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Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) of European Russia and Some General Tendencies of Leaf Beetle Invasions

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Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) of European Russia and Some General Tendencies of Leaf Beetle Invasions RESEARCH ARTICLE Alien leaf beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) of European Russia and some general tendencies of leaf beetle invasions Andrzej O. Bieńkowski, Marina J. Orlova-Bienkowskaja* A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia * [email protected] a1111111111 a1111111111 a1111111111 Abstract a1111111111 a1111111111 Invasions of leaf beetles can cause tremendous economic consequences because some of these insects become major pests in invaded territories. We present the first inventory of alien Chrysomelidae of European Russia that appeared in the region in the 20th and 21st centuries (9 species) with analysis of the history of their invasions and detailed maps of dis- OPEN ACCESS tribution. This case study revealed some general tendencies of invasions of leaf beetles: (1) Citation: Bieńkowski AO, Orlova-Bienkowskaja MJ Recently, a dramatic increase in the rate of Chrysomelidae invasions is observed, which (2018) Alien leaf beetles (Coleoptera, reflects the increase in international trade of living plants; (2) Alien leaf beetles can spread Chrysomelidae) of European Russia and some quickly, occupying almost all of Europe within several decades; (3) When the range of some general tendencies of leaf beetle invasions. PLoS ONE 13(9): e0203561. https://doi.org/10.1371/ leaf beetle species is quickly expanding, or when the species has been recorded established journal.pone.0203561 somewhere outside the native range, this species should be regarded as a potential invader Editor: Yulin Gao, Chinese Academy of Agricultural worldwide. and (4) Alien leaf beetles usually occur on alien or cultivated plants, but some Sciences Institute of Plant Protection, CHINA become naturalized in native communities. The specific information was the following. Two Received: February 9, 2018 species native to the Mediterranean region, Chrysolina americana (feeds on Rosmarinus and Lavandula) and Leptomona erythrocephala (feeds on Lotus corniculatus) were Accepted: August 22, 2018 recorded in European Russia for the first time. A polyphagous pest of floriculture Lupero- Published: September 7, 2018 morpha xanthodera native to China and Korea and a pest of soybeans Medythia nigrobili- Copyright: © 2018 Bieńkowski, Orlova- neata native to east Asia have been in the region since 2016. A pest of tobacco Epitrix Bienkowskaja. This is an open access article hirtipennis native to North America has occurred since 2011. A pest of corn Diabrotica virgi- distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits fera was intercepted at the border of Russia in 2011 but has not established. Three alien unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in species have been in the region since the 20th century: Zygogramma suturalis introduced any medium, provided the original author and from North America for control of Ambrosia, Phyllotreta reitteri native to Afghanistan and source are credited. Tajikistan and feeding on Lepidium latifolium, and the Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa Data Availability Statement: All relevant data are decemlineata. within the paper and its Supporting Information files. Funding: The work of MOB and AB was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (http://rscf.ru/ en) grant 16-14-10031. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Introduction Competing interests: The authors have declared Major gaps in knowledge occur in regional alien floras and faunas, and data availability varies that no competing interests exist. among regions [1]. In particular, alien insects of European Russia are poorly studied. Most of PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203561 September 7, 2018 1 / 23 Alien leaf beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) of European Russia the information is published in local sources and remains unknown to a wider audience because the information is not included in international databases. We present the first inven- tory of alien leaf beetles of this territory. Leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae (except Bruchinae), Megalopididae and Orsodacnidae) are a large group of phytophagous beetles (more than 36 000 species worldwide, with approximately 600 in European Russia) [2, 3]. Negative economic impact of invasions of these insects can be significant, because some of them, e.g., Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Diabrotica virgifera and Epi- trix papa, are major pests of various crops [4]. Despite the impact, invasions of leaf beetles are poorly studied [5]. Before 2010, only 11 species alien to Europe had been recorded [6], and the information about invasions of leaf beetles to European Russia was restricted to Leptinotarsa decemlineata and Zygogramma suturalis [7±9]. Four alien species were first recorded in European Russia in 2011±2016: Diabrotica virgi- fera, Epitrix hirtipennis, Luperomorpha xanthodera and Medythia nigrobilineata [10±13]. Anal- ysis of the ecology and dynamics of ranges of Chrysolina eurina (Frivaldszky, 1883) (Chrysomelinae) and Lilioceris lilii (Scopoli, 1763) (Criocerinae) reveals that they could repre- sent archeoinvaders, i.e., alien species established in European Russia before the 20th century [14, 15]. Here, we present the first records of two alien species new to European Russia, Lepto- mona erythrocephala and Chrysolina americana, and a review of all other leaf beetles alien to this region. For each species, a database of records and a map of geographical distribution were compiled, and the following information was provided: data on host plants and other fea- tures of biology, description of native range, invasion history, possible vectors of dispersal and economic impact of establishment. This article is a part of the project "Alien beetles of Euro- pean Russia." Materials and methods Distribution of alien species was studied based on collecting by the authors in European Russia in 1988±2018 and examination of specimens from collections of ZIN (Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia), ZMMU (Zoological Museum of Mos- cow State University, Moscow, Russia), FNMS (Senckenberg Naturmuseum, Frankfurt am Main, Germany), HNHM (Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary), MTD (Museum fuÈr Tierkunde, Dresden, Germany), NHMW (Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien, Austria), NMP (National Museum in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic), VNIIKR (Russian Plant Quarantine Center, Bykovo, Russia), BSU (Belgorod State University, Belgorod, Russia), OSU (Orel State University, Orel, Russia), BNR (Belogorie Nature Reserve, Borisovka, Russia), and 17 private collections in Russia: AB (A.O. Bieńkowski, Zelenograd), AK (A.G. Koval, St. Petersburg), AP (A.I. Prikhodko, Zelenograd), AR (A.B. Ruchin, Saransk), AU (A.S. Ukrainsky, Moscow), EI (E.V. Iljina, Makhachkala), GK (G.A. Korostov, Elista), MD (M.M. Dolgin, Syktyvkar), NN (N.E. Nikolaeva, Tver), NO (N.V. Okhrimenko, Krasnodar), PP (P.N. Petrov, Moscow), PR (P.V. Romantsov, St. Petersburg), RI (R.N. Ishin, Tambov), SM (S.A. Mosyakin, Simferopol), TM (T.A. Mogilevich, Zelenograd), VF (V.I. Filippov, Sochi), and YK (Y.N. Kovalenko, Moscow). Additionally, data from the Global Biodiversity Information Facil- ity and 82 literature sources were used. We used the criteria of alien status and terminology used in invasion biology defined by Richardson et al. [16] and Blackburn et al. [17]. The maps of distribution of species were prepared using the program DIVA-GIS (http://diva-gis.org/ download) [18]. These maps were based on GADM maps under a CC BY license, with permis- sion from Robert Hijmans, owner of GADM (original copyright 2001). In this study, we adhered to the system adopted in the Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera [19±21]. We studied invasions of leaf beetles only in the narrow sense of the word, i.e., all PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203561 September 7, 2018 2 / 23 Alien leaf beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) of European Russia subfamilies of Chrysomelidae, except seed beetles (Bruchinae), because seed beetles are very different from other Chrysomelidae in biology and ecology and have different vectors and trends of invasions [6]. Megalopididae and Orsodacnidae are also leaf beetles, but we did not consider these families because no alien species of these groups occur in European Russia. The species below are presented in reverse chronological order of their first records in European Russia. 2017 ±Leptomona erythrocephala (Olivier, 1790) (Galerucinae) Native range. Leptomona erythrocephala is native to mainland Spain, Mallorca, Portugal, south France, Sicily, Algeria and Morocco (Fig 1) [20, 22±24]. Junior synonym Monolepta ver- ticalis Reitter, 1886 was described from Portugal [22]. Leptomona erythrocephala was also recorded from northern Italy, but this record is supposedly questionable [23]. Invasion history. This species was not previously recorded outside its native range. Records in European Russia. In June 2017 and May 2018, we found L. erythrocephala in the northwest Caucasus, on the Black Sea coast. Ten specimens were sweep-netted in ruderal plants at the Imereti Resort, Adler District, Sochi (43Ê240 N, 39Ê580 E), and approximately 50 specimens were found on the ruderal plant Lotus corniculatus in Razdolnoe Vill., on the flood- plain of the Bzugu River, Khosta District, Sochi (43Ê360 N, 39Ê460 E). Taxonomy and identification. The genus Leptomona BechyneÂ, 1958 was distinguished by J. Bechyne from the large genus Monolepta Chevrolat,
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