Penilaian Kajian Penyiasatan Tapak Untuk Small Modular Reactor (Smr)
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ASSESSMENT OF SITING STUDY FOR SMALL MODULAR REACTOR (SMR) PENILAIAN KAJIAN PENYIASATAN TAPAK UNTUK SMALL MODULAR REACTOR (SMR) Kamarudin Samuding, Mohd Muzamil Mohd Hashim, Mohamad Syahiran Mustafa, Nazran Harun, Abdul Rahman Norazumin, and Hasnulhadi Kamaruddin Malaysian Nuclear Agency Abstract Assessment of siting study for Small Modular Reactor (SMR) involves pre-screening of various data information from the Geographical Information System (GIS) and digital map of main parameter as well as the data of exclusion parameter. The main purpose of this study is to obtain an early stage information in identifying the potential site for SMR. The information needed and considered in this study include lithology, groundwater potential, fault, slope angle, elevation, flood risk, landuse, peak ground acceleration, coastal buffer, electrical national grid and population density. Besides that, the information of the exclusion parameters included airports facilities, parks and sanctuary, timber plantation, forest reserve and Eastern Sabah Security Zone (ESSZONE) area also need to take into account in this study. The descriptions of suitable and preferred characteristics of each parameter have been elaborated based on the international and national requirement for SMR siting. All the parameters that are obtained have been used in spatial analysis model in order to determine and identify the most potential site for placing the SMR. Keywords: Small Modular Reactor, siting, GIS, main parameter, exclusion parameter Abstrak Penilaian kajian penyiasatan tapak untuk Small Modular Reactor (SMR) melibatkan pra-penyaringan pelbagai maklumat daripada Sistem Maklumat Geografi (GIS) dan peta digital parameter utama dan parameter pengecualian. Tujuan utama kajian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan maklumat peringkat awal dalam mengenal pasti tapak yang berpotensi untuk SMR. Maklumat yang diperlukan dan dipertimbangkan dalam kajian ini adalah termasuk jenis batuan, potensi air tanah, sesar, sudut cerun, ketinggian, risiko banjir, guna tanah, peak ground acceleration, penampan pantai, grid nasional dan kepadatan penduduk. Di samping itu, maklumat mengenai parameter pengecualian adalah termasuk kemudahan lapangan terbang, perlindungan hidupan liar dan taman negara, pembalakan, hutan simpan dan kawasan Zon Keselamatan Pantai Timur Sabah (ESSZONE) juga perlu diambil kira dalam kajian ini. Perihal ciri-ciri pemilihan dan kesuaian setiap parameter untuk penyiasatan tapak SMR dihuraikan berdasarkan keperluan negara dan antarabangsa. Semua parameter yang diperolehi telah digunakan dalam model analisis spatial untuk menentukan dan mengenal pasti tapak yang paling berpotensi untuk menempatkan SMR. Kata Kunci: Small Modular Reactor, penyiasatan tapak, GIS, parameter utama, parameter pengecualian INTRODUCTION Small modular reactors (SMR) are part of a new generation of nuclear power plant designs, being developed in several countries. Small reactors are defined by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as those with an electricity output of less than 300 MWe (IAEA, 2016). Modular reactors are manufactured at a plant and brought to the site fully constructed. They allow for less on-site construction that leads to shorter construction period, increased containment efficiency, and heightened nuclear materials security. With such improvements compared to existing large reactors, Malaysia may take advantage of the advancement especially for the replacement of small retired coal and gas power plants. Hence, the preliminary siting study needs to be carried out in order to identify the potential site for the SMR reactor. This paper discussed the initial phase for screening approach the various data supply sites from the GIS and digital map of interest; the methodology employed, including the descriptions of suitable and preferred characteristics of each parameter; and initial results for the Sabah State. The purpose of this study is to establish a methodology for screening 30 suitable areas for Small Modular Reactor (SMR) using remote sensing and GIS technologies as well as to develop a comprehensive database on suitable areas in Sabah for locating SMR. Generally, in searching for the appropriate location to build an SMR type reactor, numerous parameters must be taken into account. These include lithology, groundwater potential, fault, slope angle, elevation, flood risk, landuse, peak ground acceleration, coastal buffer, electrical national grid and population. Study site The State of Sabah is located in the east coast region of Malaysia and the northern part of Borneo Island. Sabah is divided into five (5) divisions; Interior, Kudat, Sandakan, Tawau and West Coast as shown in Figure 1. Generally, the western part of Sabah is mountainous where the highest mountain in Malaysia is located, that is Mount Kinabalu. Crocker Range is the most prominent range in Sabah and adjacent to the Crocker Range is the Trusmadi Range where the second highest mountain in the country is located. There are several lower ranges hills extended towards the western coasts, southern plains and the interior of the central part of Sabah. These mountains and hills are traversed by an extensive network of river valleys and are in most cases covered with dense rainforest. The central and eastern parts of Sabah are generally consisting of lower mountain ranges and plains with occasional hills. Kinabatangan River begins from the western ranges and snakes its way down to the east coast out into the Sulu Sea. Over three-quarters of the human population inhabit the coastal plains. Major towns and urban center sprouted along the coasts of Sabah. The interior region remains sparsely populated with only villages and the occasional small towns. Figure 1: Map of Sabah METHODOLOGY The information needed to evaluate potential sites at this initial stage of site selection is obtainable from published reports, public and private agencies, remote sensing and geographical information system (GIS) technologies. 31 Regional analysis and simple screening approach are used to evaluate and identify suitable areas for SMR reactor in Sabah based on certain guideline and criteria from the IAEA and also other agency. There are several parameters considered in the analysis, soil type, groundwater potential, lithology, lineament, slope, elevation, soil erosion, flood risk, landslide and landuse. From this preliminary study, a few sites will be identified as the potential location for SMR reactor. Besides that, the information of the exclusion parameters included airports facilities, parks and sanctuary, timber plantation, forest reserve and Esszone area also need to take into account in this study. GIS software, ArcGIS 10.2.1 was used as the basic analysis tools for spatial management and data manipulation. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Assessment Main Parameters Figure 2 shows the maps of the main parameters and the assessment of each main parameter is elaborated as follow; Lithology Rock unit in Sabah has been classified into two (2) groups; Rijang Group and Kinabatangan Group. Rijang Group consists of Chert-Spilite Formation, Trusmadi Formation, Crocker Formation and Kulapis Formation while Kinabatangan Group consists of Labang Formation, Kuamut Formation, Tanjong Formation, Kalabakan Formation, Kapilit Formation and Simengaris Formation (Collenette, 1958). The acid intrusive granitic rock is dominant in center and southwest part of Sabah while the sandstone is covered more than 80% part of Sabah. The alluvium which is located along the shoreline consists of sandy clay and silt. Rock distribution in Sabah has been well-explained in Sanudin & Baba Musta (2007). The granitic (acid intrusive rock) and schist are highly preferred than other rocks for the SMR siting because generally, they are very hard and strong compared to other rocks. Therefore, the rocks are highly resistive to weather's changed, erosion and chemical reaction. Limestone and recent sediment on the other hand, are not preferable due to their porosity and not stable for the SMR foundation. Groundwater potential Based on the hydrogeological map of Sabah, groundwater yield is divided into four classes consists of very high (> 20m3/h), high (> 10 m3/h - ≤ 20m3/h), medium (>5.0 m3/h - ≤10m3/h) and low potential yield (0 - ≤5.0 m3/h) (Department of Minerals and Geoscience, 2008). As groundwater has direct influence to radionuclide migration, low potential groundwater yield should be given priority than the higher potential groundwater. The low yields of groundwater are limited in the western part of the interior division and some areas in the eastern part of Sandakan Division, where there are no signs of groundwater potential. Fault Fault density studies are usually performed prior to planning, environmental impact analysis, civil or structural engineering design to ensure the facility to be developed is safe and has no potential for an accident in the future. Fault and other geological structures need to be avoided due to the possibility of triggering landslide if an earthquake occurs in which the higher the lineament density the higher the risk of landslide. The area with fewer lineaments is more preferable compared to the densest area. For safety and security development of SMR, a surface faulting parameter should include a minimum buffer 2.5 km from the fault line (Christopher H. Scholz, 2002). Figure 4 shows the output of the fault weightage map. Slope angle A nuclear facility such as SMR shall not be built on a steep slope because such an area is prone to landslide.