DOCSLIB.ORG

Roman Art Romulus to Constantine 6Th Edition Pdf, Epub, Ebook

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Roman Art Romulus to Constantine 6Th Edition Pdf, Epub, Ebook ROMAN ART ROMULUS TO CONSTANTINE 6TH EDITION PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Nancy H Ramage | --- | --- | --- | 9780205988952 | --- | --- Roman Art Romulus to Constantine 6th edition PDF Book Gordian III — ce. Previously the auctoritas patrum had followed the action of the comitia centuriata. The votive statues of the Athenian Acropolis. The man on the couch at the far right on the rear wall holds up an egg, the symbol of regeneration. Despite the critical acclaim the book has received, many colleagues expressed some disappointment that I did not include an introductory chapter on the Etruscans, a decision I had made solely because of the restrictions set by my editors at Wadsworth with regard to number of pages and illustrations. In-8 at Paestum, but there the landscape is far more schematically rendered with a constructed diving platform in place of the Tarquinian cliff. Kiessling, De Dionysii Halicarnassensis antiq. The Eye of Greece: studies in the art of Athens. The otherwise glorious association between Romulus, Caesar and Augustus is shaded by the echoes of tyranny, civil strife and fraternal hate. Treatment of Conquered Peoples. Both the external and the internal evidence show it to be otherwise. This was certainly not the case for the most extravagant types of glass, such as the cage cups or diatreta , of which the Lycurgus Cup in the British Museum is a near-unique figurative example in glass that changes colour when seen with light passing through it. Wallace-Hadrill, Andrew. In this paper, I will focus on two case studies which were of high interest to the historical image of the two cities and which were therefore suitable motives to debate on the authority of the two cities. Roman still life subjects are often placed in illusionist niches or shelves and depict a variety of everyday objects including fruit, live and dead animals, seafood, and shells. When the Romans and Samnites were first brought into close relations in the middle of the fourth century, they apparently agreed to a peaceful division among themselves of certain territory belonging to their weaker neighbors. Thus, for instance, were sent to Cales in the year A popular assembly could meet only when it was called together by a magistrate or a tribune, and only to discuss such matters as were laid before it by a magistrate or tribune. The function of the Minoan palaces: proceedings of the fourth international symposium at the Swedish Institute in Athens, June, To the right of the official and his attendants is a man with a curved staff similar to the lituus of the Roman priests called augurs, hence the modern name of the tomb. Hippodamos was responsible for supervising the rebuilding of Miletus, his hometown on the west coast of Asia Minor in present-day Turkey see Map , page , after the Persians had reduced the city to ruins in the early fifth century BCE. Roman Coinage 1st cent. Archaeological Institute of America; ;99 3 — M J rated it it was amazing Aug 15, In place of the rex, who under the old regal constitution was the choice of the patres, and held office for life, two chief executives, called practores, or leaders, were chosen annually by the whole body of citizens. Constantius I west, — ce. Roman genre scenes generally depict Romans at leisure and include gambling, music and sexual encounters. A fine patrician contempt for the plebeian nobility in the senate and for the bourgeois landholders of the assemblies, who had first pushed their way into a position of equality with their betters, and were now themselves following the policy of exclusion toward their less fortunate fellow-townsmen, seems to have played some part in his mind. Matzat, Romische Chronologic, 2 Bde. Roman Art and Architecture Artsy. He did not reside with the other gods because Jupiter allotted him lordship over the Underworld. Baths of Caracalla Wikipedia. Bandy b, p. Macnamara E. Archaeological Institute of America; ;99 4 — Sometimes the Villanovan ceramists incised geometric patterns in the clay before firing. The antiquarian John Lydus ca. Miller, Stephen G. Boscotrecase , Pompeii. New York, Rome's old allies, the Latins and Hernici, became jealous of her growing power, and, availing themselves of the con- fusion which followed the Keltic invasion, Praeneste, Tibur, and other neighboring communities took up arms against her. Agusta- Boularot et. Romulus on trial In this section, I shall argue that the attitude of the antiquarians towards Romulus and the foundation of Rome is determined by their stance in the contemporary debate on the legitimacy of Rome and Constantinople. Roman Art Romulus to Constantine 6th edition Writer One of Ranuccio's hypotheses is that it refers to a victory of the consul Fabius Maximus Rullianus during the second war against Samnites in BC. Papoutsakis eds. A secondary motive for the establishment of the praetor- ship may be found in the desire of the patricians to keep in their own hands some of the powers of the chief magis- tracy, for at the outset patricians only were eligible to the office of praetor. She serves on the governing board of the Wedgwood International Seminar, and on the Council of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences at Harvard University, where she received her doctoral degree. Attached to the various gentes, or to families belonging to the gentes, were hereditary depend- ents called dientes, who enjoyed some of the privileges of members of a clan, and in return therefor owed to their patronus such services as assisting in the payment of his ransom, if captured in time of war, and contributing to his daughter's dower. The influences which controlled the consul affected him also. Flavius, the son of a freedman, as curule aedile in It would seem, however, to have been the concession of the right to the full ownership of land, which had probably been denied to them before. It will be remembered that in the regal period the king was assisted in the collection of evidence by the quaestores parricidii. Censorship of Appius Clau- dius : Liv. Mainz: Verlag P. XI; Florus, I. Six books of the chronicle precede book VII with the foundation of Rome. On the other hand, the senate gained in power at the expense of the chief magistrate, and perhaps at this time it took the first step toward gaining that controlling influence in the state which it exercised a century or more later. Greene, Kevin, British Museum. The contents of the law are somewhat in doubt, but, if we may follow Livy and Appian, it included the fol- lowing points : i restoration of the consulship, with the provision that one of the two consuls should always be a plebeian ; 2 a provision forbidding an individual to occupy more than five hundred acres of arable land belonging to the state, and to pasture more than one hundred head of cattle and five hundred sheep on the common pasture land ; 3 an article fixing the proportional number of free laborers and slaves Jo be employed on any estate ; 4 a clause providing that interest already paid on debts should be deducted from the principal, and that three years should be allowed for the payment of the rest ; 5 a provision that the number of priests in charge of the Sibylline books should be increased to ten, and that five of these should be plebeians. Publilius Philo, the consul of the previous year, was authorized to remain in charge of his army pro consule, until the campaign was finished. The Conquest of Central Italy. For the remembrance of the words said by her along with her inspiration had ceased and for this reason unfinished lines and limping thought are found, or this has occurred by the dispensation of God that her oracles might not be understood by the many and unworthy. The medallion has also been compared to other works of contemporaneous Roman-Egyptian artwork, such as the Fayum mummy portraits. Membership in a tribus was hereditary. See 1 question about Roman Art…. Lex Ogulnia : Liv. The Servian Reorganization of the Army. Herakles, Peisistratos and the Unconvinced. Appius Claudius, as censor in , made a great change, therefore, in the composition of the popular assemblies, when he admitted landless freemen and freedmen to the tribes, and in fact to any tribe which an individual might choose, and when he also enrolled men belonging to these two categories in such " classes " as their property, in what- ever form it might be, entitled them to enter. According to Malalas, the tradition which considers the two brothers to be sons of Ares is merely a euhemerizing explanation. Numerian — ce. Debuisson, , p. Favro D. Furthermore, as we have already noticed p. A closer look at the Potter. Camillus over the Volsci and Aequi in , followed by successes in subse- quent years, broke the power of both peoples, who were already hard pressed by the inroads of the Sabellians. Cults, territory, and the origins of the Greek city-state. It works well as both an introduction to the subject for complete beginners, and a reference for those whose studies are a little more advanced. Traditional Roman sculpture is divided into five categories: portraiture, historical relief, funerary reliefs, sarcophagi, and copies of ancient Greek works. The fact has already been mentioned p. Three Christian capitals: topography and politics. This increase made it possible for them to extend their protec- tive power oyer a greater number of plebeians. Lists with This Book. Schofield, Louise. The leges Liciniae Sextiae : Liv. The power of images in the late Roman house. Hobbs, Richard, Jackson, Ralph. Augustus of Prima Porta Wikipedia. Hallett CH. The Tetrarchs AD — Chapter Whitley, James.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pantheon Piazza Della Rotonda, 00186 Near Piazza Novanametro: 9 AM – 7:30 PM (Mon – Sat)
    Pantheon Piazza della Rotonda, 00186 Near Piazza NovanaMetro: 9 AM – 7:30 PM (Mon – Sat) 9 AM – 6 PM (Sunday) The Roman Pantheon is the most preserved and influential building of ancient Rome. It is a Roman temple dedicated to all the gods of pagan Rome. As the brick stamps on the side of the building reveal it was built and dedicated between A.D 118 and 125. The emperor Hadrian (A.D 117-138) built the Pantheon to replace Augustus’ friend and Commander Marcus Agrippa’s Pantheon of 27 B.C. which burnt to the ground in 80 A.D. When approaching the front of the Pantheon one can see the inscription above still reads in Latin the original dedication by Marcus Agrippa. The inscription reads: "M. AGRIPPA.L.F.COSTERTIUM.FECIT” “Marcus Agrippa son of Lucius, having been consul three times made it”. Despite all the marvelous building projects that the emperor Hadrian produced during his reign, he never inscribed his name to any, but one, the temple of his father Trajan. That is why the Roman Pantheon bears the inscription of Marcus Agrippa, and not the emperor Hadrian. The pediment (the triangle section above the inscription) is blank today, but there would have been sculpture that acted out the battle of the Titans. Great bronze doors guard the entrance to the cella and would have been covered in gold, but it has long since disappeared. The original use of the Pantheon is somewhat unknown, except that is was classified as a temple. However, it is unknown as to how the people worshipped in the building, because the structure of the temple is so different from other traditional Roman temples such as in the Roman Forum.
    [Show full text]
  • First Triumvirate and Rise of Octavian BY: Jake, Eliza and Maheen First Triumvirate
    First Triumvirate and Rise of Octavian BY: Jake, Eliza and Maheen First Triumvirate • An alliance of the three most powerful men in Rome, Marcus Licinus Crassus, Gaius Julius Caesar, and Gneaus Pompey Magnus. Rome was in chaos and the 3 seized control of the Republic. • The three would dominate Roman politics for personal gains throughout the territories of the Republic. Julius Caesar • In Rome, Julius Caesar was elected as the tribune of the Plebs, military tribune, and governor of many provinces throughout the Republic. • Believed Crassus helped Julius Caesar win the election to become the Propraetor or governor of Hispania in 63 B.C.E. • Julius returned to Rome after his term as governor. Caesar had a business or political agreement with Pompey and Crassus in 60 B.C.E. Caesar was the consul while Pompey and Crassus were in the senate. • Created the First Triumvirate • After his term, Julius was in deeply in debt politically and financially to Crassus and desperately needed to raise money. Marcus Crassus • Crassus was the richest man in all the Roman Republic. He was sharp and clever in Roman politics. He would be a senator and even become consul a few times. • He was a mentor to Julius Caesar in his early career. • Gained much fame during the Spartacus rebellion but much of it was stolen by Pompey. • He was a longtime rival to Pompey Magnus and this would be his eventually downfall. He would ally with Caesar and Pompey, but strived for military victory over Pompey. He went to Parthia where he was defeated at Carrhae.
    [Show full text]
  • The Burial of the Urban Poor in Italy in the Late Republic and Early Empire
    Death, disposal and the destitute: The burial of the urban poor in Italy in the late Republic and early Empire Emma-Jayne Graham Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Archaeology University of Sheffield December 2004 IMAGING SERVICES NORTH Boston Spa, Wetherby West Yorkshire, LS23 7BQ www.bl.uk The following have been excluded from this digital copy at the request of the university: Fig 12 on page 24 Fig 16 on page 61 Fig 24 on page 162 Fig 25 on page 163 Fig 26 on page 164 Fig 28 on page 168 Fig 30on page 170 Fig 31 on page 173 Abstract Recent studies of Roman funerary practices have demonstrated that these activities were a vital component of urban social and religious processes. These investigations have, however, largely privileged the importance of these activities to the upper levels of society. Attempts to examine the responses of the lower classes to death, and its consequent demands for disposal and commemoration, have focused on the activities of freedmen and slaves anxious to establish or maintain their social position. The free poor, living on the edge of subsistence, are often disregarded and believed to have been unceremoniously discarded within anonymous mass graves (puticuli) such as those discovered at Rome by Lanciani in the late nineteenth century. This thesis re-examines the archaeological and historical evidence for the funerary practices of the urban poor in Italy within their appropriate social, legal and religious context. The thesis attempts to demonstrate that the desire for commemoration and the need to provide legitimate burial were strong at all social levels and linked to several factors common to all social strata.
    [Show full text]
  • And Rome's Legacies
    Christianity AND ROME’S LEGACIES Old Religions New Testament MARK MAKES HIS MARK NOT SO SIMPLE TEMPLES IN PARTNERSHIP WITH christianity_FC.indd 1 3/6/17 3:32 PM 2 Religions in Rome The earliest Romans saw their gods as spirits or powerful forces of nature. These gods did not have personalities or emotions or act in any other way like human beings. However, as Rome began to build an empire, the Romans were exposed to new ideas. Through contact with the Greeks, the Romans’ idea of gods and goddesses changed. The Greeks believed in gods and god- desses who behaved very much like human beings. Their gods could be jeal- ous, angry, passionate, kind, foolish, or petty. The Romans borrowed this idea u THE ROMANS People did not go to and honey, burned honored their gods a temple to worship sweet-smelling from the Greeks. They even borrowed by building temples. the god. Rather, a incense, and sac- some of the Greek gods and goddesses. Inside each temple temple was where rificed animals to No longer were the Roman gods spir- was a statue of a priests made honor the god. god or goddess. offerings of cakes its or forces of nature. They were now divine and human at the same time. u UNTIL THE in private people 300s CE, the Roman were free to think u THE ROMANS wisdom. During festival day, priests ticular, no legal religion was a and say what they honored their gods Cerealia, Romans performed rituals work was allowed. state religion. wanted to. Over with more than 100 honored the god- and sacrifices Celebrations includ- The emperor was time, the emperor festivals every year.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of the Pantheon Through Time Caitlin Williams
    Union College Union | Digital Works Honors Theses Student Work 6-2018 A Study of the Pantheon Through Time Caitlin Williams Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalworks.union.edu/theses Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons, and the Classical Archaeology and Art History Commons Recommended Citation Williams, Caitlin, "A Study of the Pantheon Through Time" (2018). Honors Theses. 1689. https://digitalworks.union.edu/theses/1689 This Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Work at Union | Digital Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of Union | Digital Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Study of the Pantheon Through Time By Caitlin Williams * * * * * * * Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Honors in the Department of Classics UNION COLLEGE June, 2018 ABSTRACT WILLIAMS, CAITLIN A Study of the Pantheon Through Time. Department of Classics, June, 2018. ADVISOR: Hans-Friedrich Mueller. I analyze the Pantheon, one of the most well-preserVed buildings from antiquity, through time. I start with Agrippa's Pantheon, the original Pantheon that is no longer standing, which was built in 27 or 25 BC. What did it look like originally under Augustus? Why was it built? We then shift to the Pantheon that stands today, Hadrian-Trajan's Pantheon, which was completed around AD 125-128, and represents an example of an architectural reVolution. Was it eVen a temple? We also look at the Pantheon's conversion to a church, which helps explain why it is so well preserVed.
    [Show full text]
  • ROMAN ARCHITEXTURE: the IDEA of the MONUMENT in the ROMAN IMAGINATION of the AUGUSTAN AGE by Nicholas James Geller a Dissertatio
    ROMAN ARCHITEXTURE: THE IDEA OF THE MONUMENT IN THE ROMAN IMAGINATION OF THE AUGUSTAN AGE by Nicholas James Geller A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Classical Studies) in the University of Michigan 2015 Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Basil J. Dufallo, Chair Associate Professor Ruth Rothaus Caston Professor Bruce W. Frier Associate Professor Achim Timmermann ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation would not have been possible without the support and encouragement of many people both within and outside of academia. I would first of all like to thank all those on my committee for reading drafts of my work and providing constructive feedback, especially Basil Dufallo and Ruth R. Caston, both of who read my chapters at early stages and pushed me to find what I wanted to say – and say it well. I also cannot thank enough all the graduate students in the Department of Classical Studies at the University of Michigan for their support and friendship over the years, without either of which I would have never made it this far. Marin Turk in Slavic Languages and Literature deserves my gratitude, as well, for reading over drafts of my chapters and providing insightful commentary from a non-classicist perspective. And I of course must thank the Department of Classical Studies and Rackham Graduate School for all the financial support that I have received over the years which gave me time and the peace of mind to develop my ideas and write the dissertation that follows. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………………………………………………ii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS……………………………………………………………………iv ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………………....v CHAPTER I.
    [Show full text]
  • The Pantheon (Temple of All the Gods)
    The Pantheon (temple of all the gods) is a former Roman temple and since the year 609 a Catholic church in Rome, Italy, on the site of an earlier temple commissioned by Marcus Agrippa during the reign of Augustus (27 BC – 14 AD). It was rebuilt by the emperor Hadrian and probably dedicated 126 AD. Its date of construction is uncertain, because Hadrian chose not to inscribe the new temple but rather to retain the inscription of Agrippa's older temple, which had burned down. The building is cylindrical with a portico of large granite Corinthian columns (eight in the first rank and two groups of four behind) under a pediment. A rectangular vestibule links the porch to the rotunda, which is under a coffered concrete dome, with a central opening (oculus) to the sky. Almost two thousand years after it was built, the Pantheon's dome is still the world's largest unreinforced concrete dome. The height to the oculus and the diameter of the interior circle are the same, 142 feet. It is one of the best-preserved of all Ancient Roman buildings, in large part because it has been in continuous use throughout its history and, since the 7th century, the Pantheon has been in use as a church dedicated to "St. Mary and the Martyrs" but informally known as "Santa Maria Rotonda". The square in front of the Pantheon is called Piazza della Rotonda. The Pantheon is a state property, managed by Italy's Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities and Tourism. In 2013, it was visited by over 6 million people.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient Rome
    HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY Ancient Julius Caesar Rome Reader Caesar Augustus The Second Punic War Cleopatra THIS BOOK IS THE PROPERTY OF: STATE Book No. PROVINCE Enter information COUNTY in spaces to the left as PARISH instructed. SCHOOL DISTRICT OTHER CONDITION Year ISSUED TO Used ISSUED RETURNED PUPILS to whom this textbook is issued must not write on any page or mark any part of it in any way, consumable textbooks excepted. 1. Teachers should see that the pupil’s name is clearly written in ink in the spaces above in every book issued. 2. The following terms should be used in recording the condition of the book: New; Good; Fair; Poor; Bad. Ancient Rome Reader Creative Commons Licensing This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. You are free: to Share—to copy, distribute, and transmit the work to Remix—to adapt the work Under the following conditions: Attribution—You must attribute the work in the following manner: This work is based on an original work of the Core Knowledge® Foundation (www.coreknowledge.org) made available through licensing under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. This does not in any way imply that the Core Knowledge Foundation endorses this work. Noncommercial—You may not use this work for commercial purposes. Share Alike—If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license to this one. With the understanding that: For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work.
    [Show full text]
  • An Analysis of the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus As a Case of Etruscan Influence on Roman Religious Architec
    HPS: The Journal of History & Political Science 5 Caput Mundi: An Analysis of the HPS: The Journal of History & Political Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus Science 2017, Vol. 5 1-12 as a Case of Etruscan Influence on © The Author(s) 2017 Roman Religious Architecture Mario Concordia York University, Canada While Roman architecture is often generalized as being primarily of Greek influence, there are important periods where other influences can be clearly identified. This paper considers the Etruscan, Greek, and Villanovan influence on Roman religious architecture through an examination of the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maxmius, also known as the Capitolium, and argues that the temple is ultimately of primarily Etruscan influence. Introduction Religious temple architecture was a dynamic, evolving tradition throughout the entire span of Roman history. From its founding, customarily dated at 753 BCE with the mythical tale of Romulus and Remus, until the eventual fall of the Western Empire in the 5th century CE, temples were a central piece of the majesty of Roman architecture. But, like all construction fashion, what was dominant and popular in one period would inevitably change over time. As Becker indicates in his work, “Italic Architecture of the Earlier First Millennium BCE,” many scholars believe that Roman temple architecture is completely indebted to Greek advancements and influence, and that historians should be looking at Classic Greek models when considering Roman architecture,1 but this is hardly a complete answer. While it is true that Rome began to steer toward a more Hellenistic aesthetic some time around the Late Republic to Early Empire Period, there is an entire period before that which cannot be understood in this simple way.
    [Show full text]
  • The Late Republic – Crises and Civil Wars a Society Falls Apart in Italy
    The Late Republic – Crises and Civil Wars A Society Falls Apart In Italy, much had changed after Rome rose to a world power. In the long wars, many peasants and their sons had died. Others had not been able to properly cultivate their farms for years. More and more small farmers left the countryside. In their place, many large farms arose, because large landowners had bought up the land of indebted peasants, forcibly driven some farmers out, and laid claim to large portions of state-owned land for themselves. Their standard of living rose, because they specialized themselves in certain products. They grew wine-grapes and olives on a grand scale, or reorganized themselves toward livestock. Around the cities, there were large landowners who obtained high profits by raising poultry and fish. Such large landowners usually owned several farms, which were managed by administrators, while they themselves pursued political business in Rome. On their estates, slaves worked, who were obtained either as prisoners of war or on the slave markets. According to careful analysis, in the time between 200 B.C. and 150 B.C., approximately 250,000 prisoners of war were brought to Italy as slaves. In the following 100 years, more than 500,000 slaves – mainly from Asia Minor – came to Rome. Especially the small farmers suffered in this situation. Earlier, they had gotten for themselves additional income as daily workers on the estates, but now they were needed there, at most, only for harvest. So many had to give up their farms, and moved with their families to Rome.
    [Show full text]
  • Calendar of Roman Events
    Introduction Steve Worboys and I began this calendar in 1980 or 1981 when we discovered that the exact dates of many events survive from Roman antiquity, the most famous being the ides of March murder of Caesar. Flipping through a few books on Roman history revealed a handful of dates, and we believed that to fill every day of the year would certainly be impossible. From 1981 until 1989 I kept the calendar, adding dates as I ran across them. In 1989 I typed the list into the computer and we began again to plunder books and journals for dates, this time recording sources. Since then I have worked and reworked the Calendar, revising old entries and adding many, many more. The Roman Calendar The calendar was reformed twice, once by Caesar in 46 BC and later by Augustus in 8 BC. Each of these reforms is described in A. K. Michels’ book The Calendar of the Roman Republic. In an ordinary pre-Julian year, the number of days in each month was as follows: 29 January 31 May 29 September 28 February 29 June 31 October 31 March 31 Quintilis (July) 29 November 29 April 29 Sextilis (August) 29 December. The Romans did not number the days of the months consecutively. They reckoned backwards from three fixed points: The kalends, the nones, and the ides. The kalends is the first day of the month. For months with 31 days the nones fall on the 7th and the ides the 15th. For other months the nones fall on the 5th and the ides on the 13th.
    [Show full text]
  • Expulsion from the Senate of the Roman Republic, C.319–50 BC
    Ex senatu eiecti sunt: Expulsion from the Senate of the Roman Republic, c.319–50 BC Lee Christopher MOORE University College London (UCL) PhD, 2013 1 Declaration I, Lee Christopher MOORE, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. 2 Thesis abstract One of the major duties performed by the censors of the Roman Republic was that of the lectio senatus, the enrolment of the Senate. As part of this process they were able to expel from that body anyone whom they deemed unequal to the honour of continued membership. Those expelled were termed ‘praeteriti’. While various aspects of this important and at-times controversial process have attracted scholarly attention, a detailed survey has never been attempted. The work is divided into two major parts. Part I comprises four chapters relating to various aspects of the lectio. Chapter 1 sees a close analysis of the term ‘praeteritus’, shedding fresh light on senatorial demographics and turnover – primarily a demonstration of the correctness of the (minority) view that as early as the third century the quaestorship conveyed automatic membership of the Senate to those who held it. It was not a Sullan innovation. In Ch.2 we calculate that during the period under investigation, c.350 members were expelled. When factoring for life expectancy, this translates to a significant mean lifetime risk of expulsion: c.10%. Also, that mean risk was front-loaded, with praetorians and consulars significantly less likely to be expelled than subpraetorian members.
    [Show full text]