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İÇ SAVAŞLARIN BARIŞ İLE SONUÇLANMASINDA MEDYANIN ROLÜ: TACİKİSTAN ÖRNEĞİNİN BARIŞ İLETİŞİMİ AÇISINDAN İNCELENMESİ Yüksek Lisans Tezi Behruz RAİSOV

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İÇ SAVAŞLARIN BARIŞ İLE SONUÇLANMASINDA MEDYANIN ROLÜ: TACİKİSTAN ÖRNEĞİNİN BARIŞ İLETİŞİMİ AÇISINDAN İNCELENMESİ Yüksek Lisans Tezi Behruz RAİSOV İÇ SAVAŞLARIN BARIŞ İLE SONUÇLANMASINDA MEDYANIN ROLÜ: TACİKİSTAN ÖRNEĞİNİN BARIŞ İLETİŞİMİ AÇISINDAN İNCELENMESİ Yüksek Lisans Tezi Behruz RAİSOV Eskişehir, 2018 İÇ SAVAŞLARIN BARIŞ İLE SONUÇLANMASINDA MEDYANIN ROLÜ: TACİKİSTAN ÖRNEĞİNİN BARIŞ İLETİŞİMİ AÇISINDAN İNCELENMESİ Behruz RAİSOV YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ İletişim Tasarımı ve Yönetimi Anabilim Dalı Danışman: Prof. Dr. Ali ŞİMŞEK Eskişehir Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Ocak 2018 Bu tez çalışması BAP Komisyonunca kabul edilen 1702E047 no.lu proje kapsamında desteklenmiştir. ÖZET İÇ SAVAŞLARIN BARIŞ İLE SONUÇLANMASINDA MEDYANIN ROLÜ: TACİKİSTAN ÖRNEĞİNİN BARIŞ İLETİŞİMİ AÇISINDAN İNCELENMESİ Behruz RAİSOV İletişim Tasarımı ve Yönetimi Anabilim Dalı Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ocak 2018 Danışman: Prof. Dr. Ali ŞİMŞEK Genel olarak medya alanı, iletişimin gelişmesinde ve önem kazanmasında en çok katkıda bulunan alandır. Medya ve toplumun ilişkilerine bakıldığında, çevredeki her önemli olay insanlara medya kanalıyla ve medyanın istediği şekilde sunulmaktadır. Özellikle, günümüzde dünyanın çeşitli noktalarında iç savaşlar yaşandığı bir dönemde medyanın rolü iyice artmıştır. Ancak bu rol olumlu ya da olumsuz olabilmektedir. İç savaş yaşayan ülkelerin bazılarında, medya, çatışmanın derinleşmesine hizmet ederken, başkalarında medyanın etkisiyle çatışma sonlandırılmıştır. Bu yüzden günümüzdeki çatışmalarda medyayı doğru ve barış yolunda kullanmak için geçmişte yaşanan çatışmalarda medyanın nasıl kullanıldığını bilmek ve bunlardan dersler çıkarmak önemli sayılmaktadır. Çatışma ortamlarında medyayı olumlu kullanmanın temeli “barış iletişimi”dir. Buna karşılık, barış iletişimi yeterince araştırılmış bir konu değildir. Medya ve çatışma ilişkisi konusunda şimdiye kadar yapılan birçok çalışmada medyanın rolü daha çok genel bir şekilde ortaya konulmuştur. Bu araştırmaya konu olarak seçilen Tacikistan iç savaş örneği ise bugüne kadar medyanın oynadığı rol açısından incelenmemiştir; ilk kez bu araştırmada ayrıntılı bir şekilde incelenmiştir. Nitel araştırma anlayışına dayanan bu çalışmada, uluslararası deneyimleri gözden geçirdikten sonra, Tacikistan’daki durum, çatışma sürecine yakından tanıklık eden kişilerle yapılan yüz yüze görüşmelerin yanı sıra, dönemin gazetelerindeki haberlerin içerik çözümlemesi tekniğiyle incelenmesi yoluyla aydınlatılmıştır. Sonuçlar göstermektedir ki, Tacikistan iç savaşının ortaya çıkmasında siyasi aktörler, ekonomi zayıflık ve dış ülkelerin etkisi yanında medya da olumsuz bir rol oynamıştır. Tacikistan’ın bağımsız olmasından önceki Sovyetler döneminde medya üzerinde uygulanan politikaların yansımaları, bağımsızlık sonrasında da medya ortamını iii olumsuz açıdan etkilemiştir. Savaşın başlangıç sürecinde çatışmanın tarafları medyayı birbirini karalamak amacıyla kullanmışlardır. Ancak savaşta çok miktarda insan kaybı olunca ve binlerce kişi mülteci durumuna düştüğünde, hem siyasetçiler hem de medya bu durumun durdurulmasına dönük hareket etmelerine gerek olduğunu anlamışlardır. Nitekim, iç savaşı durdurmaya yönelik siyasal çalışmalara ek olarak, medya da özellikle barışı halk arasında teşvik etme ve tarafları barışmaya davet etme konusunda büyük rol oynamıştır. Genel anlamda hem hükümet yanlısı medya hem muhalefet yanlısı medya barışmak yönünde etkinlik güstermiştir. Özellikle, barış konusunda hükümet yanlısı medyada olumlu çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Bu konuda “Cumhuriyat” ve “Sadoi Mardum” gazeteleri barışla ilgili tüm yayınlarında hükümetin barışçı görüşünü yansıtmışlardır. En bilinen örnek olarak, “Tacikistan Radyosu”nda yayınlanan “Hoki Vatan (Vatan Toprağı)” programı ise barışın teşvik edilmesinde büyük rol oynamıştır. Çalışmanın sonunda barış iletişimi ve iç savaşlara kaynaklık eden çatışmaların çözümü açısından gelecekteki araştırmalar ve uygulamalar için doğurgular tartışılmıştır. Anahtar Sözcükler: Barış İletişimi, İç Savaş, Medya, Barış, Çatışma Çözümü. iv ABSTRACT THE ROLE OF MEDIA IN PEACEFUL RESOLUTION OF CIVIL WARS: THE CASE OF TAJIKISTAN FROM THE POINT OF PEACE COMMUNICATION Behruz RAISOV Division of Communication Design and Management Anadolu University Graduate School of Social Sciences, January 2018 Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Ali ŞİMŞEK In general, the media area is the most contributing factor in the development and gaining importance of the communication field. When we look at the relationships of media and society, every event or happening in the world is given through media channels and in the ways that media wants. Particularly in recent days the role of the media has increased at a time when civil wars are taking place in various parts of the world. However, this role can be positive or negative. According to the research results on the war-torn countries, the media in some countries served in the deepening of the conflict, while the conflict has ended with the influence of the media in others. Therefore, it is important to know how the media was used in conflict situations in the past and learn from the mistakes in order to use the media in a peaceful way in today's conflicts. Peace communication tells us to use media positively in conflict situations. However, this topic has not been sufficiently and thoroughly investigated. In many studies on media and conflict relationships which have been completed so far, the media’s role has been discussed and studied in general terms. The case of Tajikistan’s conflict investigated in this project from the media point of view has not been explored and thus it is examined in details in the present study. This study is based on qualitative research paradigm. First, selected case studies related to some countries in which civil wars were experienced but ended with peaceful resolutions were carefully reviewed. Then, the case of Tajikistan was studied based on the interview findings coming from direct eyewitnesses of the civil war and content analysis of the newspaper accounts of the time. The results of the study shows that in starting the Tajikistan civil war, behind political conflict, economic weakness and influence of foreign countries, the media played a negative role as well. The v independence of Tajikistan was accompanied by a loss of control over the media which was the case during the Soviet era, and this challenging situation affected negatively the media environment. In the beginning of the war, the sides of conflict used the media against each other. However, when there were a lot of human loss in the war and thousands of people fall into the status of refugees, both politicians and the media became aware that they have to act to stop this situation. Significant work has been done to end the civil war in Tajikistan from the points of political resolutions and peace communication. The media has played a major role in promoting peace among the people and inviting the conflicting parties to peace. In general, both the government- sided media and the opposition-sided media have acted in the direction of making peace. In particular, by government-sided media has done a lot for making peace. In this respect, the newspapers "Cumhuriyat" and "Sadoi Mardum" published peaceful views of the official government in all publications about peace. The program "Khoki Vatan (Homeland)" formed in the "Radio of Tajikistan" played a major role in promoting peace too. At the end of the study, implications for future research and practices are discussed from the point of peace communication and resolution of conflicts rooted in civil wars. Keywords: Peace Communication, Civil War, Medya, Peace, Conflict Resolution. vi ÖNSÖZ Bu çalışmanın gerçekleştirilmesinde yakın ilgi ve desteğini esirgemeyen, deneyimlerinden yararlandığım, çalışmamı ayrıntılı bir şekilde okuyup bilimsel temeller ışığında şekillendiren sayın hocam Prof. Dr. Ali ŞİMŞEK’e sonsuz teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Tacikistan’da önemli kaynaklara erişmekte ve konuyla ilgili görüşmelerin gerçekleştirilmesinde yol gösterip yardımını esirgemeyen değerli hocam Irshod SULAYMONI’ye, görüşme isteğimi kabul edip kapsamlı yanıtlarla araştırmamı zenginleştiren görüştüğüm kişilere de teşekkür ederim. Ayrıca tüm eğitim hayatım boyunca maddi ve manevi destek veren annem ve babama şukranlarımı sunarım. vii İÇİNDEKİLER Sayfa BAŞLIK SAYFASI ……............................................................................................... ı JÜRİ VE ENSTİTÜ ONAYI ........................................................................................ ıı ÖZET .......................................................................................................................... ııı ABSTRACT …............................................................................................................... v ÖNSÖZ ....................................................................................................................... vıı ETİK İLKE VE KURALLARA UYGUNLUK BEYANNAMESİ …................... vııı İÇİNDEKİLER …........................................................................................................ ıx ŞEKİLLER VE TABLOLAR DİZİNİ …................................................................. xıı GÖRSELLER DİZİNİ .............................................................................................. xııı SİMGE VE KISALTMALAR DİZİNİ .................................................................... xıv 1. GİRİŞ ….................................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Sorun ..................................................................................................................
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    Create account Log in Article Talk Read Edit More Search Celebrate the Great American Wiknic in 15+ cities around July 6! Colombo Main page Contents From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Coordinates: 6°56′04″N 79°50′34″E Featured content Current events Not to be confused with Columbo. Random article For other uses, see Colombo (disambiguation). Donate to Wikipedia Colombo (Sinhala: ෙකාළඹ, pronounced [ˈkolombo]; Tamil: ெகா ) is the Wikimedia Shop Colombo Interaction largest city of Sri Lanka, with a population of 4,575,000 metropolitan ෙකාළඹ [2][dubious – discuss] [1] ெகா Help area, and 555,031 in the city limits. It is located on the About Wikipedia west coast of the island and adjacent to Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte (which is Metropolis Community portal the official capital of Sri Lanka) suburb or the parliament capital of Sri Lanka. Recent changes Colombo is also the administrative capital of Western Province, Sri Lanka and Contact page the district capital of Colombo District. Colombo is often referred to as the Tools capital since Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte is a satellite city of Colombo. What links here Colombo is a busy and vibrant place with a mixture of modern life and colonial Related changes buildings and ruins[3] It was the political capital of Sri Lanka, before Sri Upload file Jayawardenepura Kotte. Special pages Permanent link Due to its large harbour and its strategic position along the East-West sea Page information trade routes, Colombo was known to ancient traders 2,000 years ago. It was Data item made the capital of the island when Sri Lanka was ceded to the British Empire Cite this page in 1815,[4] and its status as capital was retained when the nation became Print/export independent in 1948.
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