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The First Phase of the Modern Ku Klux Klan

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The First Phase of the Modern Ku Klux Klan THE RICE INSTITUTE THE FIRST PHASE OF THE MODERN KU KLUX KLAN A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty- In Candidacy for the Degree of . Master of Arts BT ANNE MARIE SMITH •S' HOUSTON, TEXAS MAT, 1940 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES iv. PREFACE v. Chapter I. «KNIGHTS OF THE KO KLUX KLAN, INC." 1 A. Origin of the idea with William Joseph Simmons. 1. Contemporary factors influencing Simmons; The Clansman. The Menace. Tom Watson. 2. Development from 1915 to 1920. B. Adaptation by Clarke and Tyler; 1920-1922. 1. The Background of the Southern Publicity Association. 2. Public Attention is Directed upon the Klan. Chapter II. THE ORGANIZATION OF THE MODERN KLAN 22 A. The Charter. B. The Constitution; Origin and Ratification. C. Purposes of the Klan; "Native, White, Pro¬ testant Supremacy." D. Structure of the Invisible linpire. 1. Central Organization; Emperor, Imperial Wizard, Kloncilium, Klonvokation. 2. Provisional stage; Role of the Kleagle. 3. The Chartered Stage; Realm, Province, Klanton. E. The "Military Line of Communication." F. Financial Program of the Order G. Paraphernalia, Kalendar, Kullors, "Orders of This Order." . H. Constitutional Membership: "A Fraternal Order that Limits its Membership.". I. Ritual — The Kloran. J. The Oath of Allegiance. K. The Allied Orders: Women's Order, Nights Kamelia, Klavaliers. ii Page Chapter III. THE SPREAD AND APPEAL OF THE KLAN 74 A. Actual Membership of the Klan. B. Propagation of the Order: "All Things to All Men," Activities of the KLeagle, Nature of Those Who Joined. C. Propaganda: Speakers, News-Letters, Publications "Whispers," Universities. D. Klan as a Southern Phenomenon: Influence of the Old Klan, Fear of the Negro, SouthernPro- testant' Defense of Orthodoxy Against Liberalism, Southern Ruralism. E. Klan as a National Nativist Reaction: The Post- War Atmosphere, Reaction to Alienism, The "Red Scare," The Fears of the Middle-Class, Revolution in Morals, Reaction to Modernism. Static Elements in Klan success: The "Depfebracy of Everyman." FOOTNOTES TO TEXT 135 BIBLIOGRAPHY 161 LIST OF TABLES Page I. Diagram of Organic Form of the Modern Klan ..... 22 II. Statistics By States Relating to Membership, in Gross, With Relation to Total Population and With Relation to Native-White Male Population . 76 iv . PREFACE After the Civil War* the white man, who should have been, as citizen of his defeated homeland, bent upon its reconstruction, was obliged to sit in brooding desuetude dreaming over the peace and order of old years before the war or of the glorious if pitiful four years of its fighting. He was forced to view the injustice, corruption, and extortion that had fallen upon his people until it seemed that God had turned His face away from his beloved South, knowing that he was helpless. It is small wonder that, when he found an instrument ready to hand, he took it for his own and used it to win back a measure of stability and right living for a land grown dark of hope. The old order was done. The armies were shattered. A dark element, freed of the restraint that had before held it in check, now egged on by carpet-bagger, scalawag, and boot-heel-and-sabre military rule, seethed in increasing malefaction. There was no redress from its depredations nor from the corruption and duplicity of its white leaders. For the white man who had staked and lost all on the Civil War, something must be done. The Ku Klux Klan would do it. The Ku Klux Klan was formed as a secret society for the enter¬ tainment of a group of war-weary young men at Pulaski, Tennessee, in December, 1865. The mystery surrounding its activities, the name itself, and the possibilities suggested by such an organization v. became immensely popular. It was the device adopted to fiSfcpghten the Negro, to intimidate the carpet-bagger, and to confound the military. It served. During the few years when it flourished, it became everything that has been said of it. It was a serious even a dignified restraint against the awkward ignorance of the newly-freed black man. It was the vehicle and excuse for license and crime. It was the gallant gesture of the undefeated spirit of the South. It lived out its usefulness and was disbanded by its Grand Wizard, General Nathan Bedford Forrest, in 1869. Yet when it folded its white robes and slipped back into the mystery with which it members loved to invest it, the memory of the idea remained. i. No doubt many men dreamed of some such institution that might go Knight-erranting about righting the wrongs passed over by the oridinary slow, cumbersome, or unjust machinery of our courts of * justice. Certainly, for one man did the dreams of the white riders live on. And it was entirely due to the persistance of the idea in the mind of William Joseph Simmons that the Modern Ku Klux Klan took up the old name, if not all of the ideals and sincerity of the old Klan, and strode boldly out upon its checkered and haphazard career. vi CHAPTER I "KNIGHTS OF THE KU ELUE ELAN, INC." To be distinguished from the Elan of Reconstruction Days is its recent counterpart, the modern Ku Klux Elan. This was founded by William Joseph Simmons in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1915 as a fraternal order with the vague ideals of suppression of Jewry, white supremacy, control of American ideals and institutions by the old American stock, and the ousting of Roman Catholicism from the United States. Understanding the Elan is impossible without understanding William Joseph Simmons. Colonel Simmons was born of Southern middle class parents in 1880 at Harpersville, Shelby County, Alabama.^ "From a child in dresses," he told Angus Perkerson, of the Atlanta Journal, "I can remember how old Aunt Viney, my black mammy, used to pacify us children late in the evening by telling us about the Kuklux." He also heard stories from his father, who had been a member of the original Elan. When twenty, Simmons found a book of anecdotes on the Ku Klux, and late one night when reading it, he saw a vision on the wall of a room. Simmons declared that, as the Klansmen had been accustomed to ride before, "on horseback in their white robes they rode across the wall in front of me, and as the picture faded out I got down on my knees and swore that I would found a fraternal or- 2 ganization which would be a memorial to the Kuklux Elan." He had a sort of Tennysonian Idealism combined with a mysticism to which he seems to have always given full play. With his gentle 2 smile and commonplace pleasantry, he did not think in terns of tar¬ ring and feathering and whipping and other acts of violence; but he cherished dreams of himself, in Klan regalia, on a white-clad horse — o which dreams possessed and fascinated him. One day in 1915, as he was seated on a bench outside his home he suddenly beheld a vision. The sky was overhung with light mackerel clouds with deep blue be¬ yond. Suddenly the clouds reshaped themselves and moved rapidly across the sky in the fora of a vast army of warriors, superbly mounted, and robed and hooded in white. He interpreted this as a reborn Elan riding forward to save America from un-American elements.^ Simmons had been a private in Company 6 of the First Begiment of the Alabama Volunteers in the Spanish War (his title of Colonel was an honoraxy one, given later by the veterans) ; he was also an officer of the 29th Regiment of uniform rank in the Woodmen of the World. He took fraternal!sm seriously. He believed in it. He told the House Committee of Rules, October, 1921, that he had been a member of the Masons, Royal Arch Masons, and Knights Templar s.** He was a student of fraternal organizations, studying even ancient Chinese, for a "proper memorial to the old KLan."^ As a Methodist exhorter, he made a foray into the clerical field, where he was credited with having "spell-binding ability gener¬ ally associated with the revivalist preacher." One of his enemies remarked that he could lead a crowd anywhere, and "I'm not sure I 7 wouldn't have gone with the rest." Coming as he did from the country- bred Southern middle class, Simmons was the Southern type of rural Protestant clergyman; and, as such, he was less austere than his 3 Northern and Western professional brothers who frowned upon prize¬ fights and horse-racing and «dram-drinking. " After leaving the ministry he became a traveling salesman, at one time selling men's garters around Birmingham; but the major part of his career as a salesman consisted in selling or representing various fraternal orders in and around Atlanta, in which business he was occupied when g he began to promote actively the organization of the new Klan. Inasmuch as Simmons was bom and reared a Southerner, traveled about Alabama and Georgia a number of years, and was working in and out of Atlanta in the period preceding the birth of the new Klan, it was inevitable that he should be influenced by three factors which greatly affected Southern thought in the first decades of the 20th centuiy. These were: the play, The Clansman: the newspaper, the Menace: and the activities of the Georgia agrarian, Tom Watson. The Clansman, by Thomas Dixon, dealt in dramatic form with the overthrow of Negro and caipet-bag rule in the South of Reconstruction Days and the recovery of white supremacy through the instrumentality of the Ku Klux Klan.
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