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AR TICLE a New Species of Gymnoascus With IMA FUNGUS · VOLUME 4 · NO 2: 177–186 I#JKK$'LNJ#*JPJNJ* A new species of Gymnoascus with verruculose ascospores ARTICLE Rahul Sharma, and Sanjay Kumar Singh |<//<4;/"R;``;~?P##JJP> ?I Abstract: A new species, Gymnoascus verrucosus sp. nov., isolated from soil from Kalyan railway station, Key words: 4 @ 6 N'" verruculose ascospores (ornamentation visible only under SEM) and its deer antler-shaped short peridial #'" appendages. The small peridial appendages originate from open mesh-like gymnothecial ascomata made up echinulate ascospores of thick-walled, smooth peridial hyphae. The characteristic morphology of the fungus is not formed in culture Gymnoascaceae where it has very restricted growth and forms arthroconidia. Phylogenetic analysis of different rDNA gene ITS sequences (ITS, LSU, and SSU) demonstrates its placement in Gymnoascaceae and reveal its phylogenetic Onygenales relatedness to other species of Gymnoascus, especially G. petalosporus and G. boliviensis. The generic concept phylogeny of Gymnoascus is consequently now broadened to include species with verruculose ascospores. A key to the accepted 19 species is also provided. Article info:"INN;NJ#N>;I#KNJ#*>~INKNJ#* INTRODUCTION when collected and was stored at room temperature until processed. Hair baiting (Vanbreuseghem 1952) was The genus Gymnoascus (Gymnoascaceae, Onygenales) was > xG#'NG. reessii as the type after 1–2 month incubation in the dark at room temperature species. Gymnoascus forms yellowish to brownish spherical N' / ascomata having thick-walled, anastomosed, smooth to the microdilution drop trail method (Sharma et al. 2002) in roughened peridial hyphae, with or without appendages. The [ ascospores are smooth, irregular, or lumpy. The genus has needle and crushed in sterile distilled water in an Eppendorf been the subject of three monographic treatments (Orr et tube. Fifty to 100 mL of the ascospore suspension (in small al#$*;6#$'" et al. 2002) and has now become drops) was placed on one side of a PDA plate, which was one of the largest genera of Onygenales due to the recent tilted to spread ascospores with the trail of the drop. To transfer of species from several other genera. Solé et al. initiate sporulation, the fungus was grown on oatmeal agar (2002) merged four genera (viz. Arachniotus, Gymnascella, ;~/;6~; Gymnoascoideus, and Narasimhella) into Gymnoascus "6";>/et al. 2009) and based on morphological and molecular data. With this new N'/ #' primarily on the basis of ascospore morphology. Microscopy These species formed a monophyletic clade in previous For microscopic observation and photomicrography, ITS sequence-based phylogenetic studies (Solé et al. 2002). lactophenol mounts were prepared and observed under a Zeiss 6 ;6 ;N 4 |<//NN ;6 ascomata similar to those of Gymnoascus. In the present [ / 6|;? | NJJ [ based phylogenies and morphology. a Nikon-Y-IDT prism. For scanning electron microscopy, 6 and sputter coated with platinum. Photomicrographs were MATERIAL AND METHODS ¤+?¤"4*J; #JD Collection and isolation A soil sample was collected from Kalyan railway station, DNA extraction, PCR and sequencing 4 #$ #PR| * #JR `|;6N?? a sterile sealed polythene bag. The soil sample was dry grown on PDA by homogenization in a FastPrep 24 tissue © 2013 International Mycological Association You are free to share - to copy, distribute and transmit the work, under the following conditions: Attribution: [ Non-commercial: No derivative works: For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work, which can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/legalcode. Any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder. Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the author’s moral rights. VOLUME 4 · NO. 2 177 Sharma & Singh G 4~ x ` boathook-shaped appendages. The asci were globose to 6 ; et al. (1997). The PCR '? @ [ " N'"|; @"PL@"K@"K'"K'"L++L+ |<//NN'* `xM +L+#N +"_ |"#L|"P |"*L|"' ""_ D ! ¤K#N$* x+;"@ 6 ARTICLE Hester 1990, White et al. 1990, Rehner & Samuels 1994). identity of 93 % with G. petalosporus ;@// *P*K#> ;~/6I#3+~/ ;#P'#$JG. reessii/x"NK$#><¤*K'N'P# " NK 3+ ~/ #J> # 3+ |@~ NKJ 4 '$G. aurantiacus;@//NN*$P>;#P# >JK3+KJ3+-1>#3+#_3-1) G. littoralis /x" PKP*> <¤*K'NN# @ `xNK3+#J Onygenaceae (Onygenales) members. For some of the NCBI ng μl-1) of template DNA and was overlaid with one drop of accessions, current names (Solé et al. 2002) are used here `~/ `x@ 4/ @ [ nrLSU of nine Gymnoascaceae and four Arthrodermataceae $K/K 6" et al. 2002) were retrieved *J$K/# `x |<// NN ; |¤ #K/6#N/ was constructed and yielded distinct clades for members of ;[6N/ the three families of Onygenales (Fig. 1). The new species, [@[ named as G. verrucosus below, was placed within the 6 Gymnoascaceae clade close to G. petalosporus. Sequencing IK'"L+K#/ #'" |; $J |"#L|"P KP / |"*L|"' K / " `xM¤K#N$P 6 done with Big Dye Terminator cycle sequencing kit (Applied identities of 97 % with Kraurogymnocarpa trochleospora Biosystems, Foster City, CA) as per the manufacturer’s _;4#J#J#>;#N$K#G. hyalinosporus/x"KP'N> instructions on an ABI 3100 Avant Prism automated DNA AB015775.1), G. petalosporus _;4#K>_N$*$N#G. sequencer (Applied Biosystems). littoralis/x"PKP*><¤*K'*PJ#G. reessii/x"NK$#> <¤*K'*P$#G. ruber;#N$#$ Phylogenetic analysis other species of Gymnoascaceae, Onygenaceae, and DNA sequences obtained from the sequencer were manually Arachnomycetaceae @ ""_ 6 Gymnoascaceae, /+NJ#IL [Onygenaceae, and three Arthrodermataceae6 www.technelysium.com.au). The sequences of the ITS, |<// NN@ ""_ LSU and SSU regions of the new isolate were submitted tree resolved the analysed strains into distinct families to BLASTn sequence homology searches. On the basis of of Onygenales < N @ 6 the results, phylogenetically related species were chosen Gymnoascaceae clade close to G. hyalinosporus and G. #' marginosporus. Gymnoascus spp. and 11 species belonging to the genera " @"|<//NN Amauroascus, Arthroderma, Byssoonygena, Ctenomyces, KKK`xM¤K#N$N; Kraurogymnocarpa, Onygena, Pectinotrichum, and Uncin- x+;"@ @" |<// NN ocarpus. Additionally, related sequences of authentic or 6 ' G. hyalinosporus 6? _;4*>;<#N$'K*#> $KG. `x" et al. (2002), Sugiyama et al. petalosporus |+ JJ#> 4$$#NJ#> (2002) and Doveri et al. (2011). Alignment was performed $''KG. reessii <4PP#$>;x*#P*#> /+_"@;+ILLLL $''PGymnoascus 4`; K @ et al. 2011). species. The ITS sequence of G. verrucosus differs from @@x;"ILL its closest neighbour G. petalosporus $' K' LLLLL@xNI"#*K|? PJKP' |¤"!|#$' differs from G. boliviensis#J#K aligned sequences using Kimura-2 parameter distance model PK KKK @ 6 #$'J neighbour, G. hyalinosporus, $* N The robustness of the branches was assessed by bootstrap *# KK @ <#$'K#JJJx|¤ remaining Gymnoascus species were even more distant 46 + 4+ 46 ~ 4~ from G. verrucosus. analyses was also conducted with aligned sequences. TAXONOMY RESULTS Gymnoascus verrucosus Rahul Sharma & S.K. The fungus studied formed minute gymnothecia in soil near Singh, sp.nov. ? @ [ 4x4x'JJJJ# of Gymnoascus reessii in having thick-walled, branched, <PM and septate peridial hyphae but without the characteristic 178 IMA FUNGUS A new species of Gymnoascus with verruculose ascospores ARTICLE Fig. 1. Neighbour-joining tree of the LSU sequence of Gymnoascus verrucosus and 17 other species belonging to the families Gymnoascaceae, Arthrodermataceae, and Trichocomaceae@4`;KJ Bootstrap values above 50 % are shown. Etymology: The species epithet recalls the warted ascospores. Peridial appendages deer antler-shaped, smooth, yellow- 6#JM Diagnosis: Deer antler shaped smooth, tapered peridial 15 μm long, 1.0–1.5 μm wide. Asci formed at the centre of appendages and warty globose ascospores differentiate the the ascoma, hyaline to pale yellow, globose to subglobose, new species from the rest in the genus. KM3'?Ascospores pale yellowish, globose and 3 μm diam to subglobose and 3.0 × 2.5 μm, walls smooth Type: India: MaharashtraI 6 under LM but minutely tuberculate under SEM. 9 Mar. 2009, Rahul Sharma;4$PKP??>|<// NN??6? Asexual morph: Forming thick-walled arthroconidia, smooth, hyaline, irregular in shape and size (1–1.5 × 2–5 μm), Description: Colonies ~; 6 #J globose, subglobose, ellipsoid, cylindrical with rounded mm diam in 3 wk), initially white but turning yellowish brown, ends, constriction at point of septation. Conidia formed by wrinkled, heaped, very hard, reverse brown. Vegetative disarticulation of hyphae. hyphae initially thick-walled, septate, almost every cell giving > Distribution: Currently known only from the type locality, rounded ends. When the hyphae transform into arthroconidia, Kalyan, Maharashtra, India. the culture does not remain so rigid or hard and the inocula can be easily lifted with an inoculating needle. Ascomata formed only in soil near hair baits, not known in culture, DISCUSSION spherical, 50–90 μm diam (including appendages), yellowish to orange-brown, reticulum type open. Peridial hyphae deep The yellow to orange-brown gymnothecium (Fig. 4C–D and 5a) yellow to brown, smooth, septate, thick-walled, 1.5–2.0 μm is made up of a reticulum of thick-walled hyphae, which shows wide, originating radially from the centre of the ascoma. Gymnoascus verrucosus to be a typical member of Onygenales VOLUME 4 · NO. 2 179 Sharma & Singh ARTICLE Fig. 2. Neighbour-joining
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