DOCSLIB.ORG

Climate Services Lower Mississippi River Forecast Center's Role

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Climate Services Lower Mississippi River Forecast Center's Role Forecasting Hurricane Storm Surge on the Mississippi River David Reed Bob Stucky National Weather Service Lower Mississippi River Forecast Center Today’s Talk • The Problem – Surges from Hurricanes • Sea, Lake, and Overland Surge Heights (SLOSH Model) • Dynamic Wave Operational Model (DWOPER) • Merging These Together Hurricane Betsy – September 11, 1965 (Mississippi to Forecast River Surges River - Louisiana) Hurricane Storm Surge The Problem • Hurricanes can cause the Mississippi River to rise rapidly due to Storm Surge • Ships can be grounded or swamped due to these rapid rises Hurricane Betsy – September 11, 1965 (Mississippi River – Louisiana) Hurricane Storm Surge – The Problem • Flood gates and loading docks must be closed which takes time to complete Hurricane Betsy – September 11, 1965 SLOSH Model • Sea, Lake, and Overland Surge Heights (SLOSH Model) • Forecasted storm surge from hurricanes based on Forward Speed Intensity Track Size SLOSH Model – Cont’d • SLOSH can be run for 35 grids/basins along the Gulf or Atlantic Coasts • Each basin grid is a continuously changing polar grid • Lake Pontchartrain basin used in our Lake Ponchartrain Basin analysis (outlined in white) SLOSH Model – Cont’d • Higher resolution inland • Contains topography and levees which is periodically updated SLOSH Model • Model is run about 24 hours prior to landfall based on TPC forecast • Output provided to NWS offices in a binary file • SLOSH Display program allows for animation of output from SLOSH • Local software determines hydrograph at West Pointe a la Hache where continuous levees begin along the Mississippi River DWOPER • NWS Dynamic Wave Operational Model (DWOPER) • One-dimensional unsteady state flow model • LMRFC has DWOPER setup to run on the Lower Ohio/Mississippi Rivers to the Gulf of Mexico LMRFC DWOPER Schematic Lower Ohio/Mississippi Chester, IL RM 160.9 km above Junction Smithland Lock & Dam, IL RM 99.8 km Upper Mississippi Cumberland R Ohio RiverTennessee Barkley Dam, KY Ohio/Mississippi Junction R RM 1535.0 km RM 40.7 km Kentucky Dam, KY RM 40.5 km Memphis, TN RM 1181.9 km AHP Middle Mississippi Legend RM = river mile AHP = above Head of Passes BHP = below Head of Passes Vicksburg, MS RM 701.2 km AHP Lower Mississippi River Mississippi Storm Surge Head of Passes (RM 0.0km) Gulf of Mexico RM -37.0 km BHP DWOPER SCHEMATIC Storm Surge Segment Upstream Boundary Red River Landing, LA Flow (m3/s) RM 486.7 km AHP Baton Rouge, LA RM 367.6 km AHP Donaldsonville, LA RM 282.3 km AHP Legend RM = river mile AHP = above Head of Passes Reserve, LA RM 223.2 km AHP M i s s i s s i p p i R i v i R p i e r p M i s s i s s i New Orleans, LA RM 165.4 km AHP Downstream Boundary West Pointe a la Hache, LA Stage (m) RM 78.4 km AHP DWOPER – Cont’d • For storm surge, run • Upstream boundary model from Red River Stream flow at Red Landing, LA, to West River Landing Pointe a la Hache, LA • Downstream boundary • West Pointe a la Forecasted storm Hache – start of surge hydrograph continuous levees (stage) at West Pointe along both sides of the a la Hache Mississippi River Lower Mississippi River Dynamic Wave Operational (DWOPER) Model Red River Landing to West Pointe a la Hache RM 302.4 to RM 48.7 Merging SLOSH Output with DWOPER • Within 24 hours of landfall, SLOSH model runs produce a forecasted surge hydrograph (stage) at West Pointe a la Hache • LMRFC uses the SLOSH forecasted surge at West Pointe a la Hache as the DWOPER downstream boundary condition • DWOPER models the surge wave as it propagates upstream • Flood wave fully contained within levee system with no lateral inflows or outflows Merging SLOSH Output with DWOPER • LMRFC issues stage forecasts with crests on the Mississippi River at and below Red River Landing • NWS field offices may issue river warnings or include other river information in Hurricane Local Statements Hurricane Georges 1998 Location 24 hours prior to landfall • forecast 24 hours prior to landfall • SLOSH runs provide forecasted stage heights at West Pointe observed track - black boxes forecasted track- white boxes ala Hache Hurricane Georges Surge September 1998 Mississippi River at West Pointe a la Hache, LA 4.0 West Pointe a la Hache 3.5 Observed 3.0 SLOSH computed surge Simulated 2.5 2.0 1.5 Stage (m) NGVD (m) Stage 1.0 0.5 0.0 9/26/98 9/27/98 9/27/98 9/28/98 9/28/98 9/29/98 9/29/98 9/30/98 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 Date/Time (GMT) Hurricane Georges Surge September 1998 Mississippi River at New Orleans, LA 4.0 New Orleans 3.5 Observed 3.0 Simulated 2.5 2.0 1.5 Stage (m) NGVD (m) Stage 1.0 0.5 0.0 9/26/98 9/27/98 9/27/98 9/28/98 9/28/98 9/29/98 9/29/98 9/30/98 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 Date/Time (GMT) Hurricane Georges Surge September 1998 Mississippi River at Baton Rouge, LA 5.0 Baton Rouge Observed 4.5 Simulated 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 Stage (m) NGVD (m) Stage 2.0 1.5 1.0 9/26/98 9/27/98 9/27/98 9/28/98 9/28/98 9/29/98 9/29/98 9/30/98 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 Date/Time (GMT) Real-time River Forecasts Hurricane Georges’ Surge RIVER FORECAST…LOWER OHIO/MISSISSIPPI RIVER LOWER MISSISSIPPI RIVER FORECAST CENTER NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE SLIDELL LA 1020AM CDT SUN SEP 27 1998 STATION FS 7AM 24HR ……F O R E C A S T…… STG CHG 0928 0929 0930 1001 1002 CREST/DATE/TIME MISSISSIPPI RIVER …OBSERVED... RED RIVER LANDING 48 20.4 +1.1 21.9 21.4 20.9 20.9 20.7 22.5 9/28 7 PM CDT 21.80 9/28 2PM CDT BATON ROUGE 35 7.5 MSG 12.3 9.4 8.9 8.5 8.4 13.0 9/28 9AM CDT 12.19 9/28 5AM CDT DONALDSONVILLE 27 5.5 +0.9 12.0 7.1 6.8 6.4 6.4 12.0 9/28 7AM CDT MSG RESERVE 22 4.8 +0.9 11.0 6.0 5.8 5.7 5.7 11.2 9/28 6AM CDT 10.35 9/28 1AM CDT NEW ORLEANS 17 4.5 +1.1 10.2 5.8 5.6 5.5 5.5 10.8 9/28 4AM CDT 10.16 9/27 10PM CDT FS = FLOOD STAGE IN FEET NGVD STG = STAGE IN FEET NGVD MSG = MISSING NOTE: All NWS river forecasts are issued to the public in English units Summary - Conclusions • Ability to merge the SLOSH model output with land-based dynamic river models • Produces excellent river surge forecasts when SLOSH predicted surge hydrographs are reasonable • Hurricane induced river surges propagate rapidly upstream • Provides valuable river surge information for shipping/barge industry and for flood gate management • Concept should be applied to smaller coastal rivers and streams .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Significant Loss Report
    NATIONAL FLOOD INSURANCE PROGRAM Bureau and Statistical Agent W-01049 3019-01 MEMORANDUM TO: Write Your Own (WYO) Principal Coordinators and NFIP Servicing Agent FROM: WYO Clearinghouse DATE: July 18, 2001 SUBJECT: Significant Loss Report Enclosed is a listing of significant flooding events that occurred between February 1978 and October 2000. Only those events that had more than 1500 losses are included on the list. These data were compiled for WYO Companies and others to use to remind their customers of the impact of past flooding events. Please use this information in your marketing efforts as you feel it is appropriate. If you have any questions, please contact your WYO Program Coordinator. Enclosure cc: Vendors, IBHS, FIPNC, WYO Standards Committee, WYO Marketing Committee, ARCHIVEDGovernment Technical Representative APRIL 2018 Suggested Routing: Claims, Marketing, Underwriting 7700 HUBBLE DRIVE • LANHAM, MD 20706 • (301) 731-5300 COMPUTER SCIENCES CORPORATION, under contract to the FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY, is the Bureau and Statistical Agent for the National Flood Insurance Program NATIONAL FLOOD INSURANCE PROGRAM SIGNIFICANT FLOOD EVENTS REPORT EVENT YEAR # PD LOSSES AMOUNT PD ($) AVG PD LOSS Massachusetts Flood Feb. 1978 Feb-78 2,195 $20,081,479 $9,149 Louisiana Flood May 1978 May-78 7,284 $43,288,709 $5,943 WV, IN, KY, OH Floods Dec 1978 Dec-78 1,879 $11,934,512 $6,352 PA, CT, MA, NJ, NY, RI Floods Jan-79 8,826 $31,487,015 $3,568 Texas Flood April 1979 Apr-79 1,897 $19,817,668 $10,447 Florida Flood April 1979 Apr-79
    [Show full text]
  • Puerto Rico Post-2017 Hurricane Season: Initial Insights & Outlook November 2017
    Puerto Rico Post-2017 Hurricane Season: Initial Insights & Outlook November 2017 First Thoughts April 2006 to August 2017, representing a loss of roughly 300,000 private and public-sector jobs, the unemployment rate has remained in double-digits for decades, and the labor force participation rate is In the aftermath of a catastrophic natural disaster like the one below 40%.3 A largely obsolete economic model, an underperforming experienced in Puerto Rico during September 2017, an acute public sector with weak public institutions, loss of competitiveness sense of uncertainty often takes hold of the affected people and in an increasingly globalized marketplace, burdensome costs of organizations. Households, business firms, nonprofit entities, and doing business, and poor regulatory quality that hamper growth and the public sector need timely, objective, accurate and reliable productivity, are some of the main factors that explain Puerto Rico’s information and insights to better inform their strategic planning economic stagnation.4 and other decision-making processes. This special V2A issue, the first of a series of issues, seeks to narrow this information gap Further intensifying Puerto Rico’s economic and humanitarian by providing a preliminary assessment and outlook under this woes is the government’s poor fiscal health and liquidity risks, new Post-Hurricane María reality. It also serves as a succinct, yet which limit the implementation of traditional countercyclical fiscal comprehensive one-stop read containing up-to-date and relevant measures. Overburdened by an over $70 billion debt load and an information from a variety of sources. additional $50 billion in unfunded pension liabilities, Puerto Rico filed for bankruptcy protection on May 1, 2017 under Title III of While the challenges ahead for Puerto Rico cannot be overstated the Puerto Rico Oversight, Management and Economic Stability and the post-disaster recovery and reconstruction process will likely Act (PROMESA) enacted on June 30, 2016.
    [Show full text]
  • Aerial Rapid Assessment of Hurricane Damages to Northern Gulf Coastal Habitats
    8786 ReportScience Title and the Storms: the USGS Response to the Hurricanes of 2005 Chapter Five: Landscape5 Changes The hurricanes of 2005 greatly changed the landscape of the Gulf Coast. The following articles document the initial damage assessment from coastal Alabama to Texas; the change of 217 mi2 of coastal Louisiana to water after Katrina and Rita; estuarine damage to barrier islands of the central Gulf Coast, especially Dauphin Island, Ala., and the Chandeleur Islands, La.; erosion of beaches of western Louisiana after Rita; and the damages and loss of floodplain forest of the Pearl River Basin. Aerial Rapid Assessment of Hurricane Damages to Northern Gulf Coastal Habitats By Thomas C. Michot, Christopher J. Wells, and Paul C. Chadwick Hurricane Katrina made landfall in southeast Louisiana on August 29, 2005, and Hurricane Rita made landfall in southwest Louisiana on September 24, 2005. Scientists from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) flew aerial surveys to assess damages to natural resources and to lands owned and managed by the U.S. Department of the Interior and other agencies. Flights were made on eight dates from August Introduction 27 through October 4, including one pre-Katrina, three post-Katrina, The USGS National Wetlands and four post-Rita surveys. The Research Center (NWRC) has a geographic area surveyed history of conducting aerial rapid- extended from Galveston, response surveys to assess Tex., to Gulf Shores, hurricane damages along the Ala., and from the Gulf coastal areas of the Gulf of of Mexico shoreline Mexico and Caribbean inland 5–75 mi Sea. Posthurricane (8–121 km).
    [Show full text]
  • Background Hurricane Katrina
    PARTPART 33 IMPACTIMPACT OFOF HURRICANESHURRICANES ONON NEWNEW ORLEANSORLEANS ANDAND THETHE GULFGULF COASTCOAST 19001900--19981998 HURRICANEHURRICANE--CAUSEDCAUSED FLOODINGFLOODING OFOF NEWNEW ORLEANSORLEANS •• SinceSince 1559,1559, 172172 hurricaneshurricanes havehave struckstruck southernsouthern LouisianaLouisiana ((ShallatShallat,, 2000).2000). •• OfOf these,these, 3838 havehave causedcaused floodingflooding inin NewNew thethe OrleansOrleans area,area, usuallyusually viavia LakeLake PonchartrainPonchartrain.. •• SomeSome ofof thethe moremore notablenotable eventsevents havehave included:included: SomeSome ofof thethe moremore notablenotable eventsevents havehave included:included: 1812,1812, 1831,1831, 1860,1860, 1915,1915, 1947,1947, 1965,1965, 1969,1969, andand 20052005.. IsaacIsaac MonroeMonroe ClineCline USWS meteorologist Isaac Monroe Cline pioneered the study of tropical cyclones and hurricanes in the early 20th Century, by recording barometric pressures, storm surges, and wind velocities. •• Cline charted barometric gradients (right) and tracked the eyes of hurricanes as they approached landfall. This shows the event of Sept 29, 1915 hitting the New Orleans area. • Storm or tidal surges are caused by lifting of the oceanic surface by abnormal low atmospheric pressure beneath the eye of a hurricane. The faster the winds, the lower the pressure; and the greater the storm surge. At its peak, Hurricane Katrina caused a surge 53 feet high under its eye as it approached the Louisiana coast, triggering a storm surge advisory of 18 to 28 feet in New Orleans (image from USA Today). StormStorm SurgeSurge •• The surge effect is minimal in the open ocean, because the water falls back on itself •• As the storm makes landfall, water is lifted onto the continent, locally elevating the sea level, much like a tsunami, but with much higher winds Images from USA Today •• Cline showed that it was then northeast quadrant of a cyclonic event that produced the greatest storm surge, in accordance with the drop in barometric pressure.
    [Show full text]
  • Persistent Hydrological Consequences of Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico
    RESEARCH LETTER Persistent Hydrological Consequences of Hurricane 10.1029/2018GL081591 Maria in Puerto Rico Special Section: P. W. Miller1,2 , A. Kumar1, T. L. Mote1 , F. D. S. Moraes1 , and D. R. Mishra1 The Three Major Hurricanes of 2017: Harvey, Irma and Maria 1Department of Geography, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA, 2Now at Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA Key Points: • Landscape vegetation metrics for Puerto Rico remained depressed Abstract In September 2017, Hurricane Maria severely defoliated Puerto Rico's landscape, coinciding below pre‐Maria values for with a series of persistent hydrological consequences involving the atmospheric, terrestrial, and marine approximately two months after components of the water cycle. During the defoliated period, the atmosphere's thermodynamic structure landfall 2 2 2 • Cloud and precipitation activity more strongly explained daily cloud activity (R PRE = 0.02; R POST = 0.40) and precipitation (R PRE = 0.19; demonstrated a stronger 2 R POST = 0.33) than before landfall, indicating that post‐Maria land‐atmosphere interactions were relationship to the atmospheric comparatively muted, with similar precipitation patterns also found following Hurricanes Hugo (1989) and thermodynamic profile during the defoliated period Georges (1998). Meanwhile, modeled post‐Maria runoff exceeded statistical expectations given the magnitude • Subsurface runoff responses to of contemporaneous precipitation. Enhanced runoff also coincided with greater sediment loads in nearshore rainfall and coastal suspended waters, increasing sediment content greater than twofold. This study offers a holistic narrative of sediment values remained elevated for two and four months, hydrospheric disturbance and recovery, whereby the instantaneous, large‐scale removal of vegetation is respectively accompanied by hydrologic changes “upstream” in the atmosphere and “downstream” in rivers and estuaries.
    [Show full text]
  • Hurricane Package
    Hurricane Manual This manual has been prepared in consideration and concern for all residents of the communities proudly managed by: Caribbean Property Management, Inc. 12301 SW 132 Ct., Miami, Florida 33186 Phone (305) 251-3848 Fax (305) 251-3849 www.caribbeanproperty.cc 2 | P a g e Safety Tips Before, During, and After the Storm Before the Hurricane Season Begins Develop a plan. Know your homes vulnerability to the threats above - surge, wind, and flooding. Check your supplies - water, batteries, food. For information on developing a Hurricane Supply kit, see our page on that topic. Know where you can evacuate to - friends, relatives, a hotel? Know when to take action - Watch vs Warning WATCH: Hurricane conditions are possible in the specified area of the WATCH, usually within 36 hours. WARNING: Hurricane conditions are expected in the specified area of the WARNING, usually within 24 hours. Remember that there is no such thing as a "minor hurricane." Category 1 and 2 hurricanes still can do significant damage. Prepare before a Watch or Warning is issued and be ready to evacuate when the Watch comes or earlier if so instructed. An Approaching Storm As a storm approaches, you should prepare your unit or house. Some things to consider: Turn down the temperature on your freezer and refrigerator as low as possible. This will buy you more time in the event of a power loss. 24 to 48 hours before will cool the food. Avoid opening them whenever possible. If you are evacuating, probably unnecessary. Before you evacuate, call at least one person out of state to let them know your plans.
    [Show full text]
  • Coastal Flood and Wind Event Summaries
    Coastal Flood and Wind Event Summaries ii Coastal Flood and Wind Event Summaries TABLE OF CONTENTS COASTAL FLOOD AND WIND EVENT SUMMARIES...................................................................... 1 North Atlantic Coast ................................................................................................................................. 1 Mid-Atlantic Coast .................................................................................................................................... 5 South Atlantic Coast ............................................................................................................................... 11 Gulf of Mexico Coast .............................................................................................................................. 19 U.S. Caribbean Territories ...................................................................................................................... 28 Great Lakes Coast ................................................................................................................................... 30 Pacific Coast ........................................................................................................................................... 32 Hawaii and U. S. Pacific Territories ....................................................................................................... 35 References ..............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Hurricane Categories.PDS
    Hurricane Categories, The Saffir-Simpson ScaleThe Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale is a 1-5 rating based on the hurricane's present intensity. The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale is a 1-5 rating based on the hurricane's present intensity. This is used to give an estimate of the potential property damage and flooding expected along the coast from a hurricane landfall. Wind speed is the determining factor in the scale, as storm surge values are highly dependent on the slope of the continental shelf in the landfall region. Note that all winds are using the U.S. 1-minute average. Category One Hurricane: Winds 74-95 mph (64-82 kt or 119-153 km/hr). Storm surge generally 4-5 ft above normal. No real damage to building structures. Damage primarily to unanchored mobile homes, shrubbery, and trees. Some damage to poorly constructed signs. Also, some coastal road flooding and minor pier damage. Hurricanes Allison of 1995 and Danny of 1997 were Category One hurricanes at peak intensity. Category Two Hurricane: Winds 96-110 mph (83-95 kt or 154-177 km/hr). Storm surge generally 6-8 feet above normal. Some roofing material, door, and window damage of buildings. Considerable damage to shrubbery and trees with some trees blown down. Considerable damage to mobile homes, poorly constructed signs, and piers. Coastal and low-lying escape routes flood 2-4 hours before arrival of the hurricane center. Small craft in unprotected anchorages break moorings. Hurricane Bonnie of 1998 was a Category Two hurricane when it hit the North Carolina coast, while Hurricane Georges of 1998 was a Category Two Hurricane when it hit the Florida Keys and the Mississippi Gulf Coast.
    [Show full text]
  • FEMA Mailout 16.5X8.5
    PAID PRST STD PERMIT 57 BILOXI, MS US POSTAGE Office of the Mayor April 2003 Dear Occupant: IMPORTANT Based upon information in the National Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) administered by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), your property has been determined to be located in or near the 100-year flood plain or in the 100-year coastal flood velocity zone, and is therefore Flood subject to periodic flooding. The definition of a 100-year flood plain and 100-year coastal flood velocity zone means that there is a one percent (1%) chance in one year of time that the potential elevation of a flood will reach the 100-year Information flood as indicated upon the FIRM Map. As such, the City of Biloxi believes it imperative that ENCLOSED property owners within these flood zone areas acquire a sufficient amount of flood insurance coverage to help offset the financial consequences of such flooding. The attached information is designed to help you take measures to protect your property. I encourage you to read it. If you would like additional information suggesting other property protection measures, please contact the Building Division Office at 435-6270 to schedule an appointment or Visit the City of Biloxi website the City of Biloxi Visit at http://biloxi.ms.us visit online at http://biloxi.ms.us. If you would like more information on flood prevention, FEMA or National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), please contact the Planning Division at 435-6266 or visit online at http://biloxi.ms.us. If I can be of assistance to you, please do not hesitate to call.
    [Show full text]
  • Hurricane Georges in the Gulf Coast I TABLE of CONTENTS
    FEMA 338/March 1999 Building Performance Assessment Report In The Gulf Coast …Building on Success Observations, NASA Recommendations, and Technical Guidance Federal Emergency Management Agency Mitigation Directorate Washington, DC and Region IV, Atlanta, Georgia The Building Performance Assessment Process In response to hurricanes, floods, earthquakes, and other disasters, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) often deploys Building Performance Assessment Teams (BPATs) to conduct field investigations at disaster sites. The members of a BPAT include representatives of public and private sector entities who are experts in specific technical fields such as structural and civil engineering, building design and construction, and building code develop- ment and enforcement. BPATs inspect disaster-induced damages incurred by residential and commercial buildings and other manmade structures; evaluate local design prac- tices, construction methods and materials, building codes, and building inspection and code enforcement processes; and make recommendations regarding design, construction, and code issues. With the goal of reducing the damage caused by future disasters, the BPAT process is an important part of FEMA’s hazard mitigation activities. For more information about the BPAT program or if you are interested in becoming a member, please visit our website at www.fema.gov/mit/bpat. FEMA 338/March 1999 BuildingBuilding PerformancePerformance AssessmentAssessment ReportReport Hurricane Georges... InIn TheThe GulfGulf CoastCoast …Building
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Perspective
    TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 2: Historial Perspective Table of Contents Page 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................2-1 2.2 Coastal Flood and Wind Events ...................................................2-1 2.2.1 Northeast Atlantic Coast .................................................2-1 2.2.2 Southeast Atlantic Coast and Caribbean ..........................2-8 2.2.3 Gulf of Mexico Coast ...................................................2-21 2.2.4 Pacific Coast ................................................................2-27 2.2.5 Hawaii and U.S. Pacific Territories ............................... 2-30 2.2.6 Great Lakes ..................................................................2-33 2.3 Lessons Learned .......................................................................2-35 2.3.1 Hazard Identification ....................................................2-35 2.3.2 Siting ...........................................................................2-37 2.3.3 Design .......................................................................... 2-38 2.3.4 Construction .................................................................2-40 2.3.5 Maintenance .................................................................2-41 2.4 References ................................................................................ 2-41 Figures Figure 2-1 1938 Hurricane. Schell Beach, Guilford, Connecticut, before and after the storm. ..............................................2-2 Figure
    [Show full text]
  • Hurricanes and Tropical Storms in the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba
    METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE NETHERLANDS ANTILLES AND ARUBA 1 CONTENTS Introduction. 3 Meteorological Service of the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba.. 4 Tropical cyclones of the North Atlantic Ocean. 5 Characteristics of tropical cyclones. 6 Frequency and development of Atlantic tropical cyclones.. 7 Classification of Atlantic tropical cyclones. 8 Climatology of Atlantic tropical cyclones.. 10 Wind and Pressure. 10 Storm Surge. 10 Steering. 11 Duration of tropical cyclones.. 11 Hurricane Season. 12 Monthly and annual frequencies of Atlantic tropical cyclones. 13 Atlantic tropical cyclone basin, areas of formation.. 14 Identification of Atlantic tropical cyclones. 15 Hurricane preparedness and disaster prevention. 16 Hurricane climatology of the Netherlands Antilles. 18 The Leeward (ABC) Islands. 18 The Windward (SSS) Islands. 20 Hurricane Donna and other past hurricanes. 20 Hurricane Luis. 20 Hurricane Lenny. 22 Disaster preparedness organization in the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba. 25 References. 27 Attachment I - Tropical cyclones passing within 100 NM of 12.5N 69.0W through December 31, 2009.. 28 Attachment II - Tropical cyclones passing within 100 NM of 17.5N 63.0W through December 31, 2009. 30 Attachment III - International Hurricane Scale (IHS). 36 Attachment IV - Saffir/Simpson Hurricane Scale (SSH). 37 Attachment V - Words of warning.. 38 Last Updated: April 2010 2 Introduction The Netherlands Antilles consist of five small islands, located in two different geographical locations. The Leeward Islands or so-called "Benedenwindse Eilanden", Bonaire and Curaçao near 12 degrees North, 69 degrees West along the north coast of Venezuela, and the Windward Islands or so-called "Bovenwindse Eilanden", Saba, St. Eustatius and St. Maarten near 18 degrees north, 63 degrees west in the island chain of the Lesser Antilles.
    [Show full text]