FINAL DRAFT Southern California Water Recycling Projects Initiative Phase II Technical Memorandum #2 Water Quality Analysis Cooperative Effort Funded and Managed by: The United States Bureau of Reclamation In Partnership with: Big Bear Area Regional Wastewater Agency California Department of Water Resources Central Basin and West Basin Municipal Water Districts City of Los Angeles City of San Diego Los Angeles County Sanitation Districts Metropolitan Water District of Southern California Orange County Sanitation District San Diego County Water Authority Santa Ana Watershed Project Authority South Orange County Wastewater Authority January 2003 Prepared by: 3 HUTTON CENTRE DRIVE, SUITE 200 SANTA ANA, CA 92707 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA WATER RECYCLING PROJECTS INITIATIVE PHASE II – TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM #2 Contents Section Page CONTENTS..............................................................................................................................................................I ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS..............................................................................................................III 1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 CONTENTS OF THIS SECTION..................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 PROJECT BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY........................................................................................................................ 2 1.4 PLAN OF STUDY........................................................................................................................................ 3 2 WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS PROCEDURE ........................................................................................ 5 2.1 CONTENTS OF THIS SECTION..................................................................................................................... 5 2.2 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................................... 5 2.3 DEVELOPMENT OF THE WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS................................................................................ 6 2.3.1 Step 1 - Alternative Water Recycling Futures................................................................ 8 2.3.2 Step 2 - Issues and Concerns Facing Water Recycling in Southern California.............. 8 2.3.3 Step 3 - Resource Database ........................................................................................... 16 2.3.4 Remaining Steps - Summary of Findings Regarding Source Material ........................ 18 3 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS FROM SOURCE MATERIAL .................................................................. 19 3.1 CONTENTS OF THIS SECTION................................................................................................................... 19 3.2 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................................... 19 3.3 REGULATIONS ........................................................................................................................................ 25 3.3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 25 3.3.2 Application of Regulations on Reuse Projects .............................................................. 26 3.3.3 Type of Regulations....................................................................................................... 32 3.3.4 Recycled Water Regulations in Other States................................................................ 52 3.3.5 Recycled Water Regulations in Other Countries.......................................................... 57 3.3.6 Potential Regulations.................................................................................................... 58 3.3.7 Recommendations.......................................................................................................... 62 3.4 USE TYPE ............................................................................................................................................... 64 3.4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 64 3.4.2 Factors Limiting Water Reuse ...................................................................................... 65 3.4.3 Recommendations.......................................................................................................... 80 3.5 WATER CHEMISTRY ............................................................................................................................... 83 3.5.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 83 3.5.2 Description and Sources of Constituents of Concern ................................................... 83 3.5.3 Brine Disposal Methods .............................................................................................. 109 3.5.4 Existing and Future Research Needs .......................................................................... 129 3.6 SALINITY.............................................................................................................................................. 133 3.6.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 133 3.6.2 Description of "Salinity" ............................................................................................ 134 3.6.3 General Sources of Salinity......................................................................................... 134 SCO\C:\DOCUMENTS AND SETTINGS\RREICHEN\DESKTOP\TM #2 - WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS REV 1-24-03.DOC I SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA WATER RECYCLING PROJECTS INITIATIVE PHASE II –TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM #2 3.6.4 Identified Concerns and Costs Due to High Salinity ................................................. 152 3.6.5 Existing and Future Issues Related to Salinity Loadings in Southern California ..... 156 3.7 RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS............................................................................................. 168 Appendices APPENDIX A MINUTES FROM BRAINSTORMING SESSIONS APPENDIX B RESOURCE DATABASE APPENDIX C SUMMARIES OF SOURCES APPENDIX D REGIONAL WATER QUALITY CONTROL BOARD BENEFICIAL USE TABLES APPENDIX E REGIONAL WATER QUALITY CONTROL BOARD WATER QUALITY OBJECTIVES Tables TABLE 1.1 LIST OF IEMT MEMBERS........................................................................................................................ 2 TABLE 2.1 ISSUES AND CONCERNS FACING WATER RECYCLING IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ............................... 10 TABLE 3.1 RECYCLED WATER FLOW DIAGRAM NODE DESCRIPTION .................................................................... 22 TABLE 3.2 MILESTONES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF WATER QUALITY CRITERIA AND REUSE IMPLEMENTATION ... 27 TABLE 3.3 POLICIES THAT ENCOURAGE USE OF RECYCLED WATER ..................................................................... 33 TABLE 3.4 WATER QUALITY REGULATIONS FOR RECYCLED WATER .................................................................... 37 TABLE 3.5 BENEFICIAL USE TYPES FROM THE CALIFORNIA RWQCBS ................................................................. 39 TABLE 3.6 PUBLIC HEALTH REGULATIONS............................................................................................................ 41 TABLE 3.7 RECYCLED WATER USES ALLOWED IN CALIFORNIA ............................................................................ 43 TABLE 3.8 WATER QUALITY LIMITS BY USE TYPE ................................................................................................ 45 TABLE 3.9 HAZARD CRITERIA AND APPROPRIATE BACKFLOW PREVENTION ASSEMBLIES.................................... 49 TABLE 3.10 COMPARISON OF WATER REUSE CRITERIA IN THE UNITED STATES...................................................... 53 TABLE 3.11 COMPARISON OF INTERNATIONAL WATER REUSE CRITERIA ................................................................ 59 TABLE 3.12 WATER REUSE IN CALIFORNIA IN 2000 BY USE TYPE .......................................................................... 67 TABLE 3.13 POTENTIAL OBSTACLES TO USING RECYCLED WATER BY USE TYPE................................................... 69 TABLE 3.14 SALT, CHLORINE, AND BORON TOLERANCE OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS .............................................. 73 TABLE 3.15 CONSTITUENTS OF CONCERN FOR RECYCLED WATER USE .................................................................. 85 TABLE 3.16 LIST OF KNOWN/SUSPECTED ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS..................................................... 90 TABLE 3.17 USEPA LIST OF TYPES OF PESTICIDES................................................................................................. 98 TABLE 3.18 PATHOGENS POTENTIALLY PRESENT IN UNTREATED DOMESTIC WASTEWATER ................................ 104 TABLE 3.19 DESCRIPTION OF DEEP-WELL CLASSES .............................................................................................. 120 TABLE 3.20 TREATMENT METHODS