tetrigid species mainly with the typical ATN codons and most terminated with complete (TAA or TAG) stop codons. Analyses of pairwise genetic distances showed that ATP8 was the least conserved gene within Tetrigidae, while COI was the most conserved. The longest intergenic spacer (IGS) region in the mitogenomes was always found between tRNASer(UCN) and ND1. Additionally, tandem repeat units were identified in the longest IGS of three mitogenomes. Maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian Inference (BI) analyses based on the two datasets supported the monophyly of Tetriginae. Scelimeninae was classified as a non-monophyletic subfamily. -
Tetrix Tuerki (Orthoptera, Tetrigidae): Distribution in Ukraine, Ecological Characteristic and Features of Biology
Vestnik zoologii, 43(1): e-1–e-14, 2009 DOI 10.2478/v10058-009-0001-2 ÓÄÊ 595.72(292.451/454) (477) TETRIX TUERKI (ORTHOPTERA, TETRIGIDAE): DISTRIBUTION IN UKRAINE, ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTIC AND FEATURES OF BIOLOGY T. I. Pushkar Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, NAS of Ukraine, Bogdan Chmielnicky str., 15, Kyiv, 01601 Ukraine E-mail: [email protected] Accepted 28 January 2009 Tetrix tuerki (Orthoptera, Tetrigidae): ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå â Óêðàèíå, ýêîëîãè÷åñêàÿ õàðàêòåðèñòèêà è îñîáåííîñòè áèîëîãèè. Ïóøêàð Ò. È. — Ïîäòâåðæäåíà íàõîäêà Tetrix tuerki (Krauss, 1876) íà òåððèòîðèè Óêðàèíñêèõ Êàðïàò, â Ïðèêàðïàòüå è Çàêàðïàòüå, ãäå îí âñòðå÷àåòñÿ â äîëèíàõ ãîðíûõ ðåê. T. tuerki ïðåäñòàâëåí òðåìÿ ìîðôîëîãè÷åñêèìè ôîðìàìè: êîðîòêîêðûëîé, ñðåäíå- êðûëîé è äëèííîêðûëîé. Çèìóþò èìàãî êîðîòêîêðûëîé è ñðåäíåêðûëîé ôîðì, à òàêæå ëè÷èíêè ïîñëåäíèõ âîçðàñòîâ; äëèííîêðûëûå îñîáè ïîÿâëÿþòñÿ â èþíå èç ïåðåçèìîâàâøèõ ëè÷èíîê. Ëè÷èíêè, ïðåâðàùàþùèåñÿ â èìàãî â ãîä ñâîåãî ïîÿâëåíèÿ, ñòàíîâÿòñÿ êîðîòêîêðûëûìè è ñðåäíåêðûëûìè îñîáÿìè. Áèîòîïè÷åñêàÿ ïðèóðî÷åííîñòü èçìåíÿåòñÿ íà ïðîòÿæåíèè ñåçîíà è ñïåöèôè÷íà äëÿ ðàçíûõ ìîðôîëîãè÷åñêèõ ôîðì. Âåñíîé T. tuerki âñòðå÷àåòñÿ íà ãðàíèöå ïåñ÷àíûõ è ïåñ÷àíî-ãàëå÷íèêîâûõ áåðåãîâûõ íàíîñîâ è ïîéìåííîé òåððàñû, ïîêðûòîé òðàâÿíèñòîé ðàñòèòåëüíîñòüþ (êîðîòêîêðûëàÿ è ñðåäíåêðûëàÿ ôîðìû), ëåòîì — íà íàíîñíûõ êîñàõ è îñòðîâêàõ, ÷àñòî äàëåêî îò áåðåãà (äëèííîêðûëûå îñîáè).  ñðåäíåì òå÷åíèè ãîðíûõ ðåê, ãäå íàíîñû õîðîøî ðàçâèòû, ïðèñóòñòâóþò âñå ìîðôîëîãè÷åñêèå ôîðìû; â âåðõíåì òå÷åíèè, ãäå íàíîñû ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ãàëå÷íèêîâûå, è â íèæíåì, ãäå áåðåãà ïðèîáðåòàþò ðàâíèííûé õàðàêòåð, âñòðå÷àþòñÿ òîëüêî êîðîòêîêðûëûå è ñðåäíåêðûëûå îñîáè. Äëèíà òåëà îñîáåé ìàêñèìàëüíà â ñðåäíåì òå÷åíèè è óìåíüøàåòñÿ â âåðõíåì è íèæíåì òå÷åíèè ãîðíûõ ðåê. Âèáðàöèîííûå ñèãíàëû T. -
Tetrigidae (Orthoptera) with Partly Exposed Wings
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Center for Systematic Entomology, Gainesville, Insecta Mundi Florida March 1990 Tetrigidae (Orthoptera) With Partly Exposed Wings R. E. Blackith Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/insectamundi Part of the Entomology Commons Blackith, R. E., "Tetrigidae (Orthoptera) With Partly Exposed Wings" (1990). Insecta Mundi. 391. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/insectamundi/391 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Center for Systematic Entomology, Gainesville, Florida at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Insecta Mundi by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Vol. 4, No. 1-4, March-December 1990 87 Tetrigidae (Orthoptera) With Partly Exposed Wings R. E Blackith Zoology Department Trinity College Dublin-2 Ireland Abstract in this respect, and it is no longer reasonable to be satisfied with putative alary polymorphism Long series of some species of Tetrigidae as an explanation of the phenomenon of exposed from south Asia show that the wings regularly wings. Where alary polymorphism exits, as in project beyond the pronotal shield by some 15- Hedotettix gracilis Bolivar, we still need to 35 percent of their leilgth, depending on the address the question of why such exposed wings species. There is little intraspecific variation are built in as one pole of the polymorphism. and alary polymorphism is not normally detect- For instance, 119 Taiwanese specimens of able. The role of such exposed wings is dis- Paratettix cingalensis (Walker) from the Lyman cussed and one new species is described. -
Diversity and Distribution of Orthoptera Communities of Two Adjacent Mountains in Northern Part of the Carpathians
Travaux du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle “Grigore Antipa” 62 (2): 191–211 (2019) doi: 10.3897/travaux.62.e48604 RESEARCH ARTICLE Diversity and distribution of Orthoptera communities of two adjacent mountains in northern part of the Carpathians Anton Krištín1, Benjamín Jarčuška1, Peter Kaňuch1 1 Institute of Forest Ecology SAS, Ľ. Štúra 2, Zvolen, SK-96053, Slovakia Corresponding author: Anton Krištín ([email protected]) Received 19 November 2019 | Accepted 24 December 2019 | Published 31 December 2019 Citation: Krištín A, Jarčuška B, Kaňuch P (2019) Diversity and distribution of Orthoptera communities of two adjacent mountains in northern part of the Carpathians. Travaux du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle “Grigore Antipa” 62(2): 191–211. https://doi.org/10.3897/travaux.62.e48604 Abstract During 2013–2017, assemblages of bush-crickets and grasshoppers were surveyed in two neighbour- ing flysch mountains – Čergov Mts (48 sites) and Levočské vrchy Mts (62 sites) – in northern part of Western Carpathians. Species were sampled mostly at grasslands and forest edges along elevational gradient between 370 and 1220 m a.s.l. Within the entire area (ca 930 km2) we documented 54 species, representing 38% of Carpathian Orthoptera species richness. We found the same species number (45) in both mountain ranges with nine unique species in each of them. No difference in mean species rich- ness per site was found between the mountain ranges (mean ± SD = 12.5 ± 3.9). Elevation explained 2.9% of variation in site species richness. Elevation and mountain range identity explained 7.3% of assemblages composition. We found new latitudinal as well as longitudinal limits in the distribu- tion for several species. -
New Canadian and Ontario Orthopteroid Records, and an Updated Checklist of the Orthoptera of Ontario
Checklist of Ontario Orthoptera (cont.) JESO Volume 145, 2014 NEW CANADIAN AND ONTARIO ORTHOPTEROID RECORDS, AND AN UPDATED CHECKLIST OF THE ORTHOPTERA OF ONTARIO S. M. PAIERO1* AND S. A. MARSHALL1 1School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 email, [email protected] Abstract J. ent. Soc. Ont. 145: 61–76 The following seven orthopteroid taxa are recorded from Canada for the first time: Anaxipha species 1, Cyrtoxipha gundlachi Saussure, Chloroscirtus forcipatus (Brunner von Wattenwyl), Neoconocephalus exiliscanorus (Davis), Camptonotus carolinensis (Gerstaeker), Scapteriscus borellii Linnaeus, and Melanoplus punctulatus griseus (Thomas). One further species, Neoconocephalus retusus (Scudder) is recorded from Ontario for the first time. An updated checklist of the orthopteroids of Ontario is provided, along with notes on changes in nomenclature. Published December 2014 Introduction Vickery and Kevan (1985) and Vickery and Scudder (1987) reviewed and listed the orthopteroid species known from Canada and Alaska, including 141 species from Ontario. A further 15 species have been recorded from Ontario since then (Skevington et al. 2001, Marshall et al. 2004, Paiero et al. 2010) and we here add another eight species or subspecies, of which seven are also new Canadian records. Notes on several significant provincial range extensions also are given, including two species originally recorded from Ontario on bugguide.net. Voucher specimens examined here are deposited in the University of Guelph Insect Collection (DEBU), unless otherwise noted. New Canadian records Anaxipha species 1 (Figs 1, 2) (Gryllidae: Trigidoniinae) This species, similar in appearance to the Florida endemic Anaxipha calusa * Author to whom all correspondence should be addressed. -
A Guide to the Shropshire Orthoptera and Dermaptera by David W. Williams
A Guide to the Shropshire Orthoptera and Dermaptera by David W. Williams Excluding escapes and naturalised aliens (eg Egyptian grasshopper, house cricket) thirteen species of Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets etc) and three species of Dermaptera (earwigs) have been recorded in Shropshire. Two further species currently occur in adjacent counties. Cockroaches & mantids (Dictyoptera) are also included within the 'orthopteroid' insects (as are phasmids). Britain has three native species of cockroach, but it is unlikely that any of them will turn up in Shropshire (though there are old records of Oriental cockroach, an established alien inhabitant of artificially heated places). This guide is intended to cover all the species likely to be encountered in the field in Shropshire. Orthoptera; Caelifera: grasshoppers (5 spp.), groundhoppers (2 spp.) Grasshoppers are insects of high Summer. They overwinter as eggs, hatch in Spring and mature during June and July, persisting into Autumn. Groundhopper life-cycles are more variable. They overwinter as either nymphs or adults and can be found as adults in any month of the year, though there is a peak of activity in Spring. Sexing Grasshoppers Identification of grasshoppers can sometimes be helped if the gender of the insect is established. Several features separate the sexes. The main picture, left, shows a pair of meadow grasshoppers. Notice that the male is smaller than the female, but has obviously longer antennae. This is true of all British grasshoppers. He also has relatively larger eyes and longer wings, though these differences can be very subtle in some species (in meadow grasshoppers, females have particularly short wings). The lower pair of photographs show the difference in the abdominal tips of the two sexes (in this case both are mottled grasshoppers). -
Reproductive Interference in Insects
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by St Andrews Research Repository 1 Reproductive interference in insects 2 3 David M. Shuker*1 and Emily R. Burdfield-Steel2 4 5 1. School of Biology, University of St Andrews, UK. 6 Email: [email protected] 7 2. Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Department of Biological and 8 Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Finland. 9 Email: [email protected] 10 11 *author for correspondence: Dr David M. Shuker, School of Biology, Harold 12 Mitchell Building, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9TH, UK. Tel: +44 13 1334 363376. Email: [email protected] 14 15 Running title: Reproductive interference in insects 16 Key words: Behaviour, Competition, Harassment, Inter-specific interactions, 17 Satyr effect, Sexual conflict 18 19 1 20 Abstract 21 1. Reproductive interference occurs when members of different species engage 22 in reproductive interactions, leading to a fitness cost to one or both actors. 23 2. These interactions can arise through signal interference (“signal-jamming”), 24 disrupted mate searching, heterospecific rivalry, mate choice errors, or 25 misplaced courtship, mating attempts or copulation. 26 3. We present a definition of reproductive interference (RI) and discuss the 27 extent to which a failure of species discrimination is central to a definition of RI. 28 4. We review the possible mechanisms of RI, using a range of insect examples. 29 5. We discuss some of the causes and consequences of RI, focusing in particular 30 on mating systems and mating system evolution. -
An All-Taxa Biodiversity Inventory of the Huron Mountain Club
AN ALL-TAXA BIODIVERSITY INVENTORY OF THE HURON MOUNTAIN CLUB Version: August 2016 Cite as: Woods, K.D. (Compiler). 2016. An all-taxa biodiversity inventory of the Huron Mountain Club. Version August 2016. Occasional papers of the Huron Mountain Wildlife Foundation, No. 5. [http://www.hmwf.org/species_list.php] Introduction and general compilation by: Kerry D. Woods Natural Sciences Bennington College Bennington VT 05201 Kingdom Fungi compiled by: Dana L. Richter School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science Michigan Technological University Houghton, MI 49931 DEDICATION This project is dedicated to Dr. William R. Manierre, who is responsible, directly and indirectly, for documenting a large proportion of the taxa listed here. Table of Contents INTRODUCTION 5 SOURCES 7 DOMAIN BACTERIA 11 KINGDOM MONERA 11 DOMAIN EUCARYA 13 KINGDOM EUGLENOZOA 13 KINGDOM RHODOPHYTA 13 KINGDOM DINOFLAGELLATA 14 KINGDOM XANTHOPHYTA 15 KINGDOM CHRYSOPHYTA 15 KINGDOM CHROMISTA 16 KINGDOM VIRIDAEPLANTAE 17 Phylum CHLOROPHYTA 18 Phylum BRYOPHYTA 20 Phylum MARCHANTIOPHYTA 27 Phylum ANTHOCEROTOPHYTA 29 Phylum LYCOPODIOPHYTA 30 Phylum EQUISETOPHYTA 31 Phylum POLYPODIOPHYTA 31 Phylum PINOPHYTA 32 Phylum MAGNOLIOPHYTA 32 Class Magnoliopsida 32 Class Liliopsida 44 KINGDOM FUNGI 50 Phylum DEUTEROMYCOTA 50 Phylum CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA 51 Phylum ZYGOMYCOTA 52 Phylum ASCOMYCOTA 52 Phylum BASIDIOMYCOTA 53 LICHENS 68 KINGDOM ANIMALIA 75 Phylum ANNELIDA 76 Phylum MOLLUSCA 77 Phylum ARTHROPODA 79 Class Insecta 80 Order Ephemeroptera 81 Order Odonata 83 Order Orthoptera 85 Order Coleoptera 88 Order Hymenoptera 96 Class Arachnida 110 Phylum CHORDATA 111 Class Actinopterygii 112 Class Amphibia 114 Class Reptilia 115 Class Aves 115 Class Mammalia 121 INTRODUCTION No complete species inventory exists for any area. -
The Grasshoppers and Other Orthoptera of Arizona
The Grasshoppers and Other Orthoptera of Arizona Item Type text; Book Authors Ball, E. D.; Tinkham, E. R.; Flock, Robert; Vorhies, C. T. Publisher College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ) Rights Copyright © Arizona Board of Regents. The University of Arizona. Download date 04/10/2021 13:31:26 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/190516 Technical Bulletin No. §3 June 15, 1942 Utttomttg fff Arfemta COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION THE AND OF ARIZONA BY E. D. BALL, K R. XIHKHAM, ROBERT FtocK, AND C. T. VQKBIES BY Itttaerattg ORGANIZATION BOABD OF BEGENTS Sidney P. Osborn (ex-of&cio).. Governor of Arizona E. D. Ring, B.A, (ex-officio). State Superintendent of Public Instruction APPOINTED MEMBERS Albert M. Crawford, B.S., President Prescott William H. Westover, LL.B Yuma Martin Gentry, LL,B Willcox Cleon T. Kmapp, LL.B.» Treasurer Tucson Jack B. Martin, Secretary,.,. Tucson M. O. Best Phoenix Clarence E. Houston, LL.B., B.A..... , ..Tucson Mrs. Joseph Madison Greet, B.A. Phoenix Alfred Atkinson, D.Sc .President of the University EXPJSBIMEHT STATION STAFF Paul S. Burgess, PhJX Dean and Director Ralph S. Hawkins, Ph,D ..Vice-Dean and Vice-Director ENTOMOLOGY AND ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY Charles T. Vorhies, Ph,D .Economic Zoologist •Elmer D. Ball, PhD ...™._ Entomologist Lawrence P, Wehrle, Ph.D...., , .„„. Associate Entomologist H, G* Johnston, Ph.D Associate Entomologist (Phoenix) *On leave. EBRWR Make following changes in numbers caa right hand margins only; Page 299, change "2^" to "26" Page 300, change "26" to "2k" Page 533, change "2V to "25" Pass 333, change "22" to "23" Page 33U, change "23" to "22" Page 33^, change "25" to "24" TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION.,.