JT: <3L AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE VOL. 19. NO. 10 JOURNAL OCTOBER, 1942

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OCTOBER, 1942 Cover Picture U. S. Marine paratrooper descending. See page 571. j>ren?ier The United States Marine Corps By Brigadier General Robert L. Denig, VSMC.... 525 * FOOD PRODUCTS Commonly Used Abbreviations 528

Claims for Personal Losses 529

Office of War Information 580 V\ 1 HEREVER you go through¬

Efficiency Reports out the world you can enjoy By The Hon. Joseph C. Grew 532 PREMIER FOOD PRODUCTS. Tokyo Staff Photo 534 Let them follow you by availing

The Voyage of the Gripsholm yourself of Francis H. Leggett & By Frank P. Lockhart 535 Company’s PERSONALIZED INotes About Peru EXPORT SERVICE developed By George H. Butler 538 solely for the convenience of for¬ Reunion from Athens 541 eign service officers and their Editors’ Column 542 families.

The Riddle of Mr. Bendiner Not only will you enjoy the finest By Henry S. Villard 543 of American foods, selected and News from the Department By Jane Wilson 545 prepared according to most rigid standards, but you will be assured News from the Field 548 of efficient service down to the mi¬ The Bookshelf Francis C. de Wolf, Review Editor 550 nutest details of packing and ship¬ ping. Scholarships 552 Service Glimpses 553 Many foreign service families have Superman, Microphotographer for years enjoyed the convenience By Jane Wilson 554 of this service. We invite your The Qualifications of a Minister 556 correspondence with reference to it.

Harry A. Havens 564

Marriages 572 Address: EXPORT DIVISION Births 574 In Memoriam 574 Visitors 575 ■RANCIS |J. LEGGETT & (OMPANY

Issued monthly by the American Foreign Service Associa¬ HUDSON RIVER, 27TH TO 28TH STREETS tion, Department of State, Washington, D. C. Entered as NEW YORK CITY, N. Y., U. S. A. second-class matter at the Post Office in Washington, D. C., under the act of March 3, 1879.

OCTOBER, 1942 521 "ROYAL SCARLET” A NAME THAT DENOTES EXQUISITE QUALITY AND DELICIOUS FLAVOR IN FOOD PRODUCTS Established 1811

One hundred and thirty-one years of sus¬ For several years we have supplied a good tained quality and dependable service have number of our Embassies, Consulates and created for us a reputation that we prize Legations throughout the world. Therefore, we are thoroughly acquainted with this par¬ highly and guard jealously. The responsi¬ ticular type of trade and are prepared to bility this reputation for excellence places render the most efficient service. upon us is your best guarantee of matchless Investigate our service without any obliga¬ purity and downright goodness in every tion to buy—Address your inquiry or order package on which we place our label. to:

EXPORT DEPARTMENT R. C. WILLIAMS & CO., 25TH STREET AND 10TH AVENUE NEW YORK CITY, N. Y.

R. C. WILLIAMS & CO., INC. NEW YORK CITY, N. Y. NEW YORK CITY LIC. LL No. I

We carry a complete line of wines and liquors, both domestic and imported. Our Export De¬ partment is in a position and willing to handle all shipping details. We are confident of our ability to fill your requirements to your complete satisfaction and hope you will afford us the opportunity of shipping you a trial order. If any information is required, please communi¬ cate with our Export Department.

522 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL INDEX FOR ADVERTISERS

American Export Lines. 567

American Security and Trust Company . 557 i Association of Pacific. Fisheries 576

Aviation Corporation, The II COVER

Bacardi, Santiago de Cuba 523

“Blue Print for Victory” 575 >** Bowling Green Storage & Van Co 566

Campbell, The W. I). Co 576

Chase National Bank 574

Firestone Tire and Rubber Co . 524

Fessenden School, The 520

Grace Line 561 Harris & Ewing 563 !e brat itiq International Telephone & Telegraph Co. 559 Leggett, Francis H. & Co. 521 our Mayflower Hotel 564 National City Bank 571

National Geographic Magazine ...... 558

Pan-American Airways, Inc 569

Schenley Products 562 Security Storage Company of Washington 557 if ears Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc. 560

Southern Engraving Co 570 This is the 80th Anniversary of BACARDI —that golden bond between the Americas. St. Moritz, The III COVER When you serve BACARDI, you serve the Texaco Petroleum Products 568 best. When you drink BACARDI, you drink 20th Century Fox Film , 565 the best. That has been our idea since 1862. We will be glad to facilitate shipment of BACARDI Tyner, Miss E. J. 575 to any locality not served by local agents or dealers. United Fruit Company 574

United States Fidelity and Guaranty Company 576

Waldorf-Astoria Hotel IV COVER UARum 89 Proof—Companiu CARP/ "Ron Bacardi," S. A. Santiago de Cuba Williams, R. C. and Co., Inc 522

Westinghouse Electric International Co. 573

Please mention THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL LAS AMERICAS SALVARAN LA UBERTAD when writing to advertisers. THE AMERICAS WILL SAVE LIBERTY

OCTOBER, 1942 523 &4£t Gut FOR VICTORY AT Tiresfone WAR PRODUCTS To the men and women of the Firestone organization, whose loyalty, skill, and efficiency have won the nation’s highest MANUFACTURED industrial tribute, we extend our sincere appreciation of the fine BY FIRESTONE spirit and whole-hearted cooperation which merited these Army- Navy Production Awards.

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Copyright, 1942. The Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. THE

FOREIGN JOURNAL rf? PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION

VOL. 19, No. 10 WASHINGTON, D. C. OCTOBER, 1942

The United States Marine Corps “Soldiers of the Sea”

By BRIGADIER GENERAL ROBERT L. DENIG, U.S.M.C.

ft | 7* IRST TO FIGHT!” has been the proud byword Because the Marine Corps has been, and certainly of the Marine Corps during all the 167 years still is, a small self-contained army of sea-fighters, of its valiant history. fully equipped to fight in any climate regardless of World War II had scarcely begun for America terrain, its men are intensely trained in all phases of when the whole nation was aware that the Marines sea, land and air warfare. were living up to their heritage of being always Its special spheres of activity in the operational ready and always faithful. picture of American armed services at war include At Wake, Pearl Harbor, Bataan and in the Solo¬ four major functions: mon Islands, the Japs learned to fear the fighting 1. The primary mission of the modern Marines is fury of the Leatherneck Corps, just as all enemies to act as an accompanying land force for the of the United States have. And, as the war pro¬ fleet in naval warfare. gresses, the Marines will tell our enemies in cold 2. In addition to being an accompanying expedi¬ steel why the Devil Dogs are first on land, sea tionary force for the fleet, the Marines establish and air. and fortify land bases from which the fleet can Although only approximately 64,000 strong when operate. the Japanese struck, the Corps had more than 3. Marines help to “fight” the ships of the fleet as doubled its strength by June of 1942. members of the Marine guard aboard capital Because the Marine Corps is a professional body ships in manning secondary batteries, such as of fighters, a tremendous amount of its time during the antiaircraft guns. the years since World War I has been spent in in¬ 4. Marine forces serve as garrisons for the differ¬ tensive training, developing and experimenting with ent Navy yards and naval establishments within its weapons and methods. As a result, the men of and beyond the continental limits of the United the Marine Corps are in battle today or ready to States. defend shore stations with the most modern weapons To increase its proficiency both as an offensive from small side arms to 155 millimeter howitzers. and a defensive force, particularly in the vital phase The Corps uses the latest techniques of lightning of ship-to-shore action and the holding of seized mobile warfare including Raider Battalions, para¬ bases, the Marine Corps has greatly improved both chute troops (Paramarines), glider troops, tank and the strength and variety of its weapons and tactical amphibious tractor battalions and other unusual units. The Raider Battalion and the Defense Bat¬ modern developments including defense battalions talion are prime examples of such improvements. fully equipped with heavy caliber guns and other THE RAIDER BATTALION, long a closely protective weapons for defense. guarded secret of the Marine Corps, is a compact,

OCTOBER, 1942 525 A U. S. Marine Corps glider pilot undergoing instruction in this phase of aerial defense, at Parris Island, S. C., pre¬ pares for a take-off.

swift-striking unit. Raiders are to amphibious war¬ munition dumps, airports, railheads and highway fare what parachute troops are to land operations. junctions, they spread death and destruction to the Specialists in death, destruction and demolition, enemy. the Marine Corps Raiders are rigorously trained in Paramarines must be between 21 and 32 years close-range fighting with the knife and the bayonet, old and weigh between 135 and 190 pounds. These night attacks, surprise landings and rubber boat op¬ Marines are of average height and weight and must erations. go through a very strenuous six weeks’ course. En¬ Marine Raiders carried out the attack on Makin listed men in the Paramarines receive $50 a month Island in the Gilbert group on August 17, 1942, pay in addition to basic pay. Training of Para¬ in which a Japanese sea plane base, radio com¬ marines began in the Marine Corps in 1940 and munications and munitions were destroyed in a hit- has expanded rapidly. and-run raid. GLIDER TRAINING in the Marine Corps has THE DEFENSE BATTALION is a heavily been in operation since the summer of 1941 at Page gunned outfit, equipped with automatic weapons of Field, Parris Island, S. C. The rigid training course all calibers — anti-tank, anti-boat, and anti-aircraft, lasts five weeks. Every glider pilot must make 1,000 and is designed to hold advance bases for the Navy take-offs and landings before becoming a glider against possible enemy attack or counter-attack after pilot. the position has been taken and consolidated by the During their course, the officers are taught to Fleet Marine Force landing party. handle gliders, either singly or in tandem and to PARAMARINES, the parachute troops of the fly the “tow” ship. Precision landings and “free Marine Corps, constitute one of the world’s most flight,” traveling alone by wind and compass, also potent attack forces. Garbed in heavy cloth jump¬ are stressed. ers, loose-fitting trousers tucked into leather boots “COMBAT CORRESPONDENTS” are a new and three pieces of headgear — leather, plastic and breed of American journalists. The task of these steel helmets — the Paramarines “bail out” at low “fighter-reporters” of the Marine Corps is to re¬ altitudes from their carrier plane at the rate of ten port Marine action on all the battlefronts of the in five seconds. world to the folks back home. They are trained to They are on the ground and ready to fight in a fight first and write the account of the action after¬ few minutes after leaving their plane. Equipped to wards. land behind enemy lines to destroy or capture am¬ Newspaper and newsreel photographers work in

526 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL teams with the reporter Combat Correspondents to sisting of Marine infantry, artillery, aviation, tank, send back to the U. S. complete eye-witness stories raider, parachute, engineer, signal, motor transport, and picture coverage on all Marine Corps activities amphibious tractor and other units. overseas. BRANCHES OF SERVICE for enlisted men in ORGANIZATION — The Marine Corps is under the Marine Corps are seven in number — line, avia¬ the command of a Marine general officer appointed tion, mess, musician, paymaster, quartermaster, sig¬ by the President, having the title of Commandant nal and radio. No promise for assignment to any and the rank of Lieutenant General. The Com¬ special duty is given since Marines are all volun¬ mandant, Lieutenant General Thomas Holcomb, teers and are required to enlist for general service. USMC, is under the authority of the Secretary of Upon completion of basic training enlisted men may the Navy. request assignment to one of the seven branches. Marine Corps headquarters is located in the Navy Assignments depend upon the aptitude and ability Building, Arlington Annex, Washington, D. C. The of the applicant and upon current vacancies. three major staff departments in the Corps are the Upon enlisting, Marines are sent for basic train¬ Paymaster Department, the Quartermaster Depart¬ ing to “boot camp for a seven-week period either ment and the Adjutant and Inspector Department. at Parris Island, S. C., or San Diego, California. In addition to the three staff departments, there are Following that the men are attached to the Fleet located at Headquarters the Division of Plans and Marine Force or sent to their specialty schools. The Policies, the Division of Aviation, the Division of Fleet Marine Force training center for the East Recruiting, the Division of Reserve, the Division of coast is New River, N. C., while its West coast Personnel, the Division of Public Relations and the training base is at Camp Elliott, San Diego, Cali¬ various boards. fornia. The Fleet Marine Force is composed of all the The headquarters for Reserve officers’ training expeditionary and tactical units in the Corps, con¬ (Continued on page 558)

CHARGE—These Marine re¬ cruits are shown during ma¬ neuvers in the “Boon Docks” of Parris Island. As in most instances the man in the fore¬ ground is throwing himself wholeheartedly into the train¬ ing.

A group of U. S. Marines con. ceal an inflated rubber boat in foliage to prevent discov¬ ery of their presence and po¬ sition in enemy territory.

Official U. S. Marine Corps Photos Commonly I sed Abbreviations

AAA—Agricultural Adjustment Agency. ODT—Office of Defense Transportation. ACAA—Agricultural Conservation and Adjustment OEM—Office for*Emergency Management. Administration. OFF—Office of Facts and Figures.® AMA—Agricultural Marketing Administration. OGR—Office of Government Reports3 ARA—Agricultural Research Administration. OLLA—Office of Lend-Lease Administration ASC—Army Specialist Corps. OOC—Office of Censorship. BAE—Bureau of Agricultural Economics. OPA—Office of Price Administration. BEW—Board of Economic Warfare. OPCW—Office of Petroleum Coordinator for War. OPM—Office of Production Management.4 BLS—Bureau of Labor Statistics. OSFCW—Office of Solid Fuels Coordinator for BPI—Bureau of Public Inquiries. War. BWC—Board of War Communications. OSRD—Office of Scientific Research and Develop¬ CAA—Civil Aeronautics Administration. ment. CAB—Civil Aeronautics Board. CCC—Civilian Conservation Corps or Commodity OSS—Office of Strategic Services. Credit Corporation. OWI—Office of War Information. CCS—Combined Chiefs of Staff. PBA—Public Buildings Administration. PRA—Public Roads Administration. COI—Coordinator of Information.1 PWA—Public Works Administration. DPC—Defense Plant Corporation. REA—Rural Electrification Administration. DSC—Defense Supplies Corporation. EHFA—Electric Home and Farm Authority. RFC—Reconstruction Finance Corporation. FBI—Federal Bureau of Investigation. RRB—Railroad Retirement Board. FCA—Farm Credit Administration. RRC—Rubber Reserve Company. FCC—Federal Communications Commission. SCS—Soil Conservation Service. FCIC—Federal Crop Insurance Corporation. SEC—Securities and Exchange Commission. FDA—Food and Drug Administration. SPAB—Supply Priorities and Allocations Board’’ FDA—Food and Drug Administration. SSB—Social Security Board. FDIC—Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. SSS—Selective Service System. FHA—Federal Housing Administration. TV A—Tennessee Valley Authority. FHLBA—Federal Home Loan Bank Administration. USCG—United States Coast Guard. USDA—United States Department of Agriculture. FLA—Federal Loan Agency.2 FPC—Federal Power Commission. USECC—United States Employees’ Compensation FPHA—Federal Public Housing Authority. Commission. FSA—Farm Security Administration or Federal Se¬ USES—United States Employment Service. curity Agency. USHA—United States Housing Authority. FTC—Federal Trade Commission. USIS—United States Information Service3 FWA—Federal Works Agency. USMC—United States Marine Corps. GAO—General Accounting Office. WAAC—Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps. GPO—Government Printing Office. WAVES—Women Appointed for Volunteer Emer¬ HOLC—Home Owners’ Loan Corporation. gency Service (Women’s Reserve, U. ICC—Interstate Commerce Commission. S. Naval Reserve). MRC—Metals Reserve Company. WDC—War Damage Corporation. NACA—National Advisory Committee for Aero¬ WMC—War Manpower Commission. nautics. WPA—Work Projects Administration. NDAC—National Defense Advisory Commission. WPB—War Production Board. NHA—National Housing Agency. WRA—War Relocation Authority. NLRB—National Labor Relations Board. WSA—War Shipping Administration. NRPB—National Resources Planning Board. NWLB—National War Labor Board. 1 Functions transferred to OWI and OSS. NY A—National Youth Administration. -functions transferred to Department of Commerce and NHA. OAPC—Office of Alien Property Custodian. 3Obsorbed by OWI. OAWR—Office for Agricultural War Relations. 4Obsorbed by WPB. OCD—Office of Civilian Defense. ’’Succeeded by WPB.

528 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Claims for Personal Losses

DEPARTMENTAL ORDER 1082 or destroyed as a consequence of the performance (AMENDING DEPARTMENTAL ORDER of duties under the direction of the Department of NO. 532*4) State; (b) When it appears that such private property In order to facilitate the preparation of claims was lost, damaged or destroyed in consequence of for personal losses of officers and employees of the its owner having given his attention to the saving Foreign Service for such legislative action as may of human life or property belonging to the United be desirable as soon as possible after such claims States which was in danger at the same time and un¬ arise, a Claim Board is hereby established, to con¬ der similar circumstances; sist of (c) When during travel under orders such pri¬ 1. The Assistant Secretary of State designated vate property, including the regulation allowance of as Budget Officer; baggage, transferred by a common carrier, or other¬ 2. The Legal Adviser; wise transported by the proper agent or agency of 3. The Chief of the Division of Foreign Service the United States Government is lost, damaged or Administration. destroyed; but recoupment, or commutation in The Board will at once proceed to the considera¬ these circumstances, where the property was trans¬ tion of claims for personal losses which are pending ported by a common carrier shall be limited to the in the Department and report their findings as to extent of such loss, damage or destruction over and the justness and reasonableness of each claim to the above the amount recovered from said carrier; and Secretary of State with a recommendation as to the that no claim under this category shall be favorably action deemed to be desirable. considered where the claimant has failed to exhaust Each member of the Board is authorized to dele¬ his legal remedies against the common carrier. gate to a member of his staff the work of consid¬ (d) When such private property is destroyed or ering claims, but shall assume responsibility for captured by the enemy or is destroyed to prevent its the conclusions reached and sign the report to be falling into the hands of the enemy, or is abandoned submitted to the Secretary of State. on account of lack of transportation or by reason The members of the Board will be guided in their of emergency requiring its abandonment, or is work by the following regulations: otherwise lost under warlike conditions. (e) When such private property is lost, destroyed REGULATIONS or damaged by a catastrophe of nature. Claims of Diplomatic, Consular, or Foreign In determining what is negligence, the Board will Service Officers and Personnel for Private Prop¬ take into consideration whether the failure of the erty Lost, Damaged or Destroyed in the For¬ claimant to carry insurance on his property should, eign Service. in the circumstances, constitute negligence. Section 1. Where private property belonging to Section 2. The liability of the Government shall diplomatic, consular, or Foreign Service officers, be limited to damage or loss of such sums of money clerks or employees and their families, whether in or such articles of personal property as the Claim active service or retired or resigned, including all Board shall decide or declare to be reasonable, use¬ household articles and clothing which they may ful, necessary and proper for officers, clerks and have owned or used during the time that they held employees of the Foreign Service to have in their such appointments as officers, clerks or employees, possession while in the public service in the line of and their families, is lost, damaged or destroyed in duty. It is distinctly to be understood, however, the course of their service, its value shall be ap¬ that no claim on account of losses occurring within praised for submission to Congress with a recom¬ the United States shall be allowed, except where the mendation for relief of the owner as hereinafter claimant is traveling under orders between the Unit¬ provided, when such loss, damage, or destruction ed States and a foreign post. has occurred without fault or negligence on the Section 3. The Claim Board will examine into, part of the owner in any of the following circum¬ ascertain and determine the value of such property stances : lost, destroyed, captured or abandoned as specified (a) When such private property is lost, damaged (Continued on page 572)

OCTOBER, 1942 529 Office of War Information

THE Office of War Information, under Director President’s directive the O.W.I. now clears all do¬ Elmer Davis, is serving as the people’s advocate mestic newspaper releases relative to the war and amid the increasing complexities on every sector all foreign releases except those to Central and of the civilian front. South America. “This is a people’s war,” Mr. Davis has said, M. E. Eisenhower, Associate Director, is in charge “and to win it the people should know as much of general administration of O.W.I. Mr. Davis and about it as they can. This office will do its best Mr. Eisenhower, with three assistant directors, form to tell the truth and nothing but the truth, both at the War Information Board, which develops the in¬ home and abroad. Military information that would formation policies of the government and formu¬ aid the enemy must be withheld; but within that lates the general programs necessary for an en¬ limitation we shall try to give the people a clear, lightened public opinion on the whole progress of complete and accurate picture.” the war. Archibald MacLeish, Librarian of Con¬ The program of the Office of War Information is gress, is Assistant Director for General Planning clear and fundamental. Mr. Davis’s obligation is and Policy Development. Five deputies working first of all merely to get more news to the public, with him serve as liaison officers between the O.W.I. news good and bad, inspiring and sobering. The and the policy-forming officials of the war agencies, Office of War Information believes in the traditional as well as representatives of the United Nations. tough quality of the American people. In the role To provide the War Information Board with data of people’s advocate the Office of War Information relative to information problems, R. Keith Kane is will attempt to secure the release of more and more chief of a Bureau of Intelligence within Mr. Mac¬ information throughout the vital home front. Leish’s policy Development Branch. Hardly less important in the aims of the Office Gardner Cowles, Jr., President of the Des Moines of War Information is the elimination of confusion Register and Tribune and Look Magazine, is Assist¬ in statements bearing upon the nation’s war effort. ant Director for Domestic Information. Mr. Cowles Working with representatives appointed from each has general supervision over all O.W.I. operations federal department and agency concerned with the involved in preparing, coordinating, and disseminat¬ war, the O.W.I. is attempting to procure for the ing information within the continental limits of the people a comprehensive picture of the United States United States. Robert Horton is chief of the News government at war, a picture undistorted by simul¬ Bureau within the Domestic Information Branch. taneous and sometimes conflicting statements from The Bureau clears all news releases which cut across many sources. the lines of several departments and agencies, but The Davis organization seeks also to tell the the exercise of this authority in no way curbs the American people the nature of their friends and of regular activities of newspaper correspondents. Re¬ their enemies. Common aims among democratic porters still cover their normal beats and go directly peoples are vital to their conduct of the war. The to government officials for news. Army and Navy Office of War Information reports upon the co¬ communiques continue to come from the War and operative efforts of the United Nations and keeps Navy Departments, and individual agencies release Americans conscious of the developing shape of a to the public information which relates exclusively post-war world. The O.W.I. also publicizes the na¬ to their authorized activities. ture of the enemy, his blueprints for a totalitarian The Radio Bureau, under its chief, William B. world order, and examples of his methods in the Lewis, former Vice-President of the Columbia occupied countries. Broadcasting System, reviews and clears all pro¬ Into the over-all organization of the Office of posed radio programs sponsored by government War Information, created by Executive Order on groups, allocates their time, and serves as a central June 15, have gone the Office of Government Re¬ clearance point for the broadcasting industry in its ports, the Office of Facts and Figures, the foreign relationships with federal departments and agencies. news section of the Office of the Coordinator of Lowell Mellett, Chief of the Bureau of Motion Pic¬ Information, and the information agencies of the tures, supervises government contacts with the mo¬ Office for Emergency Management. Under the tion picture industry, theatrical and non-theatrical.

530 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL The Bureau pro¬ Robert Sherwood, duces motion pic¬ the playwright, is tures and approves Assistant Director all proposals for for Overseas Infor¬ the distribution of mation. Mr. Sher¬ motion pictures wood supervises from federal de¬ t h e dissemination partments. of information to John R. Flem¬ all foreign coun¬ ing’s Bureau of tries except those Publications and in Central and Graphics is respon¬ South America, sible for all domes¬ which are still be¬ tic printing, and all ing served by the distribution except Office of the Co¬ the distribution of ordinator of Inter- news releases. The American Affairs. Bureau prepares Joseph Barnes is and issues publi¬ Chief of the Inter¬ cations on every national Press and phase of the issues Radio Bureau, with involved in a world Director Elmer Davis. offices in New at war. Axis meth¬ York. His bureau ods of setting ally against ally and creating distrust is in charge of the monitoring of American short¬ of one another among democratic peoples are set wave broadcasts, the analysis of enemy radio propa¬ forth in Divide and Conquer, an O.W.I. pamphlet. ganda, the dissemination of radio news abroad, and The Unconquered People reminded U. S. citizens the review or preparation of radio scripts for for¬ that the peoples of occupied Europe are fighting eign language broadcasts. Edward Stanley’s Bureau back. A recent O.W.I. publication, The Thousand of Overseas Publications, also in New York, prepares Million, presents the simple facts about our allies information about America, the American way of in the United Nations. Other publications are in life, and the American war effort for dissemination preparation. abroad. For this purpose the Bureau uses pam¬ The Bureau of Publications and Graphics also re¬ phlets, books, movies, and other media. views the publications of other federal departments Harold Guinzburg’s Outpost Bureau, with head¬ in an effort to coordinate the mass of information quarters in Washington, maintains liaison connec¬ reaching the people. It clears all speeches and ad¬ tions between 0. W. I. and friendly and neutral dresses by the heads of federal agencies and other countries. It cooperates with United Nations mili¬ policy-forming officials of the government. It pre¬ tary forces in conducting morale work in foreign pares special materials to aid the Office of Civilian countries and determines the world-wide reaction to Defense in promoting free discussion of important the information programs issued by the United war problems. The Graphics Section clears all States, the United Nations, and the enemy. The posters and other graphics relating to the war effort. Bureau of Communications Facilities, under Mur¬ Included in the Domestic Information Branch are ray Brophy, supervises all technical communica¬ the Bureaus of Special Operations and Public In¬ tions facilities of the Overseas Branch, including quiries. The Bureau of Special Operations provides short- and medium-wave radio. an information service for the foreign language The Office of War Information, hoping to put an press and radio in the United States and serves as a end to the conflicting statements on the war which clearance point for all federal agencies and the have confused the public mind, believes in giving various branches of the advertising industry. Wher¬ the complete truth to the people as rapidly as pos¬ ever the O.W.I. comes into contact with organized sible. Much of 0. W. I.’s work is designed to bring groups in the United States, the Special Operations different agencies into agreement before a given is¬ Bureau plays an important part. To perform the sue comes to the state of publication. But in this or duties handled in the past by the U. S. Information any other operational process, the open-door policy Service of the O.G.R., the Public Inquiries Bureau in giving news to the American public is a basic is endeavoring to provide accurate information in principle with O.W.I. The organization will gauge Washington and elsewhere in response to specific the success of its efforts by a fundamental yardstick: inquiries from the public. Do the people know all they can about their war?

OCTOBER, 1942 531 Efficiency Reports

By THE HONORABLE JOSEPH C. GREW Statement read to the members of the immediate staff of the Embassy in Tokyo, November 10, 1941.

AT this time, when we from at least some of L. are working under In publishing this excellent paper, the JOURNAL my former chiefs and strain on big issues, it is has been asked to stress the timeliness of Ambassador have tried to emulate difficult to shift our at¬ Grew’s comments, since the bi-annual efficiency rating them in at least some of tention to what might list is shortly to be compiled. Although the ratings will not be effective until January 1, 1943, the For¬ their methods, I am not appear to be the com¬ eign Service Personnel Board (Messrs. Shaw, Chair¬ in favor of showing the paratively trivial subject man; Berle and Acheson) will meet in this connec¬ actual reports to the of efficiency reports. I tion before then; and Chiefs of Mission and principal members of my staff, do not, however, regard consular officers who have not already done so are urged to pay their debts in this matter in good sea¬ principally because these the subject as trivial, be¬ son, in order that each officer may receive full con¬ reports are matters of cause the periodic pro¬ sideration. They should bear in mind Diplomatic confidence between the motion of members of Serial 2845 of October 19, 1937, and should prepare reporting officer and the the staff is a matter of on each officer a convincing account that will be just to the Department, to the officer, and to his Department, and they in¬ concern not only to me colleagues. During the war, when officers are per¬ evitably deal with cer¬ personally but, where forming under hazardous conditions and when special tain matters which, in morale is concerned, to missions are successful almost in direct degree to the my opinion, should lie the Embassy itself, and success of Foreign Service officers in clearing the exclusively between the way for them, it is more important than ever that a to a certain extent pro¬ precise and rigorous standard in efficiency reporting reporting officer and the motion depends upon be maintained.—THE EDITORS. Department. these reports. The whole On the other hand, it system of efficiency re¬ is reasonable and proper ports is, in my opinion, that the members of the unsatisfactory, because the system depends too staff should know of some of the particular con¬ much on the personal equation and objectivity siderations which enter into the preparation of of the reporting officer which may vary at dif¬ these reports and which guide and influence the ferent posts, but it is probably the only practical reporting officer in his appraisals. I have told system available and therefore must be taken seri¬ the Department that it is not my habit in my re¬ ously, and of course it is supplemented by the De¬ lations with my staff, as it is the habit of some partment’s appraisal of the work of individual offi¬ chiefs in my experience, to play the policeman cers as revealed to some extent in their initialed or the taskmaster. I prefer to sketch out in general despatch writing and by sidelights from other terms the character of the work desired and expect¬ sources. ed, and then to leave to the individual officers, save With considerable labor and a great deal of most in so far as specific assignments, criticism or gui¬ careful thought and deliberation the efficiency re¬ dance may be called for, the application of their ports on the members of this staff have been com¬ own initiative, imagination, industry and resource¬ pleted for the current year and will go to the De¬ fulness in carrying out their chancery work and partment in the next pouch. other activities. Please carefully note and remem¬ I once served under a most kindly and benignant ber those terms: initiative, imagination, industry chief who called us in one day just before the lunch and resourcefulness. hour. It was at one of our two or three most im¬ Let me say at once that I have not been dis¬ portant Embassies and the staff was composed, as appointed. On the contrary I am exceedingly proud most Embassy staffs were in those days, of three of my staff, the sound and effective work that it is officers, a first, second and third secretary. The doing and the concrete results and accomplishments Ambassador said to us: “Gentlemen, I have before achieved under the most difficult surrounding cir¬ me your annual efficiency reports. I place them in cumstances. I have sympathized and do sympathize my top drawer. As you observe, I do not lock the with all of you in the heavy handicaps which you drawer. Good day, gentlemen.” And the Ambassa¬ are encountering, especially with those of you who dor departed. are separated from your wives and families. That But while I have learned much by experience is one handicap which I myself, rightly or wrongly,

.532 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL am spared, but this has not in any degree lessened us the classic phrase “grave consequences and its my full appreciation of what this handicap means results. That illustration envisages the broader as¬ to you. I earnestly hope — and this is a matter pects of precision, but it has its perhaps more trivial which is seldom out of my thoughts — that the aspects too, and I am frankly surprised at the num¬ time may very soon arrive when this particular ber of papers that come across my desk containing handicap may be overcome. In the meantime you glaring errors, sometimes in spelling or grammar have all my respect for the way in which you are or punctuation or incompleteness of a document, carrying on without complaint in a situation which sometimes mere typographical mistakes. Officers tests a man’s inmost fibre. sometimes say that they are not adept at so-called Now just a few of the considerations which have proof-reading, but my impression is that those offi¬ entered into these efficiency reports. cers are reluctant to take the time and to make the Initiative. That means exploration, study, con¬ effort and to exercise the extra care, since they lack structive thought as revealed in the papers from that facility, to develop that facility. I do not like members of the staff that come across my desk in slap-dash methods, and I feel that it should be a the form of memoranda, suggested telegrams, draft matter of professional pride with every officer to despatches, and as revealed in many other ways. withhold his initials from any document until he is My reaction to these various papers is not always satisfied that that document is as nearly perfect as directly conveyed to the drafting officer, but none is he himself is capable of making it perfect. Proof¬ overlooked; whether used or not, they all register. reading and careful examination of documents of a I particularly value work done on the initiative of routine character is a job which, especially at busy- any officer, apart from specific assignments, as re¬ moments, should not be required of a chief of mis¬ vealing exploration, study and constructive thought. sion, yet I find myself under the necessity of con¬ We are a team—I venture to believe a very effec¬ tinually doing that job. By experience I have tive team—and the cumulative effectiveness of that learned that the initials of certain officers on a doc¬ team depends in large measure upon the initiative, ument are a guarantee of the perfection of that doc¬ imagination, industry and resourcefulness of each ument and I pass it with merely a cursory glance; individual member of the team. Ihe field offered in in the case of the initials of certain other officers, I Tokyo is always ful of opportunities for such work know that I must proof-read, and always do so. and it presents almost limitless subjects for useful Please remember: an infinite capacity for detail is reports stimulated by constant thought, investiga¬ essential in the Foreign Service. Attention to the tion, study and the use of initiative and imagination. smaller things need not divert our attention from Contacts. I have informed the staff of my wish to the bigger things. receive concrete returns from their contacts outside Artistry. Here again, slap-dash methods are out of the Embassy in the form of memoranda of con¬ of place in our profession. Precision is essential; versations held or heard. Under present conditions artistry is the cream. At tense and busy moments, such contacts with Japanese cannot unfortunately be there is not always time for artistry, but it should greatly developed or extended, or sometimes even always be cultivated. I look on the preparation of continued, owing to the chauvinistic trend in the a letter or note or telegram or despatch as on the country, but opportunities for such contacts some¬ painting of a picture, first the broad strokes and then times still occur and I profit by reports arising from the fitting in of the detail to create a well-balanced such contacts. So far as it can be done without and, if possible, a graceful whole. If time offers, it causing embarrassment, efforts should still be made is well to work over these details until the final re¬ to broaden the field of such individual contacts, both sult gives satisfaction. How many papers have I with Japanese and with diplomats and other for¬ seen written which defeat their objective at the start eigners. This is not a question of seeking out only by creating upon the reader an unsympathetic or those persons who happen to prove personally con¬ eroneous impression. Courtesy in expression can genial. From some members of the staff I receive still be used even in administering a rebuke, yet all helpful returns from such contacts; from other mem¬ too often courtesy in expression is lacking even when bers of the staff I receive such returns seldom or no rebuke is intended and the recipient receives the never. Such returns are carefully noted . impression of a rebuke. Artistry means precision, Precision. This is a matter to which I attach im¬ cohesion, balance and, added to those essentials, a portance, for in few professions is precision and gracefulness and courtesy of expression which de¬ what may be called “an infinite capacity for detail” termines the tone of the whole and, often, the re¬ of greater importance than in diplomacy. An un¬ cipient’s reaction thereto. We must not be so spar¬ considered word or phrase may alter the whole tone ing, as are some bureaucrats, of the use of an occa¬ of a communication and convey an undesired, some¬ sional courteous phrase. We need not create the im- times even a dangerous impression. We have before (Continued on page 572) 533 OCTOBER, 1942 THE INTERNED STAFF OF THE AMERICAN EMBASSY, TOKYO, APRIL, 1942

Boltom row, seated, left to right: Lt. Col. Stanton Babcock, Asst. Military Attache; H. M. Benninghoff, 2nd Secretary; William Tuner, 2nd Secretary; Edward S. Crocker, 1st Secretary; Cynthia Smith-IIutton; Mrs. Jane Smith-Hutton; Commander Henri Smith-Hutton, Naval Attache; Eugene H. Dooman, Counsel¬ lor; Mrs. Grew; Ambassador Grew; Col. Harry Cresswell, Military Attache; Frank S. William, Commercial Attache; George A. Makinson, 1st Secretary; C. E. Bollen, 2nd Secretary; Mrs. Jane Slavens; Stanley Slavens, Consul; Major Archie Stewart, Asst. Military Attache.

2nd row, left to right: Mrs. Eleanor Cole; Donald W. Lamm, Vice Consul; Robert Feary, the Ambassador’s Secretary; James Espy, 3rd Secretary; Charles Cooper, 3rd Secretary; Carl Boehringer, Asst. Commercial Attache; Major Dana Johnston, Asst. Military Attache; Major Carl Gould, Asst. Military Attache; Lt. Com¬ mander Stone, Asst. Naval Attache; David Thomasson, Vice Consul; David Ray, Language Officer; Glenn Bruner, Vice Consul; Embassy translator, wife and child; Charles Faust, building custodian.

3rd row, left to right: Thelma Williams, consular c'erk; Mrs. Maeda Playfair, Embassy clerk; Mrs. Charles Faust; John Burnett, code clerk; Mrs. Nina Tiso; George Tiso, Embassy clerk; Beatrice Comean, Embassy clerk; Michael Shathin, Warner Bros, representative in Japan; Otis Rhoades, Vice Consul; Miss Ruth Kelly, Embassy clerk; Marion Arnold, private secretary to the Ambassador; Marion Glaser, Embassy clerk; Carrie McMahan, clerk, Military Attache’s office; Lewis Pepperman, United Artists representative in Japan; Mr. Quine, messenger; Miss Hirata, clerk.

Back row, left to right: George Arikawa, consular clerk; Lillian Gardiner, Embassy clerk; James Hama- saki, consular clerk; Mrs. Helen Skou’and, Embassy clerk; Miss Hirata, clerk; Robert Rustad, Naval radio man; Mr. Wagner, clerk. Naval Attache’s office; Mr. Parks, clerk, Military Attache’s office; Miss Rummel, clerk. Naval Attache’s office; Randall Jones, Embassy code clerk; Mr. Hays, Embassy code clerk; John Nelson Newton, Embassy clerk; William Eilers, Embassy clerk.

534 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL The Voyage of the Gripsholm

By FRANK P. LOCKHART, Formerly Consul General at Shanghai

THE vociferous welcome given by a The actual exchange required not more large number of armed merchant ves¬ than two or three hours. A total of 1,451 sels flying the American flag at Lourengo passengers were berthed on the Grips¬ Marques, ardently supported by British holm (facetiously referred to in Shang¬ merchantmen, when the T. S. Conte hai as the Triphome and the sister ship Verde (Italian) and the M. S. Asama Drottningholm as the Trottinghome ). Maru (Japanese) entered that port on Of these evacuees, approximately 249 the morning of July 22 bearing the first were attached to the Foreign Service in contingent of American officials being various capacities, the Army, Navy and evacuated from the Far East, accom¬ Marine Corps, the Treasury, the Judicial panied by a large number of private branch of the Government, and to other citizens together with Latin American Government offices having interests and Canadian officials and private citi¬ Frank P. Lockhart abroad. There were also aboard the zens formerly resident in the Orient, will Gripsholm thirty-one officials, inclusive long be remembered by the passengers on the evacu¬ of their families, from Latin American countries, ation vessels. There is no doubt that the officers and together with eleven non-officials and about seventy- crews of the welcoming vessels also will not soon three Canadians of whom several belonged to the forget the spontaneous and moving greeting given official group. There were more than fifty Foreign to them and to the flag under which they sailed. Service officers on board, including Ambassador The American flag was in truth a vision of loveli¬ Joseph C. Grew and Minister Willys R. Peck. ness—far more impressive, as may be imagined, The immediate major problem once the 1,451 than the customary display of the flag in a foreign passengers were safely aboard the Gripsholm and port. It was, in fact, the first glimpse that any of out from under the chafing yoke of the enemy was the passengers had had of an American flag on an the berthing of the passengers. Discretion being the American vessel in nearly eight weary' and never- better part of valor, the writer will confine his re¬ to-be-forgotten months. A touching tribute which marks on this subject to saying that if he is ever came at the end of the demonstration was that of left to choose between assigning accommodations a British vessel signalling by steam whistle to the for 1,451 passengers of all ranks and stations of evacuees the words “On to victory.” This, it may life among some fifteen or more nationalities trav¬ be added, was within a few hundred feet of the elling for a month on the same vessel, or spending Conte Verde and the Asama. six months in an internment camp, he will be strong¬ The actual transfer of the passengers from the ly tempted to choose the latter. While efforts were Conte Verde and Asama to the Gripsholm took place being made to solve this puzzle by representatives on the morning of July 23 under the supervision of of the shipping company, the adult portion of the the Portuguese port authorities and the Swiss repre¬ 1,451 passengers centered their interest in the direc¬ sentatives. Arrangements were made by which the tion of acquiring, through the benevolence of the Japanese disembarked from the Gripsholm from a American Government, a supply of escudos suffi¬ forward gangway and passed in columns to aft cient to supply a long-felt need for a wholesome gangways on the Conte Verde and Asama: while meal, including fresh fruit, butter, green vegetables simultaneously the passengers disembarked from and the sea food for which LourenQO Marques is forward gangways on the two last-named vessels noted. These were items of the culinary art to and boarded the Gripsholm on gangways aft. Thus which practically all of the passengers from the Far all three vessels were disembarking and embarking East had been strangers for many months. The buy¬ passengers practically at the same time, the ar¬ ing orgy was on. While the passengers from the rangements being such that the two groups of ex¬ Orient were satiating their hunger and thirst with changees were separated by a line of freight cars borrowed escudos the Japanese were lavishly spend¬ which extended the entire length of the three ships. ing their American dollars for household wares and

OCTOBER. 1942 535 metal articles. For a while it looked as if Lourengo business men were preparing reports for the head Marques would be brought to a near-famine by tbe offices, the missionaries were writing to the home unrestrained march on the hotels, restaurants, de¬ boards, the unattached were pounding away to fill partment stores, drug shops—and taxicabs. In the the mails on arrival in Rio or New York with long- meantime, thirty-nine Foreign Service officers and delayed personal letters and the propagandists were clerks, who had arrived on the Conte Verde and the preparing their material. Everyone seemed eager Asarna Maru and had found awaiting them at to work. Lourenco Marques orders from the Department A few days after leaving Lourenco Marques ad¬ transferring them to other posts, were busily en¬ ministrative machinery was set up to provide Amer¬ gaged in rescuing their trunks and hand luggage ican dollar loans to the passengers in as much as from among more than 10,000 other pieces of bag¬ most of them were without funds to meet incidental gage. No small task was this and neither was it expenses on board ship. Likewise as the ship ap¬ pleasant on our part to contemplate separation from these delightful co-workers and travelling com¬ proached Rio de Janeiro it became necessary to panions. provide a limited amount of milreis to meet inci¬ dental expenses ashore. Notwithstanding escudos, No sooner had the Gripsholm gotten under way on July 28 and the pleasant recollections of Louren- American dollars and milreis were advanced to the 50 Marques were being planted indellibly in our evacuees, it is suspected that at least a few of them minds, than an Executive Committee of Foreign arrived in New York with less than it takes to pay Service officers was formed to facilitate the gather¬ a taxi fare through the Holland tunnel. The stay ing of a large volume of information and the prepa¬ in Rio was brief but enjoyable. Mrs. Caffery, the ration of despatches and reports required by the wife of the Ambassador, who was absent in the Department and, in general, to transact all official United States, graciously entertained a large group business on the ship in one central office. What of Foreign Service officers and others at a tea at amounted to one Embassy, a sub-Embassy, a Lega¬ the Embassy on the afternoon of our arrival. Need¬ tion, about ten Consulates General and innumerable less to say, sightseeing and another orgy of buying Consulates, as well as several miscellaneous offices, was indulged in at Rio. were established on the Gripsholm, with approxi¬ The trip from the Far East was unique in that mately eighty stenographers and clerks to assist. the route from Japan and China took the evacuees All these “offices” were consolidated into one cen¬ from mild summer to the heat of the tropics, from tral office and the stenographic and clerical help the tropics to winter and back again through the was pooled. A large lounge was set aside for the tropics to mild summer. Many passengers appeared exclusive use of the group of Government officials to be unaware of the changes of climate which and their assistants. Officers of the day were ap¬ would be encountered and were unprepared for pointed, office hours were fixed, daily assignments these conditions. The bracing sea air, tbe change of work were made, supplies allocated, typewriters of environment and appetizing food, to say nothing provided (mostly by borrowing from passengers), of gaining their freedom, did much to rehabilitate appointments for interviews were made, and, to all those who had suffered from imprisonment or in¬ intents and purposes, a fully staffed consolidated ternment by the Japanese. It was good to note from office was installed on shipboard. In short we had day to day the improvement in the physical condi¬ merged in a big and substantial way and practically tion of the evacuees of this category. Even those the whole force was extremely busy throughout the who suffered no undue hardships reflected in man¬ voyage from Lourenco Marques to New York. From ner and speech their intense satisfaction to be on the point of view of report writing, the work of six their way home, notwithstanding the discomforts to months, in most cases, had to be done under ad¬ which some were unavoidably subjected. The usual verse working conditions in the brief span of four complaints about accommodations, seatings, deck weeks. Nevertheless it was done and as an example chairs, noises, dogs, children, wet decks, sports, et of whole-hearted co-operation, willingness and self- cetera, arose but most of the passengers were toler¬ effacement it would be hard to conceive of a better ant and willing to make allowances for the unusual job. It was just short of treason to be found lolling circumstances of the voyage. in a deck chair. To be unemployed on the Grips¬ A particularly attractive feature of the voyage holm was something in the nature of being on re¬ was the good fellowship existing between the North lief in America. The hum of typewriters was not and South Americans. There was much inter¬ only heard in the office lounge but throughout the mingling, with study groups, lectures, joint singing length and breadth of the spacious promenade deck. and discussion. The response was spontaneous on The newspaper men were grinding out copy, the both sides and much favorable comment was heard.

536 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL o: (EMERGENCY CERTIFICATE) dWftCUH of Hcfdunus Jl&C

j Ruler of the Raging Main and Emperor of the Dominions under the Seas

TO ALL SAILORS, MERMAIDS, SEA SERPENTS, WHALES, SHARKS, PORPOI- X. ,/' SES, POLLYWOGS AND ALL INHABITANTS OF THE OCEANS: KNOW YE, THAT TO OUR INTENSE ROYAL SURPRISE AND ASTONISHMENT THERE APPEARED UNEXPECTEDLY WITHIN OUR ROYAL DOMAIN THE S.S. CONTE VERDE AT LON¬ GITUDE 106°20’ AND LATITUDE 00»CO'; AND SAID VESSEL HAVING BEEN INSPECTED BY OURSELF AND ROYAL AIDES, WAS FOUND TO HARBOOR A CURIOUS COLLECTION OF PERSONS CLAIMING TO BE DIPLOMATS, AND OTHER SUNDRY CITIZENS OF THE AMERICAS (Both North and South), ALL IN THE CU¬ STODY OF A REPRESENTATIVE OF SWITZERLAND (a strange realm unknown to My Royal Court); ALL LEA¬ VING ASIA DUE TO THE ACTIVITY OF OUR BROTHER MARS, AND ALL EXPECTING TO REACH THE DARK CONTINENT AT LOURENCO MARQUES ENROUTE TO THEIR RESPECTIVE HOMELANDS OR OTHER POINTS. WHEREUPON, AN EMERGENCY SITUATION WAS CREATED DUE TO THE SPECIAL CLAIMS MADE BY THESE SAID ALLEGED DIPLOMATS, EVACUEES, REFUGEES, REPATRIATEES, EXCHANGEES, AND UN- CLASSIFIEDEES AND AS AN ACT OF ROYAL INDULGENCE, AFTER DUE EXPLANATION WAS RECEIVED FROM SOME OF THE TRUSTY SHELLBACKS ON BOARD, THIS EXTRAORDINARY CARGO OF POLLYWOGS WAS PERMITTED TO PROCEED BY OUR ROYAL PLEASURE; NOW, THEREFORE, we do decree that Frank P. Lockhart has been admitted into Our Realm and is provisionally granted the rank of Tiusty Shellback. GIVEN this ninth day of July, 1942. Vle^iiunus- JU-yc Ruler of the Raging Main

::o

Those who organized and successfully pursued the It was a well documented ship. Besides the cus¬ work relating to inter-American affairs deserve the tomary travel tags the passengers off the Conte fullest commendation. Verde had in their possession a unique Neptunus An incident of great interest and mystery to the Rex certificate which was issued to the passengers passengers occurred en route. At an undisclosed lo¬ after crossing the equator en route from Singapore cation the Gripsholm came within a few hundred to Lourengo Marques. (See above.) yards of a large vessel which had burned almost It is scarcely necessary to attempt to describe to the water’s edge. The identity of the vessel, one’s feelings on viewing the Statue of Liberty on which was still afire amidship, could not be ascer¬ entering New York harbor after a voyage of 18,000 tained. After circling the vessel to make certain that miles, through every mile of which lay potential no one was still aboard, or in the vicinity, the trouble from undersea, from the surface or from Gripsholm proceeded on its way. the air. Thanks, however, to a strict observance of The only other mystery on board which it was protocol guaranteeing the safety of the ship from deemed necessary to conceal was the efficiency and attack and thanks also to good navigation and ex¬ alacrity with which the married men with wives cellent weather the Gripsholm arrived in New York awaiting them at home could do their own laundry. on the morning of August 25 with 1,451 passengers They tried desperately to conceal this fact fearing full of gratitude to a Government which had labored that, on arrival home, this part of the household long and patiently to make their repatriation pos¬ chores might be their lot if the news leaked out. sible.

OCTOBER. 1942 537 NOTES ABOUT PERU

By GEORGE H. BUTLER, First Secretary, Lima

PERU is worth knowing. It offers fertile fields The coastal region is approximately that area ly¬ for study. It is a land of contrasts and variety. ing between the Pacific Ocean and the western slopes There are the beautiful and modern capital city of of the coast range of the Andes up to an altitude of Lima, center of Spanish colonial culture; cotton and about 4,000 feet. It is mostly barren except for sugar plantations in the irrigated districts of the some fifty small river valleys where irrigation is barren coastal region; the great mines in the Andes; possible. The annual rainfall averages about 1 the communal life of Indian populations in the inch, since the winds from the ocean are cooled by sierra; the challenge of unexplored areas in the vast the Humboldt Current and those from inland by Amazon basin of the montana. We should know the the snow-clad Andes. When these air currents reach country, its people, its accomplishments and its the hot coast they expand and absorb moisture and problems.* there is practically no precipitation. Humidity is If one were to seek an over-simple description of high, averaging from 80 to 86. The mean tem¬ the dominant characteristic of Peru, the word perature varies from 65 degrees F. to 72. “duality” might serve as well as any. This duality This coastal district, which averages about 40 or has geographical, racial, and historical bases. 50 miles in width and some 1,400 miles in length, has an area of about 50,000 square miles. Probably GEOGRAPHICAL FACTORS about 5% of this area is under cultivation. There Peru, extending from about 3 degrees 30 minutes are few good natural harbors along the Peruvian south latitude to about 18 degrees south latitude coast, the exceptions being Callao and Chimbote. and from the Pacific coast far inland to the Amazon The major rivers of Peru drain to the Amazon basin basin, has an area of about 480,000 square miles and not to the Pacific Ocean, the one exception be¬ and is the third largest country in area in South ing the Santa River, which runs between the White America. It is bounded by five of the other South and Black Cordilleras and then turns west just north American nations—Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, Bo¬ of Huailas and empties into the Pacific. It is this livia and Chile. Its territory is divided into 21 De¬ river which will be the source of hydro-electric partments and 2 Provinces (which have the same power for industrial development which has been organization as the Departments). A more funda¬ authorized for the north-central part of the Peru¬ mental division is that into the coastal region, the vian coastal district. sierra, and the montana. The dual character of The sierra extends from the eastern edge of the Peru today is obvious after a study of these distinct coastal district inland across the Andean ranges regions. In the political and economic sense, the and down the eastern slopes of the mountains to al¬ coastal zone is the center of power and influence; titudes of about 3,000 feet. Climatic conditions but the sierra, having the majority of the population vary widely. Temperatures range from an average and being the best defined area, is Peru in most of 40 degrees F. to 58; humidity from 45 to 80; other respects. The vast montana, largely unex¬ and mean annual rainfall from 16 to 40 inches. plored and with many unknown resources and scant About 3,000 square miles of the sierra are under population, presents an interesting interrogation cultivation, out of a total of some 157,000 square today. The part it will play in Peruvian life be¬ miles. The Titicaca basin, at the southern end of longs chiefly to the future. the Peruvian altiplano, is at an altitude of about 13,200 feet. It is enclosed by a semicircle of moun¬ *For those who wish to go beyond the bare outline of this ar¬ ticle, there are many standard reference works. Much of the tains. The old Inca road to the north leads through background material and statistics presented in these notes are the Vilcanota range to the valley of the Urubamba contained in the following volumes: “Estado Social del Peru Durante la Dominacion Espanol.” River. This region is the center of the pre-Colum¬ Coleccion de Libros y Documentos referentes a la Iiistoria del bian civilization of Peru and contains the Inca cities Peru. Libreria e Imprenta Gil. S. A., Lima, 1941. (This is a lecture delivered April, 1894, at the University of San Marcos, and fortresses of Cuzco, Ollantaitambo, Macchu- Lima, by Dr. Javier Prado, a brother of President Manuel Prado.) Picchu and others. West of the Urubamba is the “El Peru en Marcha,” published in Lima, September, 1941, valley of the Apurimac River, which joins with by the Banco Italiano-Lima (now the Banco de Credito del Peril). other rivers, including the Urubamba, to form the “National Census of 1940,” published by the Department of Ucayali River. The Cerro de Pasco range is situ¬ Census, Ministry of Finance and Commerce, Lima, May, 1941. “Statistical Abstract of Peru—1940, Prepared by the National ated about in the center of Peru, where the Maranon Office of Statistics,” published by the Ministry of Finance and Commerce, Lima. has its sources, some 125 miles from Lima, and

538 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL rivers from this region drain to the Maranon and in Peru—estimated at from 22,000 to 50,000—they thence to a juncture with the Ucayali to form the do not assimilate, and probably will exert little in¬ Amazon. fluence on the racial structure of the country. The The sierra has magnificent mountain and valley same may be said of the smaller Chinese colony. scenery. Nature has marked the character of the The Italians, numbering about 6,000, assimilate people and the economy of the region. Much of readily and are closely associated with Peruvian the altiplano is barren and cold. The sun worship life through marriage and through social and eco¬ of its early inhabitants is easy to understand. By nomic relations. The same is true, although to a its river system the sierra belongs to the Amazon lesser extent, of the 3,000 or so Germans resident in basin, but the rivers are not navigable in their upper Peru. Other European nationals and the citizens of reaches and they cut the region into numerous iso¬ our own country resident in Peru number a few lated valleys. Modern means of communication are thousands. modifying some of the influence of geography, but Dr. Javier Prado, in the work cited in the open¬ these rivers are more of an obstacle than a help. It ing paragraphs of this article, reached the conclu¬ is of interest to note, in connection with the state¬ sion in 1894 that one of Peru’s fundamental prob¬ ment that the sierra is Peru in many respects, that lems was to attract to the country white immigra¬ more than one-third of the Department capitals lie tion of good quality. This is the opinion of many at an altitude of over 10,000 feet and more than competent observers today. Such immigration two-thirds at an altitude of over 6,000 feet, and that would not solve the problems growing out of Peru’s from one-half to three-fourths of the total popula¬ large Indian population, but it would accelerate the tion live in this region. The population of the present trend toward an increased proportion of sierra is predominantly Indian. whites and mestizos. Naturally, economic condi¬ The vast montaha covers an area of about 275,000 tions, the standard of living, and world conditions square miles or about 56°fo of the total area of the all will affect the racial and population situation in country, and is that section lying east of the sierra. Peru. The average temperature is from 75 degrees F. to HISTORICAL FACTORS 77. Humidity is about 84. Mean annual rainfall The dual character of Peru is due especially to varies from 48 to 72 inches. On these eastern the Spanish conquest, which superimposed upon an slopes of the Andes and in the Amazon basin there ancient Indian civilization the civilization of Span¬ are navigable rivers, but the region is largely un¬ ish colonial character. Lima for long years, even explored and includes extensive jungles. Iquitos is centuries, was the center of the Spanish colonial a long-established river port on the Amazon, prog¬ empire in South America. It is obvious that the ress and development are reaching points such as influence of the Spanish monarchy, of the Catholic Tingo Maria on the Huallaga River, but it is too Church of Spain, and of the Spanish social and class early to be sure whether the montaha will find its system should be especially strong in Peru. outlet toward the Amazon and the Atlantic or across Even brief summaries of the pre-Inca and Inca the barrier of the Andes to the Pacific. civilizations, and of the Spanish colonial regime and the achievement of independence are beyond the RACIAL FACTORS scope of this article. These events of history must According to the national census taken in 1940, be studied, however, in order to see modern Peru the total population of Peru was estimated at against its proper background. Spanish colonial 7,023,111. The official report states that 6,207,967 civilization spread and become the dominant force persons actually were reached by the census takers. in Perunvian life. The civilization of the Indians, The census of 1876 placed the population at who were conquered and exploited, deteriorated 2,699,106. rapidly and never has been revived. Nor has the The white race and the mixture of white and In¬ great mass of the Indian population yet been inte¬ dian (mestizo) arccounted for 52.89% in 1940, as grated into Peruvian life as an articulate and effec¬ compared with 38.55% in 1876. The proportion tive force in government and in the economic and of Indian population had decreased from 57.60% political development of the country. in 1876 to 45.86% in 1940. There also had been declines in the yellow race from 1.9% in 1876 to MODERN PERU 0.68% in 1940, and in the black race from 1.45% The Constitution of 1933, as amended by several to 0.47%. Thus it will be seen that the principal subsequent laws, states that the country is a demo¬ racial groups in Peru are the white and mestizo, and cratic Republic and that power emanates from the the pure Indian (Aymara and Quechua). people and is exercised by officials within the limi- While the Japanese are the largest foreign colony (Continued on page 564)

540 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL o

Seated, left to right: H. A. Hill, Ambassador Weddell, J. G. Er- liardt. Standing: Henry J. Blais, John Skelton Williams, W. Perry George and George Platt Waller.

Photograph by William D. Moreland, Jr.

Reunion from Athens

A quarter of a century ago Alexander W. Weddell He settled himself in an armchair and proceeded io was American Consul General in Athens. During wait, with what feelings the reader may imagine the last year of the World War he was in addition when this story is told. Commercial Adviser to the American Legation, Presently he was joined by George Platt Waller, American Delegate on the Interallied Financial lately Charge d’Affaires at the Court of the Grand Commission, American Delegate on the Interallied Duchess of Luxembourg; and W. Perry George, of Commercial Bureau, American Delegate on the In¬ the Division of European Affairs. Then in a group terallied Commission for the Revictualing of Greece, came John G. Erhardt, Chief of the Division of and Delegate of the War Trade Board for Greece. Foreign Service Personnel; H. A. Hill, for many At times he was Acting Military Attache, and at years Manager of the American Express Company times Charge d’Affaires. His period of service there in Greece; and Henry J. Blais, a lawyer of Paw¬ extended from the time when Greece was a hotbed tucket. A few minutes later John Skelton Williams, of German intrigue and her fate hung in the balance, son and namesake of Woodrow Wilson’s Comptrol¬ through the period of the so-called Allied blockade, ler of the Currency, completed the group. They all the mission of M. Jonnart, the abdication of King greeted Ambassador Weddell and each other with a Constantine, the accession of King Alexander and very special and deeply sincere consideration and the instauration of a liberal regime under Venizelor, warmth, and surely there was something akin to the entry of Greece in the war on the side of the paternal affection in the Ambassador’s manner to Allies, the rearming and rehabilitation of Greece, each of them. What was this group, and what did the final triumph of Greek arms on the Macedonian they represent to one another? front, the Allied victory. Implicit in the long array By the nature of the Foreign Service career it is of official titles worn by this consular officer are the only by chance and rarely that individual members, tasks that were his: the delicate task of moulding having met, ever cross paths again; and such things Greek policy, of swaying the nation against the full as class reunions can only be conducted by corre¬ force of German propaganda and menace back into spondence. Yet in this instance a remarkable se¬ its traditional path of liberalism; the task of revic¬ ries of coincidences had afforded a unique oppor¬ tualing Greece and the Allied Armies on the East¬ tunity that could hardly be expected to occur again, ern front in the face of the submarine menace; and for the Ambassador to surround himself once more the task of aiding in the political, financial, and eco¬ with the staff that served him so long ago in what nomic reconstruction of the country. were to each of these men—in spite of all the anxie¬ This distinguished Virginian, who subsequently ties, the hard and steady plugging at their jobs, served as Consul General in Calcutta, Consul Gen¬ the sacrifices that were their lot in those other war eral in Mexico City, Ambassador to Argentina, and years—the halcyon days of Athens. Halcyon days Ambassador to Spain, came quietly to Washington because no more honestly congenial group ever met from his home in Richmond on a recent Saturday and no finer esprit de corps ever dignified a con- afternoon and took a cab to the Metropolitan Club. (Continued on page 572)

OCTOBER. 1942 541 THE about the State Department, its machinery and per¬ sonnel, which is reviewed in another column of the JOURNAL. Our foreign policy, according to the author, is born in the “faded and moth-eaten tradi¬ FOREIGN JOURNAL tion of Victorian diplomacy” and is “identified in the public mind with the policy of placating the ag¬ No. xatfl rU v<»i- ~ OCTOBER, 1942 gressor.” To illustrate his point, the author cites among other statements the Secretary’s declaration PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY AMERICAN FOREIGN to the Red Cross in April, 1939, that “We hope de¬ SERVICE ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON, D. C. voutly that a negotiated peace before rather than The American Foreign Service Journal is open to subscription after the senseless arbitrament of war .... will be in the United States and abroad at the rate of S4.00 a year, or 35 cents a copy. This publication is not official and material ap¬ the happy lot of mankind.” pearing herein represents only personal opinions. Although we now know that in the long run it Copyright, 1942, by the American Foreign Service Association was unavailing to negotiate with the aggressor na¬ The reprinting of any article or portion of an article from this publication is strictly forbidden without permission from the tions, the primary duty of the Secretary of State in editors. a peace-loving democracy is to leave no stone un¬ turned in endeavoring to avert the danger of war. No man could have tried harder than Secretary JOURNAL STAFF Hull to keep the peace, yet at the same time to warn HENRY S. VILLARD, Chairman his fellow countrymen of the perils which were CHARLES W. YOST looming on the horizon. What is forgotten or de¬ LEO D. STURGEON Editorial liberately ignored by the facile shouters of “ap¬ HOMER M. BYINGTON, JR. ' Board W. PERRY GEORGE peasement” today is that up to the moment of Pearl JANE WILSON, Managing Editor. Harbor large sections of the population, including — GEORGE V. ALLEN Business Manager many of the “appeasement” shouters themselves, WILLIAM E. DECOURCY T reasurer were actually denouncing the government for its “warmongering.” So vociferous was the outcry in 1937 that there were some who were ready to im¬ The American Foreign Service Association peach the President for his quarantine speech. In 1940, when steps were being taken to confront the The American Foreign Servic Association is an unofficial and dangers of the international situation, the public voluntary association of the members of The Foreign Service of the United States. It was formed for the purpose of fostering clamor against the “warmongers” was so great that esprit de corps among the members of the Foreign Service and both major political parties were compelled to in¬ to establish a center around which might be grouped the united efforts of its members for the improvements of the Service. sert planks in their respective platforms to the effect that American troops would not be sent overseas except in case of an assault on this country. EDITORS’ COLUMN The State Department is not above being able to take legitimate criticism, and if a mirror is held up In far too many minds the Department of State to our faults we should be prepared to recognize is linked, without the slightest basis of fact or jus¬ them. It is possible that many forms of our bu¬ tification, with that unfortunate and unsavory word reaucracy may be outmoded in this streamlined “appeasement.” Irresponsible columnists, purvey¬ world. It may be that as a result of a war which ors of sensational journalism, and those whose think¬ more than any other seems to be a people’s war, the ing is either muddle-headed or tinged with preju¬ people of the United States should he more familiar dice, seem to derive a ribald satisfaction from with their State Department and take a livelier in¬ hurling the charge of “appeasement” at the makers terest in its functions and its functioning. If the De¬ of policy with which they personally do not agree. partment should at any time fail to take cognizance In doing so, of course, they attack not only the De¬ of the popular demand, then it is clearly up to the partment as an institution but the Secretary of State, people to make their feelings known through the who shoulders the responsibility for the policy; the processes of democratic action. President, who in the final analysis controls the But so long as the Department of State reflects major moves in our international relations; and, the sentiment of most Americans, either in trying to indirectly, the American people and their Congress, keep us from being dragged into the rapids, or, now whose expressed desires must be respected in the that we are in, to steer a proper course among the conduct of foreign affairs. rocks, the accusation of “appeasement” by journal¬ Now the indictment appears in the form of a book istic snipers is as baseless as it is in bad taste.

542 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL The ltiddle of Mr. Bendiner

By HENRY S. VILLARD. Department of State

(A review of THE RIDDLE OF THE STATE DEPARTMENT, by Robert Bendiner, Farrar and Rinehart, 1942, 231 pp., $2.00.)

“Since only the smallest fraction of what may be failure to stop oil shipments to Italy during the learned about the Department can be either publicly aggression against Ethiopia, our attitude toward attributed to a reliable source or checked beyond a General Franco and the situation brought about by doubt,” says Robert Bendiner in his introduction to the Spanish Civil War, the attempt to detach Italy The Riddle of the State Department, “a thoroughly from the Axis after her famous stab-in-the-back, documented analysis of the Department is impos¬ and Avra Warren’s handling of the difficult and sible . . . It is “extremely difficult to get con¬ dangerous refugee problem. But the full force of clusive material at first-hand,” he complains, and Mr. Bendiner’s scorn is reserved for the Depart¬ there are “great quantities of unreliable material ment’s position with respect to Marshal Petain’s which are to be picked up at second-hand for the Government and the Free French, especially as to asking.” Nowise daunted by this situation, the the shipment of economic supplies for French North author then proceeds to pass judgment on almost Africa. everything connected with the Department, includ¬ ing the manner in which it functions, the type of If Mr. Bendiner was a consistent supporter of the men it employs, and its foreign policy from 1933 charges he now lodges against the State Department, to the present. Despite the easy readability of the he was clearly an arch interventionist ever since the style, the amount of research which has gone into rise of the aggressor nations. “The failure and fu¬ the statements and the element of truth in some of tility of American foreign policy” he puts squarely them, the work is essentially hostile, written with at the Department’s doors, the only remedy for the truculence of most left-wingers and the critical which would obviously have been to go to war at bias typical of The Nation, of which Mr. Bendiner the start. His harsh arraignment implies that the is managing editor. Department should have acted as a free and inde¬ Mr. Bendiner divides his short volume in two pendent agent in laying down the law to the Japa¬ parts, the first setting forth what he regards as “The nese military clique, the swollen-headed Mussolini, Record” and the second entitled “The State De¬ the belligerent Nazis and their Fuehrer. Mr. Ben¬ partment at Work.” Throughout the first section diner himself, however, provides the answer. Our he makes copious use of that overworked, outmoded, policy-makers, he points out, only reflected the con¬ and discreditable word “appeasement,” which he flict of views throughout America; they had “the applies with almost sadistic relish to practically overwhelming support of the country”; “the child¬ every phase of the Department’s relations with the ish wishfulness of great sectors of the American Axis powers before the war and with Spain and population was the deliberate policy of the State Vichyr France today. In the latter part, he exam¬ Department.” President Roosevelt set forth this ines sharply the personalities of Mr. Hull, Mr. wish—childish though it may now appear—in 1935 Welles, Assistant Secretaries Berle, Long, Acheson, when he declared that “Despite what happens in and Shaw, the Political Advisers and the Chiefs of continents overseas, the United States of America Division, some of whom he views tolerantly but few shall and must remain, as long as the father of our of whom escape the verbal lash in greater or less country prayed that it might remain, unentangled degree. He endeavors in one pungent chapter to and free . . . .” The Congress, expressing in con¬ show “Why the Cow is Sacred” and in another crete form this “childish wish” of the people, en¬ “What Can Be Done” about it all. acted the Neutrality Act and other legislation de¬ Accusing the Department of “playing eighteenth signed to keep us out of war. Does anyone suppose century whist with twentieth century bandits,” Mr. that in the agonized state of the public mind before Bendiner bitterly condemns our treatment of Japan war came, even an omniscient Department of State in the effort to stave off war in the Pacific, our could have pursued a course that ran counter to

OCTOBER. 1942 543 the forms of democratic government? the diplomatic scene, which for obvious reasons can¬ It has long been conceded that hindsight is bet¬ not always be broadcast to the public. The public ter than foresight, and the Department today may must either rely on the accounts of journalists like well regret some of its wasted time and patience in Mr. Bendiner or place a measure of confidence in the effort to avert hostilities. But the function of the policy-makers of the government who have ac¬ the State Department is not to conduct the foreign cess to sources of information denied to others and relations of this country in such a way as to embroil who are probably not so stupid as to unwittingly us with other powers, but to seek always the ways invent methods of helping the Axis win their wars. and means of keeping us out of war, of adjusting It is presumptious, to say the least, to write a book threatening conflicts and disputes, of preserving the condemning government policy without being in possession of government documents on the subject. peace if humanly possible—particularly when it has Mr. Bendiner also has fault to find with the in¬ the knowledge that the country is unprepared. In fluence of background, education and culture on the American democracy, the State Department is the men who compose the Foreign Service and who the Department of Peace. Only when diplomacy fails occupy responsible positions in the Department. Fie is the principal responsibility for the country’s dislikes particularly the prominent part played by safety transferred to the Army and Navy. certain leading universities in supplying men for The inabilities admitted by Mr. Bendiner in as¬ the Service; but if the shoe were on the other foot, certaining the true facts about the Department are and the Service were made up of hack politicians of strikingly revealed by his reference to the sailing no training, ability or distinction, Mr. Bendiner of the French tanker Sheherezade from New Orleans would doubtless be among the first to deplore such for North Africa with official American blessing in a standard in the management of our foreign rela¬ the summer of 1941. The British, according to Mr. tions. Bendiner, found this example of “the American In his final chapter Mr. Bendiner departs from practice of violating” their blockade “too much to the attack long enough to offer a few constructive swallow” and seized the ship near Bermuda. The suggestions. He urges increased appropriations for “appeasers” in the State Department, however, the Department, higher salaries and representation “were not to be thwarted”; “stiff representations allowances, and a more effective liaison with the were made,” and the British “were forced to yield,” leaders in Congress. He believes that private wealth allowing the vessel to proceed to Dakar and Casa¬ in the Foreign Service should be unnecessary, that blanca with oil and gas for what Mr. Bendiner diplomatic posts should not be given to campaign chooses to designate in quotation marks as “civilian contributors, and that a West Point type of train¬ purposes.” The truth of the matter is that the ship, ing school should be established, with admission carrying a cargo of kerosene and low grade gasoline, on a competitive basis. Finally he makes a plea for was intercepted and seized by the British at the linking the Department more closely with the peo¬ instance of the State Department because of a sudden ple of the country, who do not understand its work¬ change in the political atmosphere in France; its ings or its “isolated grandeur.” release was the subject of mutual agreement, just On some of these points there is naturally much as every move and every shipment in the program that could be done. It is possible that by calling of American supplies to French North Africa was attention to them, the faults inherent in a bureauc¬ jointly worked out by the American and British racy can be remedied. Unless it is desired to abol¬ Governments. Mr. Bendiner does not mention the ish the Department altogether—and not even Mr. close control and actual restriction to civilian use Bendiner, for all his virulence, advocates that dras¬ of these supplies by American consular officers; in¬ tic solution—the only recourse is to effect such im¬ stead he asserts that some of the oil “eventually provements as lie within the limits of appropria¬ speeded the tanks of General Rommel’s desert pan¬ tions granted by Congress. It may be that the zer divisions,” a flat misstatement. greatly increased interest of the American people If “The Record” as Mr. Bendiner sees it is so in geography and foreign affairs will cause them to badly askew in this case, the average reader might become more articulate about their first line of de¬ do well to question the accuracy of some of the fense and to demand a greater share in the handling other incidents described in equally lurid terms. of our relations with other powers. Until then, He might even find that the turn of events, as in however, the Department must continue to serve the Spain, for instance, had justified the Department’s nation chiefly on the basis of its expert knowledge policy, rather than the indictments of Mr. Bendiner. and background, even if in doing so it earns the But the average reader, as well as Mr. Bendiner, is denunciation of those who are unable or unwilling scarcely in a position to know the full story behind to understand.

544 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL News from the Department

By JANE WILSON

State Department Activity in Miami of mails were first performed in the newly-estab¬ “Miami—Gateway of the Americas” still applies lished Passport Agent’s office. In April congestion as a suitable nommer but the sense of such appela- of space led to the obtaining of a separate room in tion has completely changed. “The Mecca of Tour¬ the same building for exclusive use as a dispatch ists,” “The Playground of the Western Hemi¬ office. Demands continued to grow and in July sphere,” as applied to that coastal resort, went out of HOWARD FYFE, U. S. Dispatch Agent in New York, fashion with trans-Atlantic cruises, and today we journeyed to Miami and there organized the work have a Miami humming with war activities in which of the present office. Upon his departure on July 30 the State Department is rapidly increasing its repre¬ he left in charge of the dispacth room HENRY H. sentation. WURTS, a member of the staff of the Dispatch Agen¬ WILLIAM C. BURDETT, assigned to the Depart¬ cy in New York. In the latter part of August Mr. ment, was in August detailed to open a permanent Wurts was transferred back to the Agency in New office in Miami representing the Department of York and GEORGE M. WEBER, JR., took over the dis¬ State and the Co-ordinator of Inter-American Af¬ patching work in Miami. fairs, to receive prominent visitors from the other American Republics and extend courtesies to dis¬ One of the recently returned Far Eastern officers tinguished foreign visitors passing through Miami. dispairingly “let down his hair” in the Foreign He represents primarily the Divisions of Protocol Service Room the other day. “Here I am, a Far and Cultural Relations of the Department. Among Eastern specialist, Japanese language officer—my the first visitors received by Mr. Burdett were the whole career devoted to a section of the world for Argentine Ambassador and Mme. Espil, returning which my training is no longer needed. What am to Argentina, who passed through in August; also I good for? Just to be put on the shelf until after Senor Joaquin Espade, Minister of Finance of Bo¬ this infernal mess is cleared up?” livia, and Senor Alberto Crespo Gutierrez, Minister We prescribe vitamins for this F.S.O. of Economy of Bolivia. His shortsightedness can most likely be attributed This office works in coordination with the repre¬ to a state of mind induced by the harrowing times sentatives of other government agencies there such undergone by all of our recently arrived members as the passport office, the despatch office, collector from the Far East. of customs, public health officials, immigration in¬ Looking just a little bit further than his nose, spectors and censorship control officials. the present opportunities for Eastern experts are In view of the critical circumstances of the pres¬ many. In addition to the need for services of some ent time and the necessity of affording passport fa¬ of these men within the Department, there are cilities to citizens of the United States who frequent¬ Japanese populated spots in South America, for ly travel between the United States and the other example, where these officers may render invaluable American Republics on important business, the De¬ service to the Department. And of course the China partment established a Passport Agency at Miami, students are in their hey-day. As for the post-war which was opened for official business on Feb¬ problems—if you are a “Far Easterner,” you will ruary 11. CLIFFORD 0. BARKER, an attorney and be Number One Man. employee of the Passport Division for many years, is in charge of the office which also serves as a You F.S.O.’s who are applying to the War Ship¬ Despatch Agency. ping Administration for war risk insurance on ship¬ Development of dispatch-work activity in Miami ments of effects, bear in mind that that organization grew, early this year, out of the acceleration of will provide such insurance only on shipments from intra-hemisphere mail coupled with the increasing or to the United States, not between one foreign importance of air connections at that point. Va¬ port and another. Marine and strike-riots coverage rious types of paperwork connected with transfer must be procured commercially.

OCTOBER, 1942 545 The Washington Post has published an article Department Gleanings .... entitled “Through Axis Eyes,” by Selden Menefee, . . . . H. LAWRENCE GROVES was the first of the similar to the article in the August issue of the Gripsholm passengers to arrive at the Department. JOURNAL, “America Through Axis Eyes.” The He said that he hadn’t meant to arrive so soon but Army Officer in a recent issue reproduced the car¬ wanted to take advantage of that Washington hotel toon illustrating the JOURNAL article. reservation his wife had made for him ...... The Division of Personnel Supervision and Read “Greenland Turns to America” in the Sep¬ Management of the Department has been abolished tember, 1942, issue of the National Geographic and its functions transferred to a newly created Di¬ Magazine, by Consul JAMES K. PENFIELD. It’s an vision of Departmental Personnel with JOHN C. interesting account of an interesting post, and most Ross as Chief .... of the super-photographs were taken by the author. .... To Miss NORAH ALSTERLUND of the Divi¬ sion of Foreign Service Administration goes the Reciprocal Rationing Treatment credit for the simplified form of the word “airgram.” The Department is advising Foreign Service Of¬ In adding the word to the Department’s vocabulary, ficers in the field that they should seek no better she suggested that the word be adopted and written rationing treatment from the government of the in the form now used .... country in which they reside than that which this .... Robinson Crusoe hasn’t a thing oil Vice Government is able to accord that country’s diplo¬ Consul ROBERT P. CHALKER. At Bad Nauheim, the matic and consular officials in the United States. maroonees needed oil stoves for light-housekeeping Consular Levity in their hotel rooms. Handy-man Chalker made In 1902 Secretary of State Hay offered Thomas some artistic and useful utensils out of food tins. Nast the post as Consul at Guayaquil. Th’s accep¬ His spoons would put F. W. Woolworth to shame tance is reproduced here in his inimitable Harpers and an oil stove brought back by one of the F.S.O. s Weekly style. would make a good testimonial for Maxwell House Times have changed—so would-be-artists in the Coffee. And when the baseball teams needed a Service please stick to the modern form, or you’ll winning trophy, you should see the one Chalker upset the Department routine! produced—a graceful loving cup, with well-shaped handles—again out of tins .... ^ l**ttA CM .... The Washington Post of August 27 stated: “For the first time in its history the State Depart¬ ment in Washington soon will start using negro secretaries and stenographers ...... SYDNEY B. REDECKER, on assignment to the Department, has been loaned to the U. S. Commer¬ cial Company, government owned subsidiary of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, where he is an Assistant Chief of one of the units of that or¬ ganization ...... The City Post Office has cut down on its number of daily pick-ups of mail at the Department and the public letter-box in the main entrance of the building disappeared in the scrap-drive . . . .

Home, Dear Home House hunting in Washington, D. C., seems to be going from bad to worse. What can be done against an ad in the local press which reads: “Willing to pay $7,500 annual rent for two or three bedroom apartment or house.” Two years ago the advertiser would have had to call in the Metropolitan Police From Th. Nast, by Albert Bigelow Paine. to direct the traffic of real estate agents answering Th. Nast’s notice to Secretary Hay that he was such a notice. We note that the ad ran in the ready to start for his post. paper for a whole week. It’s all very discouraging.

546 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL HERBERT S. BURSLEY (One of a series of caricatures by Chares Dunn, cartoonist of “The Nation’s Business.’’) He’s an expert on Mexican affairs, but lines drawn on a map linking bis other posts would re¬ semble a navigator’s chart. He has been one of the busiest assistant chiefs in the Department and fre¬ quently hid himself for weeks at a time in order to escape phone calls and messages. During his assign¬ ments to the Department he has contributed long and faithful hours of work on the JOURNAL, having once been the responsible manager of its editorial affairs. It is with deep regret that the Editorial Board of the JOURNAL says hasta luego to him upon his de¬ parture for his new post at Mexico City and bids him buena suerte throughout his career.

A Foreign Service attendance record was prob¬ Retired Foreign Service Officer ROBERT W. HEIN- ably established on September 1 when fifty Foreign GARTNER writes: “Our home-seeking travels lasting Service Officers and their wives attended a cocktail over three months took us all the way from Regina, party given by the Division of Far Eastern Affairs Canada, to Richmond, Virginia, and from there to for the officers and employees who returned home Portland, Maine, and we found nothing to our sat¬ on the Gripsholm. The returning officers and their isfaction until we came to this charming town of wives, together with the officers assigned to the De¬ Oberlin, Ohio, where we had the good luck to find partment as a result of the war, and their wives, a house that suits us in every way.” having served in the Far East, who attended the party probably made the occasion the largest gath¬ ering of officers in the history of the Foreign Serv¬ It Pays to Advertise ice. The officers in the Far East and those of the The following letter, which the JOURNAL has Far Eastern Division are well known in the Serv¬ been very glad to receive, is evidence that advertis¬ ice for their esprit de corps and their close comrade¬ ing in the JOURNAL is effective. ship towards their colleagues. Nogales, Mexico, August 10, 1942. To the Business Manager, The Longest Way ’Round AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, In spite of all the Gripsholmees have been through lately, they don’t seem to have lost their sense of SIR: humor. Consul FREDERICK W. HINKE says his re¬ Fast month I took twelve days leave and my wife action to the whole business is: he hasn’t spent and I went to Los Angeles and stayed at the Bev¬ such a futile year as the last one, since his fifth! erly Hills Hotel as a result of its advertising in the In the spring of 1941 it took him some months to JOURNAL. It is not cheap by any means but it was get to the Department from Tientsin. After leave well worth it and I can heartily recommend it to and a short temporary detail to the Department he anyone wishing to enjoy a very pleasant period of set out for his new post at Shanghai—that trip lasted “dolce far niente.” The management lives up com¬ from August through part of November. After such pletely to all the promises contained in their adver¬ extended preigrinations he was in Shanghai exactly tising folders and we spent there about the most en¬ three weeks—the curtain ringing down on the joyable short leave of absence we have ever had. grande finale of that assignment, the grim base¬ Sincerely, ment scene of December 8 with F.S.O.’s stoking the L. E. ARMSTRONG, furnace with code books. American Consul.

OCTOBER, 1942 547 News From I lie Field , , , , , V.VAV.V.V.V.V.V.V.V.1 V.V/.WA'.W, ,V. .V. .V. . .V. .V.W.V.V.".V.V1

FIELD CORRESPONDENTS

ACLY, ROBERT A.—Union of South Africa LIPPINCOTT, AUBREY E.—Palestine, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq LYON, CECIL B.—Chile BECK, WILLIAM H.—Bermuda LYON, SCOTT-—Portugal BINGHAM, HIRAM, JR.— Argentina MCGREGOR, ROBERT G., JR.—Mexico BONNET, ELLIS A.—Ecuador MITCHELL, REGINALD P.—Haiti BUTLER, GEORGE—Peru POST, RICHARD H.—Uruguay CLARK, DUWAYNE G.—Paraguay SMITH, E. TALBOT—Abyssinia, Eritrea, British and CRAIN, EARL T.—Spain Italian Somaliland. FISHER, DORSEY G.—Great Britain TAYLOR, LAURENCE W.—French Equatorial Africa, FUESS, JOHN C.—Ireland The Cameroons and Belgium Congo. FULLER, GEORGE G.—Central Canada TRIOLO, JAMES S.—Colombia KUNIHOLM, BERTEL E.—Iran WILLIAMS. PHILIP P.—Brazil

VAVAV/.V.’.V/.V.VuV/.V.V.VVV.V.VV.V.V.V.1 WAVV

RIO DE JANEIRO three hundred milreis which the United States Gov¬ ernment allowed each passenger against his IOU The SS Gripsholm Passes Through Rio de Janeiro was hardly sufficient for the purchasing that was Monday morning, August 10, 1942, found a privi¬ done in Rio de Janeiro, hut as almost everyone on leged few of the American Embassy in Rio de Ja¬ board had friends or acquaintances here they were neiro up at the crack of dawn to meet the SS Grip¬ able to spend that and more. I know that everyone sholm with our officials and nationals returning from in Rio was only too glad to vouch for them after the Far East. The Brazilian Navy had placed a their ordeal in the Far East and before the ship left, launch at our disposal to meet the ship in the harbor the shelves of many stores were bare. and with us was Mrs. Cecil B. Lyon, who had flown While the SS Gripsholm did not receive the over to Rio de Janeiro from Santiago, Chile, to meet raucous welcome of blaring steamship whistles in her parents, Ambassador and Mrs. Grew. We were Guanabara Bay with which it was met in Lourengo all anxious to meet our Marques, the Brazilian friends on board ship press and Government and to hear the inter¬ put themselves out to esting stories which we be nice to our people knew they would have and the other Latin to tell. Americans aboard and Monday afternoon to make their stay in Mrs. Jefferson Caffrey, Rio de Janeiro enjoy¬ in the absence of the able. Ambassador, gave a The Brazilian For¬ cocktail party for the eign Minister, Dr. Os- Foreign Service officers waldo Aranha, gave a and newspapermen luncheon at the Itama- aboard ship. Mr. and raty Palace, and the Mrs. John F. Simmons Brazilian Press Asso¬ entertained the other ciation entertained the members of the official American newspaper¬ family at tea. The men on Monday eve¬ Standard Oil Company, ning at the Urea Ca¬ the National City Bank sino. Monday night all and the local Mission¬ of the casinos in Rio ary Organizations took de Janeiro did a rush¬ care of the remaining ing business. Rio de American nationals. Minister Avra M. Warren presents his credentials to Janeiro and all of its The fifteen dollars or President Trujillo on July 4 at Ciudad Trujillo. entertainment facilities

548 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL THE LEGATION STAFF AT WELLINGTON, APRIL, 1942

From left to right, John Evarts Horner, 3rd Secretary; Basil D. Dahl, Commercial Attache; Robert Eng¬ lish, 2nd Secretary; Raymond E. Cox, Counselor; General Patrick Hurley, Minister; Captain J. P. Olding, Naval Attache; Lt. Commander C. W. Stevenson, Naval Observer; Thomas S. Horn, 2nd Secretary, and Lieutenant (j.g.) James McNair, Communications Officer. were ours that evening and the shows were put on Captain Harry Brandon, U.S.A., A.C., as Assistant especially for the benefit of the Gripsholm’s pas¬ Military Attache for Air and Lieutenant Robert sengers. The Urea Casino very appropriately had Odell, U.S.A.R., as Assistant Military Attache. Our for its final theme, “Patriotism” and ended with the latest acquisition is James A. Boyd, Foreign Service chorus forming a large “Victory V.” Clerk, who was transferred from Managua. Everyone in Rio de Janeiro was sorry to see the The Legation took over the Consulate General’s Gripsholm leave on Tuesday but hoped that in offices in a large office building in downtown Well¬ some small way they had made the short stay of ington, together with a number of adjoining rooms. these returning Americans a pleasant one. The office of the Military Atache is contiguous to the Legation proper, while the Naval Attache has PHILIP P. WILLIAMS. quarters in a New Zealand Government building in which the New Zealand Navy Office is established.

WELLINGTON MANCHESTER A Legation was constituted at Wellington effec¬ tive as of April 1, 1942, and former Secretary of August 6, 1942. War Patrick Hurley assumed charge as the first One of the most interesting events in the consular Minister of any nation to be assigned to New Zea¬ life of Manchester was the recent visit of Crown land. General Hurley had just completed his spe¬ Prince Olav of Norway when he came to this city cial military mission in the Far East, in the course to open a Norway Exhibit at a large department of which he got several shiploads of supplies into store on Monday, July 6, at 3:00 P. M. Immediate¬ the Philippines. As the result of his efforts, the ly after the opening of the Exhibit, the Prince was defenders were never short of ammunition. He re¬ entertained by the Manchester Consular Association ceived special commendation from Secretary of War whose President is the American Consul, Mr. George Alexander Armstrong. Stimson for his exploits. When the Legation was formed, Consul General Raymond E. Cox was designated Counselor of Lega¬ tion, Consul Basil D. Dahl, Commercial Attache, LONDON Consul Robert English, Second Secretary, and Vice September 3, 1942. Consul John Evarts Horner, Third Secretary. Cap¬ “I have had occasion to meet American Foreign tain James P. Olding, U.S.N., who until that time Service officers in various parts of the world. I am had been serving as Naval Observer at Welling¬ ton, was designated Naval Attache. Subsequently, glad to say that I have found them to be most cour¬ teous and obliging on all occasions. It certainly did Thomas S. Horn, formerly Consul at Soerabaya, was assigned as Second Secretary and Consul. The next not take long to get my visa here. Everybody has arrival was Colonel John H. Nankivell, U.S.A., who been so helpful.” became Military Attache. He was later joined by (Continued on page 571)

OCTOBER, 1942 549 The Bookshelf FRANCIS C. DE WOLF, Review Editor

THEY CALLED ME CASSANDRA, by Genevieve capable pen, her wit, her powers of observation, and Tabouis, Chas. Scribners Sons, New York, 1942, her ability in assembling bits of discreet or indis¬ pp. 436. $3.00. creet information, made this “debut” a complete success. From the old legendary history of Troy, a strange She was fascinated and enchanted by the political tale has come to us—Apollo, the irresistible “beau” jungle of France in the midst of which she found of the immortals, had, in one of his amorous moods, herself. She saw noble figures like Briand, and be¬ cast a longing eye on Cassandra, daughter of side him, intrigue, pettiness, trouble and hatred. A Priamus. To win her favor, he granted her the gift French statesman once declared “All is transition of prophecy. At the last moment however, Cas¬ with us, except our political hatreds, which never sandra refused, and Apollo in his wrath, unable to die.” withdraw his gift doomed her predictions to be for¬ After eight years’ activity as a diplomatic corre¬ ever unbelieved. spondent, Mme. Tabouis, feeling herself strong, ex¬ Genevieve Tabouis is the Cassandra of France. perienced and independent, considered the moment She prophesied the shape of things to come, fer¬ ripe for altering her course. She linked her destiny vently and repeatedly, but her forecasts too were as with the daily newspaper “L’Oeuvre”; a marked leaves upon the wind. characteristic of this paper with its policy of repre¬ Her youth and education were as uneventful and senting every kind of opinion, making it an open tedious as those of most daughters of old Catholic forum of ideas. Mme. Tabouis’ special task, as she families in the France of that period. She attended defines it, was “to write a daily column with for¬ a convent-school with medieval discipline; among eign affairs, in which every word will be the truth, her instructors was an old gentleman dressed in a regardless of whether or not it pleases this or that black frock coat, who daily gave the students a les¬ Minister,” a new slogan in France. son in good manners. The only noteworthy event occurred when the nuns discovered her first manu¬ From this time on she becomes a fighter, an in¬ script, an historical romance “Fausta.” This discov¬ vestigator, a denouncer, with enemies appearing on ery was followed by quite a scandal and severe all sides. Her writing is mordant when it touches punishment for the young author. on the emptiness of political alliances, when it After leaving the convent, she “entered” society touches on the vileness and corruption of the actors under the guidance and protection of her parents on and behind the scenes. She was never inactive, and her two famous uncles, Paul and Jules Cambon. but always in contact with important personalities, Doors of well-known salons, of ministries, of the involved in the problems of Europe, obtaining in¬ house of Deputies, even those of the impenetrable formation from official and non-official sources, Academie de France, were open to her. through channels known only to the initiated. She suffered a long and terrifying illness, during After the tragic death of Barthou, her political which she had to undergo several operations and views changed considerably. From a fervent disciple was forced to remain in bed for many months. She of Briand’s internationalism, she became a realistic never recovered fully from this physical ordeal, and nationalist, who realized the powerlessness of the was left with a frail and delicate body, subject to League of Nations and who daily became more frequent ailments and pains. This illness was spirit¬ aware of the destructive forces directed against her ually strengthening and purifying, so that this ex¬ beloved France. perience of bodily pain ended in complete victory And so, gradually Mme. Tabouis became the of mind over matter. To those who have known Cassandra of France! her or who have even merely seen her, it has al¬ She was kept awake many weary hours, obsessed ways been a mystery how so much power could be by the political scenery. From the depths of her contained in such a frail and delicate body. being, she felt the warnings of coming disasters, Her two famous uncles recognized this spiritual and felt compelled to publish her prognostications. power, and persuaded her to write; she started by After each defeat of Democracy, she prophesied the contributing to two provincial papers “to scribble next, and inevitably the fate of Cassandra became hastily inside stories of political events and inci¬ hers. dents of the day, reports on news, without com¬ She was attacked and ridiculed, she was called ment.” Thus began her journalistic career and her Tabouis, the crystal-gazer, the Keyhole Mystery, the

550 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Gypsy Fortune-teller; Leon Daudet, with his sting¬ TOTAL VICTORY, by Stephen King-Hall, Har- ing wit, nicknamed her “La Dame Tata, la Clair - court, Brace and Company, New York, 1942; 240 voyante.” pages: Appendices 63 pages. $2.00. Despite ridicule, she never wavered, and contin¬ “Total Victory” is Stephen King-Hall’s extremely ued to fight until the German tanks had penetrated trenchant contribution to war and post-war plan¬ deep into France, and she was forced to flee for ning. It was written in haste but the outline form her life. of the style is permeated throughout by the in¬ Perhaps the most striking, the most tragic and imitable and contagious enthusiasm of a man with the most unhappy chapter of her book, is the last an Idea. one. The work cannot, of course, be summarized in King-Hall’s central thesis is worthy of his and a few sentences. There are so many facts, fancies, the readers’ interest. In general it is as follows: anecdotes and true historical events, that one does No peace can be lasting unless it is accepted will¬ not know where to begin or where to stop. For ingly by the vanquished. It is the mind which must those who have lived in the tumult, there are sou¬ be conquered as well as the body to ensure any vic¬ venirs, gay and sad while those seeking information tory which can be “total,” i.e. permanent. One will find the book a fecund source. must conquer by force but force alone cannot For the student of international politics, all achieve the willing cooperation of the enemy in sources and documents concerning this tragic period peace terms. A statement of war aims and post¬ in French history are of great interest, and particu¬ war plans is as indispensable in beating the Axis larly so this book. It is a great human document, as is its military defeat. The author does not pre¬ despite its mixture of fact and fancy, and in spite tend that the correct use of propaganda can obviate of the obviously biased mind and spirit of the au¬ the necessity of winning on the land sea and air, thor. Years hence, no doubt, these facts and fan¬ but he does believe and prove most satisfactorily cies will be soberly judged and compared with that without such psychological warfare the war other sources, but at the moment, the impression would be seriously prolonged and that no permanent and the atmosphere which it creates in the mind peace could result. of readers is more important. In her book, Mine. The step by step analysis of these theories, the Tabouis succeeds in conveying to us the psychology discussion of the military potentialities of the war of events, and at the same time, presents her own and the consideration of the many subsidiary ideas psychology in relation to these events. springing from the main theme are succinctly set Her nervewracking work, her obsession with the forth. There is no attempt at any literary flavor troubled situation, her vibrant intelligence and per¬ and the whole book should be considered “agenda sonality made it impossible for her to carefully bal¬ for discussion, with annotations,” as the author sug¬ ance and sift all the information which came to gests is his introduction. her from within and without France; nor could she reflect or meditate on countries, societies or per¬ A dry, academic and sarcastic humour creeps sons. She felt compelled to make public facts and into many paragraphs; British humour at its best opinions as she perceived or learned of them. She with its barb directed inward against the imperial¬ was often reproached with this policy and accused istic mentality and the complacency of those who of distorting the truth and of publishing unreliable feel we shall soon be able to return to our former and sensational information. Nevertheless, she was state of benign relaxation. feared, for there was often a great deal of disagree¬ The liberalism and the fundamental honesty of able, undeniable truth in her publishings. King-Hall’s ideas serve as an eloquent challenge to To do justice to the book, one must also judge those pessimists who claim that Britain has neither it as an autobiography; as such, it is a precious the desire or the intelligence to create a modern document. It is also a warning document for those, world, for this book which is outstanding because or rather all of us, who prepare the future, and for of the freshness of its thought is given to the world those of us who do not want what has happened by a privileged Englishman, whom we in America, to France to be repeated. These evil Genii must abetted by Dr. Goebbels are apt to consider the not rise again, they must be destroyed, buried, and chief symbol of the “decadent democracies.” forgotten forever, so that a stronger and a greater Like all topical books which are of necessity ana¬ French nation may rise again. lytical the presentation of the problem is more bril¬ G. VAN DISSEL, liant than the solution of it. King-Hall himself is Netherlands Purchasing Commission. (Continued on page 560)

OCTOBER, 1942 551 S C II () LARSHIPS

William O. Loren, Association J. Reid Thompson, Association Jane Macatee, Journal Scholar- Scholarship winner. Scholarship winner. ship winner.

ASSOCIATION AND JOURNAL A. & M. College and hopes to enter the Foreign SCHOLARSHIPS Service. The other Association scholarship has been The Executive Committee of the Foreign Service awarded J. Reid Thompson, son of Consul Samuel Association and the Editorial Board of the JOURNAL R. Thompson at Halifax. Mr. Thompson has com¬ have awarded the annual scholarships for the scho¬ pleted his Freshman year at Harvard University lastic year 1942-43. The Association Scholarships, where he was on the Dean’s List, and looks forward of $200 each, are awarded each year to children of to a career in the Foreign Service upon completion active members of the Association, or who at the of his college education. time of their deaths were active members, to be used The JOURNAL scholarship has been awarded to for expenses in connection with a regular under¬ Miss Jane Macatee, daughter of Robert B. Macatee, graduate course of a college or university in the Foreign Service Officer assigned to the Department United States. The JOURNAL Scholarship of $300 of State. Gunston Hall School, which she attended, is intended primarily for students attending the reported that Miss Macatee was an honor student regular course in preparatory schools in the United and president of her class, as well as being inter¬ States, preference being given those entering the ested in extra-curricular activities. final year of such schools, and the scholarship is open to the children of members of the American OLIVER BISHOP HARRIMAN FOREIGN Foreign Service who are also members of the For¬ SERVICE SCHOLARSHIP eign Service Association or subscribers to the FOR¬ EIGN SERVICE JOURNAL, or to children of persons The Advisory Committee of the Oliver Bishop who at the time of their death came within the Harriman Foreign Service Scholarship announces above categories. the award of the Scholarship for the year 1942-1943 One of the Association scholarships for 1942-43 to Mr. Howard C. Bowman and Mr. George Groce has been awarded to William 0. Loren, son of Con¬ Woods. sul Odin G. Loren at Nuevo Laredo. He attended Mr. Bowman is the son of Mr. Howard A. Bow¬ Martin High School in Laredo, Texas, where he re¬ man, and Mr. Woods is the son of the late Damon ceived excellent marks. He plans to attend Texas C. Woods.

552 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Independence Day recep¬ tion at the American Con¬ sulate General at Brazza¬ ville. Vice Consul Cromie assists Consul Taylor in re¬ ceiving the guests from Leopoldville.

Arrival of Ambassador and Mrs. Arthur Bliss Lane at Bogota on April 22. r- m , (% I ' 4 1 Harold Shallow, Vice Con¬ sul now assigned to Jidda, and Miss Jean Sullivan were married in Washing¬ ton on May 11. •VI;' £ I i \

At the Jockey Club in Rio de Janeiro on the occasion of a farewell luncheon given for Consul Edward D. McLaughlin, just prior to his departure for Para, his new post. The luncheon was given by Consul Prescott Childs and Herbert Polin, the inventor of “cafelite.” Left to right: Lt. Col. J. C. (Bromo) Seltzer, Consul Edward D. McLaughlin, Dr. Carlos Costa (Brazil¬ ian Attorney General), Consul Prescott Childs, Richard P. Momsen, Law¬ yer, Vice Consul T. ]. Ma¬ honey, Herbert Polin, Vice Consul Philip P. Williams, Agricultural Attache Er¬ win P. Keeler, Vice Consul Elvin Seibert, Consul Wil¬ liam E. Flournoy, Jr. Superman, Microphotographer

By JANE WILSON

WE are catching up with Superman and the on a letter-size transparent sheet. This sheet was Men of Mars as evidenced by our magic- then run through an ozalid machine, a dry-process booted strides in the fast-becoming-current use of photographic machine. The Department is now set¬ microphotography. The Department of State has ting up its own laboratory for this process. recently inaugurated this process on an experimen¬ But how about the distribution of the strictly tal basis, and the first satisfactory results—micro¬ confidential material? This has also been provided photographic copies of despatches from the Lega¬ for—by means of a device known as a “reader.” tion at Stockholm—are now being circulated The film is run through this machine and enlarged throughout the Department. to an ordinary type sized picture. With internal The difficulty of exchange of mail between Stock¬ lighting of the machine the stenographer can easily holm and Washington at this particular time is make a copy without the film going to the photo¬ readily understandable. What limited air trans¬ graphic room. Or the “reader” may be kept near portation there is does not provide the necessary an officer’s desk and strictly confidential material space for the usual interchange of reports and des¬ may be read by him, eliminating the necessity of patches to the Department or instructions to the having even one copy made. Legation there. Something had to be done about And at the other end of the line—what is neces¬ it, and done quickly—the answer was microphotog¬ sary to furnish the film for the courier’s light raphy. So, one day last month a courier enplaned “pouch”? (1) A camera such as a Leica is all that at Stockholm with a small cardboard box in his is necessary, although it is believed the Recordak, pocket. This box weighed only a few ounces. Sev¬ a machine which makes photographs as fast as eral days later the contents of his pocket were cir¬ documents are fed into it, will eventually supersede culated around the Department in the form of the camera. (2) A laboratory for developing the pounds of information. film necessarily completes the equipment. The explanation of this Houdini-like stunt is sim¬ Microfilm equipment of other government agen¬ ple. In the box the courier had rolls of ordinary cies is now available at London, Melbourne, Chung¬ 35-mm. microfilm on which were reproduced 50 king, Karachi, Istanbul, Cairo, Stockholm, Bern and despatches and reports. Upon arrival at the De¬ Geneva. There are operators at all of the above partment this film was “blown up” and reproduced mentioned places having equipment. The Signal Corps and the COI have supplied the operators. This process has even been approved by law. Congress passed an Act on September 24, 1940, providing for the disposition by any agency of the U. S. Government of the original records which have been microphotographed and declaring that these microphotographs shall have the same force and effect as the originals thereof. That should clean out hundreds of file rooms and turn over thousands of reams of waste paper to the Government’s war salvage program! The films can he shelved away in neat, compact containers—and the evidence is permanently there! Suppose we could bring to life one of the labo¬ rious scribes of yore. Wouldn’t his eyes pop out

The film is run through the “reader” and enlarged to an ordinary type sized picture. This is the type of machine which photographs 100 “V-Ietters” a minute, written by our soldiers abroad. Another machine in the U. S. reproduces them from the film at 100 a minute—and nobody reads the letters!

if he could see a Recordak in action; 20 newspaper pages containing over 150,000 words can be photo¬ graphed by this machine in one minute—a job the fastest typist would need several days to accomplish. And there’s no typing to be checked, because this machine produces a perfect photographic copy. All of those copying devices from the age of scribes to the Recordak Age made sensational his¬ Those firms having large bookkeeping accounts tory in their day. The printing press solved the can have their filing system simplified, banks can problem of multiple copying for distribution, but keep records of canceled checks returned to their not until the end of the last century did the type¬ depositors—and there are many more undeveloped writer appear, to reduce the labor and cost of lim¬ possibilities for this system. The New York Public ited copying. Library in its Newspaper Division utilizes the re¬ Microphotography simplifies many phases of gov¬ production of newspapers on film. They, like the ernment work as well as of big and little business. Department of State, did this in the nature of an ex¬ The Army is making good use of microphotogra¬ periment. Now visitors to the Library reading old phy in its widespread sending of “V-letters.” This copies of newspapers do not shuffle through crum¬ method of letter transmission was invented so sol¬ bling sheets but read microphotographic film by diers could send and receive mail by air, and was means of a projector. first used two years ago, for the benefit of British And how about the world of books? It is going soldiers in the Near East. The letters themselves to seem strange to use a mechanical device to read never leave the foreign headquarters. But photo¬ Shakespeare and Milton—and what do we do—press graphs of them five-eighths of an inch square—do, a button, instead of wetting our thumb? by plane. In this way, a whole sack of mail goes Filling an entirely different need of the Depart¬ into a roll of film the size of a spool of thread. A ment is the system of hectography. The field is machine photographs them at 100 a minute and in more familiar with this process, having been cir¬ the United States another machine reproduces them cularized about it and many offices abroad are al¬ from the film, also at the rate of 100 a minute. And ready taking advantage of this labor and time sav¬ —nobody reads the letters! ing device. We couldn’t investigate too closely but we have All the clerks at all the offices in the field, work¬ an idea the F.B.I. makes good use of the system of ing all the time, can’t seem to get out enough carbon microphotography; we know the Department of copies of material to fill the maw of the various Commerce utilizes this process in keeping census government agencies. Hectography supplies this records; and from the copies of various Nazi tech¬ need. Hectograph units, consisting merely of a nical magazines transmitted to the Department by sheet of paper with special carbon attached, are be¬ this process we judge the Office of War Informa¬ ing furnished regularly to the field by the Depart¬ tion has a pretty good file of enemy newsprint on ment in response to requisitions. Upon j-eceipt of hand without using up the much needed space on one of these typed sheets in the Department, unlim¬ the trans-oceanic planes to fetch it! ited copies may be made. And in the world of business—newspaper offices Not much longer will Foreign Service Officer will profit by microphotography. They can pitch Clark Kent say to his clerk “Make ten copies of out all of their old deteriorating paper files, replace that and an original, Miss Doe,” but donning the with film and cut down on storage space. They can garb of Superman will tersely direct, “Send that read the back issues too, by running them through despatch by microfilm to the Department,” or. the “reader,” and thus assure themselves of per¬ “That airgram is to be hectophotographed.” manent records, available for centuries to come. The world of tomorrow is in the making today!

OCTOBER, 1942 555 The if uu lifiett t iVifi s of a Minister

Extract from a letter of February 5, 1783, addressed by John Adams to Robert R. Livingston. From “Diplomatic Correspondence,” edited by Jared Sparks, 1830.

. . . And if it should not be thought too presump¬ ficers of the French frigate, the Sensible. The ques¬ tuous, I would beg leave to add, what is my idea of tion was, what were the several departments of an the qualifications necessary for an American foreign Ambassador and a Secretary of Legation. After a Minister in general, and particularly and above all long and shrewd discussion, it was decided by a to the Court of St. James’. majority of votes, “that the Secretary’s part was to In the first place, he should have had an educa¬ do the business, and that of an Ambassador to keep tion in classical learning, and in the knowledge of a mistress.” This decision produced a laugh among general history, ancient and modern, and particu¬ the company, and no ideas of the kind will ever larly the history of France, England, Holland and produce anything else, among men of understand¬ America. He should be well versed in the princi¬ ing- ples of ethics, of the law of nature and nations, of It is very true, that it is possible, that a case may legislation and government, of the civil Roman law, happen, that a man may serve his country by a of the laws of England, and the United States, of bribe well placed, or an intrigue of pleasure with the public law of Europe, and in the letters, mem¬ a woman. But it is equally true, that a man’s coun¬ oirs, and histories of those great men, who have try will be sold and betrayed a thousand times by heretofore shone in the diplomatic order, and con¬ this infamous commerce, where it will be once ducted the affairs of nations, and the world. He served. It is very certain, that we shall never be a should be of an age to possess a maturity of judg¬ match for European statesmen in such accomplish¬ ment, arising from experience in business. He should ments for negotiation, any more than, I must and be active, attentive, and industrious, and above all, will add, they will equal us in any solid abilities, he should possess an upright heart, and an indepen¬ virtues, and application to business, if we choose dent spirit, and should be one, who decidedly makes wisely among the excellent characters, with which the interest of his country, not the policy of any oth¬ our country abounds. er nation, nor his own private ambition or interest, Among the Ministers, who have already crossed or those of his family, friends, and connexions, the the Atlantic to Europe, there have been none ex¬ rule of his conduct. ceeding Mr. Jay and Mr. Dana, in all the quali¬ We hear so much said about a genteel address, fications I have presumed to enumerate, and I must and a facility in speaking the French language, that say, that if I had the honor to give my vote in Con¬ one would think a dancing master and a French gress, for a Minister at the Court of Great Britain, master the only tutors necessary to educate a states¬ provided that injustice must be finally done to him, man. Be it remembered, the present revolution, who was the first object of his country’s choice, neither in America nor Europe, has been accom¬ such have been the activity, intelligence, address, plished by elegant bows, nor by fluency in French, and fortitude of Mr. Jay, as well as his sufferings nor will any great thing ever be effected by such in his voyage, journeys, and past services, that I accomplishments alone. A man must have some¬ should think of no other object of my choice than thing in his head to say, before he can speak to that gentleman. If Congress should neglect all effect, how ready soever he may be at utterance. their old Ministers, and send a fresh one from And if the knowledge is in his head, and the virtue America, they cannot be at a loss, for there are in in his heart, he will never fail to find a way of that country great numbers of men well qualified communicating his sentiments to good purpose. He for the service. These are most certainly better will always have excellent translators ready, if he known by name to Congress than to me, and, there¬ wants them, to turn his thoughts into any language fore, I shall venture no further, but conclude, by he desires. washing this arduous business well settled, and by As to what is called a fine address, it is seldom assurances to Congress, and to you, Sir, of my attended to after a first or second conversation, and w'armest attachment and respect. even in these, it is regarded no more by men of I have the honor to be, &c. sense of any country, than another thing, which I heard disputed with great vivacity among the of¬ JOHN ADAMS.

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OCTOBER, 1942 557 THE U. S. MARINE CORPS k (Continued from page 527) for the Marine Corps is at the Marine Barracks, Quantico, Va. In two ten-week periods, college graduates or men up from the ranks on the recom¬ mendation of their commanding officers are intense¬ ly schooled in military leadership and combat wea¬ pons of all types. Upon graduation from the Offi¬ cer Candidates’ Class, the men are commissioned as second lieutenants in the U. S. Marine Corps Re¬ serve. They then attend the Reserve Officers’ School from which they are sent directly into the field with combat units or to specialty schools for further training. MARINE CORPS AVIATION is organized into Wings, Groups and Squadrons. Several squadrons compose a Group while two or more groups com¬ pose a Wing. Marine Corps aviation is trained and equipped to support landing operations of the Fleet Marine Force working either from land bases or naval aircraft carriers. The types of squadron or¬ ganization maintained by the Corps are Fighting squadrons, scout-bombing squadrons (dive bomb¬ ers), observation squadrons, glider and utility squadrons. In addition there are headquarters squadrons. One Marine Air wing is attached to the Atlantic Fleet and the other to the Pacific Fleet. RANK AND DUTIES — The ranks of commis¬ sioned officers in the Marine Corps and the normal corresponding command of each rank are shown below. In addition to the employment indicated, officers of various ranks may be detailed to a va¬ riety of special duties as well as to staff functions: Lieutenant General — The Commandant, U. S. Ma¬ rine Corps; Major General — Amphibious Corps of Atlantic or Pacific Fleets, Marine Division, Large

One of 46 photographs which illustrated Maynard Owen Williams’ article Base, Staff Department Head, Assistant to The Com¬ in THE GEOGRAPHIC on Buenos Aires, capital and heart of Argentina mandant, Marine Aircraft Wing, Department of the Pacific; Brigadier-General — Marine Brigade, Chief of Infantry in Marine Division, Staff Department Geographic authors Head, Commandant Marine Corps Schools, Training Center, Base Commander, Marine Aircraft Wing; work for Victory Colonel — Regiment, Chief of Staff of Marine Di¬ • vision, Marine Aircraft Wing or Large Base, Navy ■ In many unique ways the NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC Fleet Marine Officer; Assistant Commandant, Ma¬ contributes to America’s war effort. When you help this rine Corps Schools; Marine Detachment at large Magazine with its educational service, you add still another Naval base, Marine Corps Air Station, Marine Air¬ phase to your own war tvork as a Foreign Service Officer. craft Group; Lieutenant Colonel — Executive Offi¬ Liberal payment is made for accepted narratives and pho¬ cer (second-in-command) of Regiment, Command¬ tographs portraying the vital aspects of timely geography. ing Officer of Battalion, Navy Fleet Marine Officer, Before writing manuscript, please submit a brief outline. Navy Squadron Marine Officer, Executive Officer (second-in-command) Marine Aircraft Group; Ma¬ The NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE jor— Executive Officer (second-in-command) of Gilbert Grosvenor, Litt.D., LL.D., Editor—Washington, D. C. Battalion, commander of Weapons Company, Navy Division Marine Officer, Commander or Executive

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OCTOBER. 1942 559 officer of Marine Aircraft Squadron; Captain — Company or Battery commander, commander Ma¬ rine Detachment aboard ship, Executive Officer (sec¬ Emblems of ond-in-command) Marine Aircraft Squadron; Com¬ mander, Marine Aircraft Division (9 plants) ; First Lieutenant — Executive Officer (second-in-com¬ mand) of Company, Battery or Marine Detachment Quality Petroleum aboard ship, Platoon Leader, Marine Aircraft Sec¬ tion Leader (3 planes) ; Second Lieutenant — Com¬ pany, Battery or Marine Detachment officer, Platoon Leader, Aviation Pilot. Products WARRANT OLLICERS in the Marine Corps are former enlisted men who through years of service have qualified themselves in their specialties to a preeminent degree. There are three classifications of warrant officers, namely; Marine Gunner, Pay¬ master Clerk, Quartermaster Clerk. ENLISTED RANKS of the Marine Corps are di¬ vided into seven different classes referred to as pay grades. In each pay grade there are various ranks according to the duty performed by each; all are equal in matter of pay and allowances and differ only in seniority. These pay grades are: Private (seventh) ; Private First Class (sixth) ; Corporal (fifth); Sergeant (fourth); Platoon or Staff Ser¬ geant (third) ; First Sergeant, Gunnery Sergeant, Technical Sergeant, Supply Sergeant or Drum Major (second) ; and Sergeant Major, Master Gunnery Sergeant, Master Technical Sergeant, Quartermaster or Paymaster Sergeant (first). The base pay of a private in the Marine Corps is $50 a month while that of a non-commissioned offi¬ cer in the first pay grade, such as a Master Sergeant, is $138 a month. A Marine becomes a non-com¬ missioned officer when he receives his Corporal stripes. It can be said that whenever and wherever Amer¬ ica needs fighting men — the United States Marine Corps will be the “first to fight.” In the yesterdays, todays and tomorrows of our history, the U. S. Marine Corps, never defeated, symbolizes our na¬ tional strength and security.

THE BOOKSHELF (Continued from page 551) aware of this and he asks only that his critics pro¬ duce a better scheme which also gives a reasonable guarantee against war. However, we feel that his SOCONY-VACUUM main thesis and his exposition of it is beyond criti¬ cism; that only by the intelligent use of political warfare to supplement the military and economic OIL CO., INC. front can the war be won or can the world be as¬ 26 Broadway New York City sured of “Total Victory” to end this total war. ROSE HYDE FALES.

560 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL CONDITIONS OF PEACE, by E. H. Carr, Mac¬ millan, New York, 1942. XXIV, 282 pp. $2.50. Those who are familiar with the author’s earlier writings on international affairs, especially with his “The Twenty Years’ Crisis, 1919-1939,” will not be surprised to find his latest volume continuing the relentless realism which has characterized his pre¬ vious work. Mr. Carr brings to his conclusions on the peace a wealth of experience. A member of the British delegation at the Peace Conference in 1919, he later was political advisor in the British Foreign Office, participating in many of the international confer¬ ences in the post-war period. More recently he was Professor of International Politics in the Univer¬ sity College of Wales. In his book he devotes five chapters to an ex¬ amination of what he calls “fundamental issues.” He brings the current loose talk about war and revo¬ lution down to earth by discussing the contempo¬ rary revolution as a crisis of democracy, a crisis of national self-determination, an economic crisis, and a moral crisis. On the latter point, he reverts to his earlier thesis that liberal democracy had assumed the existence of a fundamental harmony between GRACE LINE social and national groups, which, in fact, did not exist. He, therefore, comes to the conclusion that the crisis through which we are living cannot be on War Service today... explained primarily in constitutional or even in economic terms, that it is fundamentally moral. with faith in a greater tomorrow In the second part of his book, he outlines the policy of Britain in four aspects: Britain at home; While we devote our full effort to war service, Britain and the world; Britain and Europe; and we continue to prepare for a greater tomor¬ Britain and Germany. He is constructively critical row. We have built and are building a large of Britain’s policy at home, urging his fellow-coun¬ trymen to realize that “the greatest danger to number of the most efficient ships yet devised. British democracy today lies in that conservatism We are constantly planning new and superior which regards democratic institutions inherited transportation facilities. Our organization, from the nineteenth century as sacrosanct, and fails to recognize that changes in these institutions are ashore and afloat , is being tempered in the fire essential if democracy is to remain a reality in the of the war to meet the obligations of a post¬ twentieth century.” In Britain’s future relations to the world, he war world. GRACE LINE will be ready to meet foresees a vast shifting of forces involving important the public needs of the greater day to come. changes in Britain’s economic position, and a pro¬ found change in the centers of influence of the mem¬ bers of the British Commonwealth of Nations. The GRACE LINE problem of Europe he regards as fundamentally the 628 Fifth Avenue (Rockefeller Center) or 10 Hanover problem of Germany, whose status in the Euro¬ Square, New York. 914—15th St., N. W., Washing¬ pean picture must be decided before the wider ton, D. C. Agents and Offices in all principal cities question of European reconstruction can be fully planned. As for Germany, he rejects the thesis of the inherent and irremediable wickedness of the German people as inacceptable and believes that a policy of repression alone will not suffice. He adds, however, that Germany must be militarily defeated

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and that a period of extensive and effective occu¬ GLOSSARY OF OFFICIAL RED TAPE pation of the country must follow during which UNDER CONSIDERATION means: Never heard measures of disarmament must be taken. of it. In his final chapter on “The New Europe, he UNDER ACTIVE CONSIDERATION means: Will outlines a concrete program of post-war policy. The you have a shot at finding the file? German problem, he believes, can only be solved HAS RECEIVED CAREFUL CONSIDERATION as part of a general problem of European and means: A period of inactivity covering a time world reconstruction. He would completely dis¬ lag. sociate the measures designed to create a lasting HAVE YOU ANY REMARK means: Give me some peace from the temporary measures concerned with idea what it’s all about. the termination of hostilities. The armistice period, THAT PROJECT IS IN THE AIR means: Am com¬ which involves dictation by the victors to the van¬ pletely ignorant of the subject. quished, differs in character and method from the YOU WILL REMEMBER means: You have for¬ process of durable peace making. The first, he holds, gotten, or never knew, because I don’t. must be prompt, drastic and makeshift; the latter TRANSMITTED TO YOU means: You hold the bag must be undertaken slowly and cautiously. He con¬ a while—I’m tired of it. siders that the Conference at Paris failed because CONCUR GENERALLY means: Haven’t read the it turned the preliminary peace treaty into a final document and don’t want to be hound by any¬ settlement. Perhaps his most suggestive proposal thing I say. is his argument that the work of economic recon¬ IN CONFERENCE means: Has gone out—don’t struction for Europe and the world should proceed know where he is. a long way before attempting to create the rigid KINDLY EXPEDITE REPLY means: For God’s political forms of a lasting settlement. Many will sake try and find the papers. doubtless agree wdth his conclusion that peace mak¬ PASSED tO HIGHER AUTHORTIY means: ing is not an event but a continuous process which Pigeon-holed in more sumptuous office. must be pursued in many places, under varying IN ABEYANCE means: A state of grace for a dis¬ conditions, by many different methods and over a graceful state. prolonged period of time. PLEASE TAKE APPROPRIATE ACTION means: BENJAMIN GERIG. Do you know' what to do with it? We don’t.

OCTOBER, 1942 563 HARRY A. HAVENS Harry A. Havens has been elected an Honorary Member of the Association in recognition of the faithful, kindly, and competent service he rendered to the Association for so many years. He has been assistant to the Secretary-Treasurer of the Associa¬ tion since it was founded in 1918. On June 30, 1942, the Executive Committee was reluctantly com¬ pelled to accept his resignation, he having informed the Committee that the increasing weight and pres¬ sure of his responsibilities as Assistant Chief of FA made it difficult for him to continue his duties for the Association. It may be added that he remains assistant to the Secretary-Treasurer of the Protec¬ tive Association, and we all hope he will continue in this position for many years to come. His posi¬ tion as assistant to the Secretary-Treasurer of the Association has been taken by Ancel Taylor of FA, who was appointed by the Executive Committee on July 1, 1942. The Executive Committee is arranging to present Mr. Havens with an appropriate gift, probably a piece of silver suitably inscribed, from the Associa¬ tion.

NOTES ABOUT PERU (Continued from page 540) tations established by the Constitution and laws. Civil liberties are guaranteed by the Constitution. Washington's Public education is under State direction. All adult male citizens who can read and write enjoy the right of suffrage, while women may vote in municipal elections. Congress is composed of a Chamber of Finest Hotel Deputies and a Senate, and members are elected by direct popular vote for a period of six years. The ■ Favorite meeting place of For¬ President of the Republic also is elected by popular eign Service men in the Nation’s vote for a term of six years. The Council of Min¬ Capital. Four blocks from the De¬ isters (Cabinet) is appointed by the President and partment of State. Convenient to at present is composed of the Minister for Foreign all points of interest in Washing¬ Affairs, Minister of Government and Police, Minis¬ ter of Finance and Commerce, Minister of Justice, ton. Exclusive Men’s Bar. Famous Prisons and Religion, Minister of War, Minister of food. Coffee Shop. Cay Cocktail Fomento and Public Works, Minister of Marine and Lounge. Air Conditioned in the Aviation, Minister of Public Education, and Minis¬ summer. ter of Public Health, Labor and Social Welfare. The Single Rooms from $4 Constitution provides for a Supreme Court, Su¬ Double Rooms from $6 perior Courts, and lower courts. Provisions regard¬ ing religion are that the State, respecting the senti¬ ments of the national majority, will protect the Apostolic Roman Catholic Religion, and that other religions shall enjoy liberty in Peru. Distinguished Peruvian jurists and statesmen have made a valuable contribution to the evolution of C. J. MACK, General Manager tlie inter-American system of international rela¬ tions, which is based upon the sovereignty and

564 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL They’re Bringing New Glory .. .To Old Glory! Make way for the Marines...and Sonia and John!

Watch for this stirring 20th Century-Fox triumph at your favorite motion picture theatre!

OCTOBER, 1942 565 equality of all nations regardless of their size and strength, upon the peaceful settlement of interna¬ tional disputes, and upon a reign of justice and law. In the present world crisis, Peru, under the lead¬ ership of President Manuel Prado, has clearly de¬ clared its support for the cause of democracy and for the interests of continental solidarity and de¬ fense. The transportation problem is an important fac¬ tor in Peruvian trade, foreign and internal. Mention has been made of the great distances and difficult terrain. The trade of Iquitos, commercial center of the montana or Amazon region, is by river to the Atlantic; although Peruvian ships do ply between Callao and Iquitos via the Panama Canal—a voyage requiring 40 to 50 days. State railways have about 570 miles of line in operation; the Peruvian Cor¬ poration (British) operates about 1,250 miles of railways in the central and southern parts of the FOREIGN and DOMESTIC country; other railways account for 530 miles; and REMOVALS in safe steel lift there are, in addition, about 425 miles of industrial vans, wooden vans or cases. railways. That makes a total of about 2,775 miles. Commercial aviation and highways will play a large part in the unity of Peru which is in the mak¬ ing. Over 1,900,000 miles were flown by commer¬ cial airplanes in Peru in 1941; 28,538 passengers traveled by air; and 67,486 kilograms of mail and 609,807 metric tons of cargo were carried. Com¬ mercial aviation should have a promising future in Peru. The government is employing some 25,000 men on highway work and is spending about 24,000,000 soles per year on its highway program. There are over 15,000 miles of passable highways in Peru. Some 1,250 miles are surfaced, of which two-thirds form part of the Pan American Highway. The en¬ tire route of the Highway—about 1,900 miles—is open to traffic the year round from the Ecuadoran to the Chilean frontier. Tourist travel, which is of importance to Peru, is STORAGE of household effects, directly related to transportation facilities. In ad¬ Works of Art, furniture, office dition to its interest in the development of commer¬ cial aviation and the highway system, the Peruvian records and private automobiles Government is constructing modern hotels at many Washington Representative: FEDERAL STORAGE COMPANY places throughout the country which will serve the 1701 FLORIDA AVE.—ADams 5600 tourist trade. Some of these hotels already are open. There is no unemployment problem in Peru, al¬ though salaries and dages and the standard of liv¬ ing are low. Social legislation provides for un¬ employment, old age, and sickness benefits. It is not fair to compare salaries and wages with those in the United States, since the cost of living for the laboring class is less than in the United States. The index of the cost of living in Peru did rise to 211 on December 15, 1941, as compared with 191 in 1940;

566 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL and the wholesale price index increased from 259 to 329 during the same period. While the general tendency in Peru is to move to¬ ward the Capital, there is a feeling in other parts of the country that Lima exercises too much influ¬ ence, politically and economically, and that not enough of government revenue is expended outside of the Lima district. There is development in the south—Arequipa and Cuzco—more or less apart from that of Lima. Peru has great resources apart from its minerals, petroleum, cotton and sugar. Fisheries and forest products are potential sources of wealth. The country could profit by more diver¬ sification of agriculture and the consequent decrease in dependence upon foreign sources for foodstuffs, and by further industrial development. Compliments of Peruvian national economy has withstood the shock of international events better than that of a great many of the American nations. Conditions in 1941 were sound. Exports were greater in vol¬ ume and value than in 1940. The situation continues favorable in 1942. Cotton, sugar and wool were disposed of satisfactorily in 1941. The rice crop was adequate for internal consumption, although a AMERICAN EXPORT LINES, INC. shortage occurred this year. Coffee and tobacco crops were good. Peru, however, produced less than one-half of its wheat requirements. Domestic and industries were stimulated by the decrease in prod¬ ucts available for export in foreign countries. Tex¬ tiles, shoes, leather, hats, toilet articles, foodstuffs, AMERICAN EXPORT AIRLINES furniture, pharmaceutical products, and cement are among the growing manufactures of Peru. Milk and fish canning industries have been established. Mine and smelter operations were steady during 1941 at an 8-hour day capacity. A series of important decisions on matters relat¬ 25 Broadway ing to collaboration between Peru and the United States were reached during the recent visit to the United States of the Peruvian Minister of Finance and Commerce. These include: (1) measures for New York, N. Y. the mobilization of the resources of Peru for the production of strategic materials essential for the security of the hemisphere, involving especially (a) the establishment by Peru of a Peruvian Amazon Corporation, and (b) arrangements for the acquisi¬ tion by the Rubber Reserve Company over a period of five years of all rubber produced in Peru other than a specified amount required for essential uses in Peru; (2) establishment by the Export-Import Bank of a credit in favor of Banco Central de Re- serva del Peru in the sum of $25,000,000 to assist in financing purchases in the United States of ma¬ terials and equipment required in connection with the construction and development in Peru of useful public works, and of agricultural, mining, and in¬ dustrial projects; (3) agreement with the Secre-

OCTOBER, 1942 567 tary of Agriculture for the establishment of an Ag¬ ricultural experiment station at Tingo Maria and arrangements for the loan to the Government of Peru of the services of experts of appropriate agencies of the United States in highway engineer¬ ing, erosion control, coal mining, and tea process¬ ing; and (4) agreement for the purchase by the Department of Agriculture, through the Commodity Credit Corporation, for the duration of the war, of that portion of the Peruvian cotton production which is in excess of sales for Peruvian consump¬ tion and for export to other purchasers. The Peru¬ vian Minister of Finance announced the recent adoption by his Government of further measures to control the commercial and financial operations of firms and persons whose activities are deemed inimical to the security of the hemisphere, and the readiness of his Government to consult with the Government of the United States regarding any measures which may be necessary to prevent persons whose activities are thus deemed inimical from benefiting in the agreements reached between the two Governments. He also discussed a number of matters of mutual interest to the two Governments, including details of arrangements under the Lend- This trade-mark Lease Agreement signed on March 11, 1942, and export control, priorities, and allocations questions is a symbol of relating to the importation by Peru from the United States of materials and equipment needed for the maintenance of Peruvian mining production, trans¬ quality petroleum portation, and essential civilian needs. (Department of State Press Release No. 173, April 23, 1942.) products. There is Upon the invitation of President Roosevelt, Presi¬ dent Prado visited the United States during May of this year. He was accompanied by a party of a Texaco Product distinguished Peruvian statesmen and officials and by the American Ambassador to Peru, the Honor¬ for every purpose. able R. Henry Norweb. This visit gave the Presi¬ dents of the two countries an opportunity to ex¬ change views regarding the vitally important prob¬ lems of the day and the equally important questions that must be decided after the United Nations have The Texas Company defeated the Axis powers. President Prado and his party also had the opportunity to visit many cities in the States, to observe the war effort of American Manufacturers of industry and the fine and united spirit of the Amer¬ ican people, and to receive personal evidence of the friendly and cordial feeling of the American people TEXACO for Peru. President Prado won the sympathy and Petroleum Products liking of the large numbers of our citizens who met tand talked with him. His visit strengthened the ties of mutual respect and friendship which today united the two peoples. On his return voyage to Peru, President Prado visited Cuba, Panama, Venezuela, and Colombia as the guest of the governments of those countries.

568 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL This series of visits by President Prado gave a de¬ cided impetus to inter-American cooperation in de¬ fense of the hemisphere and of its institutions and principles. What of Lima as a post? The combined office has a staff of about 75, including the Embassy proper and the offices of the Military and Naval At¬ taches. There are, in addition, about 50 other gov¬ ernment officials and employees in the Naval, Air, and Military Missions and in special missions sent to Peru by other Departments and Agencies of our Government. Vice Consulates recently have been opened at Iquitos and Arequipa, but Lima is the only important center in Peru of our Foreign Serv¬ ice. The work is interesting and varied and there is plenty of it. Lima is one of the most attractive cities in South America. It has character and charm, ft is clean and well kept. However, for about six months of the year the climate is miserable—sun¬ less, cold, and damp. A great many officers, espe¬ cially those who have children, do not regard Lima WHEN SPEED’S THE NEED as a healthful post. While good medical and hos¬ pital attention is available, amoebic dysentery is Hours... minutes... seconds are vital to endemic and colds, grippe, and bronchial and lung our country and our allies. Pan American saves trouble are very common, ft is possible to get into days and even weeks in speeding official sunshine by going to the resorts about an hour s business — travelers, mail, supplies between drive up the central highway toward Oroya—if time the United States and foreign lands. and the budget permit. Arequipa—about three Today the U. S. Government has first call on hours by air and two days by highway from Lima the planes, facilities, men and women of Pan also offers an invigorating climate. However, there American Airways. Most schedules are neces¬ are very few places where one can go from Lima to sarily secret. But you can be sure that the obtain the necessary periodical change of climate. Clippers are flying more miles, more routes, In other respects Peru has much to give. There are more trips, than ever before. charming people, universities, museums, music, points of historical interest, important and interest¬ AMERICA'S MERCHANT MARINE OF THE AIR ing centers for archaeological study, golf, tennis, riding, not-so-good swimming, and some hunting and fishing. Peru today is on the road to progress in all fields of its national life, ft has taken a stand with those nations which declare for respect for the sovereignty of all nations, for decency and law as the standards for international relations, for freedom and secur¬ ity—as opposed to the ruthles reign of terror and violence of the totalitarian powers. Relations be¬ tween Peru and the United States are excellent and are based upon cooperation in matters of mutual interest and in matters of vital concern to all of the American Republics. There are good grounds for /LIT /1MER!C/1\ the hope that the future will bear out the promise YS SYSTEM of the present.

OCTOBER, 1942 569 BEAUTIFUL illustration faultlessly reproduced requires a printing plate perfect in every G detail. We submit this as an example of the skill and experience of our craftsmen. SOUTHERN ENGRAVING (0. ~ ~ ~ WASHINGTON. D. C

570 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL NEWS FROM THE FIELD (Continued from page 549) That is what Miss Merle Oberon, the famous Eng¬ lish cinema star, said to Waldo E. Bailey, Second Secretary and Vice Consul, American Embassy, London, who issued her a nonquota visa. August 27, 1942. Miss Oberon, who is also Lady Korda, arrived in England to entertain the Allied Forces. Everywhere she has appeared in the camps of the United King¬ dom and Northern Ireland she has delighted sol¬ diers with her superb performances and charming personality. Two shows a day was her usual pro¬ gramme. Long hard train journeys and loss of sleep have not kept Miss Oberon from spreading sunshine. When asked on the verge of her depar¬ ture with a company of movie stars for Northern Ireland how she felt, Miss Oberon replied: “Thrilled but tired.” But she looked as fresh as a daisy. ’Tis needless to say that when Miss Oberon called at the Embassy several minutes of work were lost as her presence created a sensation. She was a most cooperative applicant, cheerfully supplying all the required details. “This is a new experience for me,” gleefully re¬ marked Miss Oberon when being fingerprinted.

AGUA PRIETA September 2, 1942. 35 Trade "Embassies" The Douglas Rotary Club gave a dinner party in honor of Mexico and Canada as North American Allies of the Linked States. Vice Consul Raymond Phelan of Agua Prieta, Cy VATIONAL CITY established its first Latin- who heads the Foreign Relations Committee of the Douglas Rotary Club, acted as chairman. American branch in Buenos Aires — in Senator Enrique Becerra M., delivered an address 1914. Other branches followed quickly. on behalf of Mexico, Father Sylvio Ross spoke for In close cooperation with Head Office, Canada, and Rev. Lee C. Mills, President of the these doorways are always open to busi¬ Club, responded with a few words in representation ness for the furtherance of trade relation¬ of the United States. ships between the Americas. On the main wall of the banquet room of the Ho¬ Today throughout Latin America, there tel Gadsden where flags of the United States and are 2,120 National City employees Great Britain had long been displayed, a Mexican waiting to serve you. They speak the lan¬ flag donated by Vice Consul Phelan, was added to guage; knowthe local business technique; complete the group of banners representing the al¬ and they work hand in hand with the lied nations. The Mexican flag was placed on the people of the country. wall by Mr. Phelan’s son, Gerald, while the Mexi¬ can national anthem was played. RAYMOND PHELAN. THE NATIONAL CITY BANK OF NEW YORK

COVER PICTURE Head Office: 55 Wall Street, New York Member Federal Deoosit Insurance Corporation U. S. Marine paratrooper descending. Official V. S. Marine Corps photograph.

OCTOBER, 1942 571 EFFICIENCY REPORTS CLAIMS FOR PERSONAL (Continued from page 533) LOSSES pression that we are writing with reluctance and be¬ (Continued from page 529) grudging the information conveyed. in the foregoing paragraphs, or the amount of dam¬ Punctuality. This subject has not been touched age thereto, as the case may be. upon in the efficiency reports. As you know, my Section 4. The Board will require an affidavit views about office hours are liberal, for in our serv¬ from the claimant as to the circumstances of the ice we have a great many things to do outside of the loss, the amount of property lost and the value of chancery. But frankly I have never understood why the property at the time of loss. This affidavit it should be more difficult to get to one’s desk at 9 should show whether insurance was carried on the o’clock than at 9:05 or 9:10 or 9:15. It is all a property lost, the amount of such insurance and matter of habit. I myself have developed the habit what recovery, if any, has been made. of waking up at 6:30 daily so that I get to work It is suggested that the articles for which claim is generally about 7:30, and when I come to the chan¬ made be estimated and classified and in this con¬ cery at 9 I like to begin the day promptly and some¬ nection the following classifications might be used: times I call members of the staff two or three times (a) “Excellent,” in describing the condition and before they are ready to see me. Of course if one serviceability of the articles, indicates that the ar¬ want to listen to the 9 o’clock radio news, or go to ticle is practically as good as new and without any the doctor, or something of that kind, those are defect; perfectly good alibis, but in general I think we should assemble at 9, and then the precise hours of (b) “Very Good” indicates that, while the ar¬ office work depend upon what we have to do Both ticle is practically as serviceable and presentable as inside and outside of the chancery. it would be if new, it may show trifling signs of These are only a few casual thoughts and consid¬ use on close inspection; erations which I pass on to you in no spirit of criti¬ (c) “Good” indicates a serviceable and present¬ cism but rather in a spirit of desired helpfulness. able article without serious defect but beginning to show signs of use. In case oral testimony of witnesses is not avail¬ REUNION FROM ATHENS able, the Board will accept certificates or affidavits (Continued, from, page 541) from officers, clerks and employees, or affidavits from persons not in the Service. sular office. In spiritual harmony with one another, The Board shall have power to suggest and re¬ they faced their problems with serene unity. Though quire any additional evidence that may be consid¬ very different in many ways, they were alike in the ered pertinent to the claim. essentials of character. The passage of time and Section 5. Except as otherwise indicated belowT, the influences of posts they have occupied in the in¬ terval, widely scattered over the face of the earth, allowance will be made for all articles which are reasonably necessary for the claimant to have in have altered nothing of what they found and built upon in those days. his possession in any and all conditions, in which he And so they sat about a round table until the may have been required to serve: no allowance will early hours of Sunday morning, but not in the Met¬ be made for luxuries; for souvenirs; for articles having a purely sentimental value; for articles that ropolitan Club. Not really. They had conjured up can not properly be regarded as useful, reasonable, a particularly cherished bit of the past, which for and necessary in the Service; for articles of ap¬ all of them has been rich, and were for that one proved classes to the extent the same may be in ex¬ evening back on the banks of the Illisos, disciples cess of reasonable needs; nor for wornout articles gathered around their master. W. P. G. or for those that can not be classed as good and ser¬ viceable. MARRIAGES Section 6. Where a claim includes items of fur¬ HEARD-REGISTER. Miss Elizabeth Anne Heard niture, household effects, or miscellaneous articles, and Mr. Samuel Croft Register were married on allowance will be limited to such as are needed and July 25 in Baltimore. Mrs. Register is the daughter are appropriate, in moderate numbers or quantities, of retired Foreign Service Officer and Mrs. William and reasonable in price, and will be based upon ac¬ Wilson Heard. tual condition and serviceability at time of loss so DAVIES-GRADY. Miss Patricia Grady, daughter of far as can be ascertained. In the case of expensive former Assistant Secretary of State Henry F. Grady, articles or those purchased at unusually high prices, and Foreign Service Officer John Davies, Jr., were allowances will be based upon fair and reasonable married on August 24 in Charleston, South Caro¬ prices for articles suitable for necessary purposes. lina. No allowance in excess of $500 will be made for

572 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Which Would You Choose ?

IF you were asked today to give up the retract his landing gear, can shift his pro¬ many electrical appliances that make peller pitch, can work his wing flaps and your life so simple and pleasant, so that swing his bomb doors open wide. fighting men could have all the electrical In fact, developing electrical equipment equipment they need for bombers, for tanks for bombers, and producing this equipment and for ships, you would make only one in quantity, is one of the wartime jobs that reply; for these men are fighting to make Westinghouse men and women have been secure the fundamental rights and privi¬ able to shoulder as a result of your willing¬ leges that we all enjoy. ness to forego peacetime comforts. Yet the choice is not so drastic as all that. . ' i>

For if you do have to do without a new WESTINGHOUSE PRODUCTS Refrigerators* refrigerator or a new radio or automobile, Radios* • Ranges* • Water Heaters* • Fans* • Irons* • Washers* • Ironers* ■ Vacuum Cleaners* • Air Con¬ the inconvenience is only temporary. ditioning • Commercial Refrigeration • Camps and Meanwhile, instead of the radio that Lighting Equipment ■ Switches and Sockets • Elevators formerly was made to bring you entertain¬ ■ X-Ray Equipment • Meters • Relays • Lightning Ar¬ resters ■ Circuit Breakers • Generators ■ Steam Turbines ment in your home, Westinghouse now ■ Motors • Transformers • Insulators • Rectifiers • manufactures the special radio equipment Transportation Equipment ■ Arc Welding Equipment. and blind flying device for the pilot of a * Manufacture discontinued for duration. United Nations’ bomber. Instead of the electric motor to run your Westinghouse Shortwave Station WBOS, Boston, U.S.A., broadcasts world news 16 times daily in eight languages. refrigerator, Westinghouse now makes elec¬ 15,210 kc., 19.7 m. until 4:57 p.m. Eastern War Time and trical controls so that this bomber pilot can 11,870 kc., 25.3 m. until 1:10 a.m. Eastern War Time. Westinghouse \Jj ESTABLISHED 1SE6

OCTOBER, 1942 573 pianos, and no allowance in excess of $100 will be made for victrolas. Section 7. Claims for money lost will be consid¬ ered in general when the loss resulted from circum¬ stances beyond the claimant’s control and adequate proof will be required of the facts of the loss and whether a high degree of diligence has been exer¬ cised for the safeguarding of those funds; reim¬ bursement will be in a very limited amount, depend¬ ing upon the circumstances in each case. Section 8. Where any payment on account of a loss for which reimbursement has been made under this order is made to the claimant by any foregin government, the amount of such payment by the LONG active in promoting commerc* foreign government not in excess of the amount among the peoples of the Americas, paid under this order shall be returned to the De¬ the Chase National Bank today is in the partment by the claimant for deposit in the Trea¬ vanguard of those institutions which are sury. Claimants who have been reimbursed under fostering Pan-American relations by the the provisions of this order will be expected to ren¬ der the Department every assistance in developing promotion of trade and travel. and establishing any claim against a foreign gov¬ ernment arising out of the losses for which reim¬ THE CHASE NATIONAL BANK bursement has been made. OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK Section 9. A majority of the Board will deter¬ Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation mine its decisions. Section 10. A report on each claim, setting forth the facts, the conclusions of the Board, and the rea¬ sons therefor and such recommendation as the Board may make, will be submitted to the Secretary of State and if approved by him, shall be forwarded to the Bureau of the Budget for consideration and in the event of its approval, shall be transmitted to the President for submission to Congress. CORDELL HULL. ☆ Department of State, August 20, 1942. We are proud to be a part of the ever increasing fleet BIRTHS CHRISTENSEN. A son, William James, was born serving the nation’s war re¬ to Mr. and Mrs. William H. Christensen on June 10 quirements, as well as Pan- in Barbados, where Mr. Christensen is Vice Consul. TAYLOR. A daughter, Leslie, was born on Sep¬ American commerce and tember 1 to Mr. and Mrs. Robert Taylor. Mr. Tay¬ lor is now assigned to the Visa Division. industry. CALLANAN. A daughter, Margaret Ellen, was born to Mr. and Mrs. Leo J. Callanan on August 12 in Boston. Mr. Callanan is now Consul at Per¬ nambuco. ☆

UNITED FRUIT COMPANY IN MEMORIAM DYE. John Paul Dye, of the Army Air Corps, son of Consul General and Mrs. John W. Dye, died on September 1, at Angola, La.

574 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL VISITORS SHOP BY PROXY The following visitors called at the Department IN NEW YORK CITY during the past month: PERSONAL SHOPPING SERVICE August NO CHARGE S. Schilling, Jr., Stockholm 11 Christinas orders carefully selected, wrapped and mailed Richard A. 0. Schwartz, Ottawa 1 11 with card enclosed. Ask me to attend to your orders. Edward D. Cuffe, San Jose — 12 One letter for everything. Wallace E. Moessner, Toronto : 12 Conversant with sending by Diplomatic Pouch or Edward G. Miller, Rio de Janeiro : 12 United States Despatch Agent. Arnold T. Johnsen, London 13 Osmon E. Henryson, Department of State 14 MISS E. J. TYNER John Gordon Mein, Rio de Janeiro 14 112 PARK AVENUE NEW YORK CITY Edward Arnes, Kuibyshev . 15 TELEPHONE: MURRAY HILL 5-5479 CABLE ADDRESS IF NO ANSWER CALL LEX. 2-2300 TYNERPOIL Lucile Bonar, Santiago de Chile 15 Virginia Divver, Rio de Janeiro 17 Bernard Gotlieb 17 W. A. Forsten, Ankara . 18. Louise D. Ziegler, London 19 John A. Calhoun, Cairo . — 19 Ernest A. Sharpe, Lisbon - 19 “Blue Print for Victory” Gray Bream . 19 Jule B. Smith, Barcelona 20 By Jefferson Patterson, Lima 20 HOMER BRETT Ralph C. Busser, retired 24 Patricia D. Dell, Department of State 24 777 Rodney Drive George J. Neuman, Department of State ■. 24 SAN LEANDRO, CALIFORNIA Richard T. Smyth, San Salvador 24 Vinton Chapin. Port-au-Prince 25 Foreign Service Officer, Retired Isabell A. Winkler, Bern 25 Alexander Schnee, Buenos Aires 25 Elvin R. Latty, Caracas 25 ★ James Gilchrist, Managua 25 Harrison P. Talltnan, Department of State _ 26 H. Lawrence Groves, Shanghai _ 26 Irving Linnell, Yokohama 26 Published by Richard Butrick, Peiping 26 D. APPLETON CENTURY CO., Inc. Charles H. Faust 27 Harry M. Donaldson, Marseille .... 27 New York Walter W. Hoffman, Hong Kong 27 David A. de Lima, Santiago de Chile 27 Glen Bruner, Taihoku 27 ★ Willys R. Peck, Bangkok 27 L. J. Keena, Pretoria 28 William E. Yuni, Tientsin 28 This book, to appear in October, is a plea for a Frank S. Williams, Tokyo ... 28 war policy—imaginative, aggressive and dynamic. Quincy F. Roberts, Chefoo L 28 Charles S. Reed, Saigon 28 Mrs. Harry A. Lee, Shanghai 28 Clarence J. Spiker, Hankow 28 A. S. Chase, Darien 28 Nelson Newton, Tokyo 28 r Harold Pease, Shanghai . j 28 Geo. A. Makinson, Tokyo ... 28 j Our advertisers are friends of the Service Kingsley W. Hamilton, Saigon ... _ 28 F. C. Fornes, Jr., Hong Kong 28 1 and of the JOURNAL. If you cooperate with J. K. Caldwell, Tientsin 28 Robert Jakes III, Bahia 28 | them whenever possible, and mention the John Davies, Jr. 82 J. Dixon Edwards, Harbin 28 | JOURNAL to them, it will help your Staff to Frank P. Lockhart, Shanghai .... 28 Carlos Hawthorne. Tsinan 29 produce a better and more useful publication. Harold Quarton, Keijo 29 Arthur B. Emmons III, Keijo 29 A. E. Southard, Hong Kong 29

OCTOBER, 1942 575 W. Garland Richardson, Dairen 29 John M. Allison, Osaka 29 To the foreign Service Officers Donald W. Lamm, Tokyo : 29 Marion Glaeser, Tokyo 29 U. Alexis Johnson, Mukden 29 of the United States Thelma Shaw Williams, Tokyo 29 Kenneth J. Yearns, Swatow 31 ♦ Lima K. Hollingshead * 31 Paul W. Meyer, Tsingtao 31 THE UNITED STATES FIDELITY AND GUAR¬ Horace Remillard 31 ANTY COMPANY puts at your disposal its serv¬ Hilton F. Wood, Iquitos L — 31 M. S. Myers, Canton 31 ice in writing your bond. Special attention Marion Aronld, Tokyo 31 is given to the requirements of Foreign Serv¬ John Bruins, Hong Kong , 31 ice Officers. Our Washington office specializes Robert C. Coudray, Hong Kong 31 in this service. September ♦ G. B. Sawyer, Shanghai 1 Robert D. Murphy, Vichy . 1 UNITED STATES FIDELITY AND Mildred M. Yenchins, Habana 1 GUARANTY COMPANY James H. Mann 1 Hayward Keniston, Buenos Aires 1 Chris. A. Ebeling, Jr., Manager William T. Turner, Tokyo 1 John W. Hunter, San Salvador : —— 1 14X5 K ST., N. W., WASHINGTON, D. C. Joseph C. Grew — :—1 Telephone—National 0913 Frederick Johnson —-— 2 Margaret P. Hays, Department of State 2 Leland Morris, Reykjavik : 2 Write for your copy of the "Insurance Guide.” Eleanor Shields, Peiping 1 2 F. W. Hi like. Shanghai 2 David Thomasson, Tokyo— — 2 Sydney B. Redecker .—_ 3 S. G. Slavens, Tokyo 3 David C. Berger, Shanghai 3 Charles E. Bohlen, Tokyo — 3 Jeanne A. Wilson, Canton 4 Canned Salmon Hubert W. D. Meyen, Rio de Janeiro-, __ 4 Homer M. Byington, Montreal 4 An Appetizing, Nu¬ Hilda M. Anderson, Nanking 4 tritious, Easily Kept Otis Rhoades, Kobe — 1 4 Lois Belanger, La Paz 4 and Transported Allan Dawson, Rio de Janeiro — 5 Sea Food Charles Edward Eaton, Rio de Janeiro 5 J. Hall Paxton, Nanking . 5 ASSOCIATION OF PACIFIC J. Holbrook Chapman 5 FISHERIES Barbara Schurman, Petro-Pavlovsky 5 C. J. McIntosh, Jidda 8 SKINNER BLDG., SEATTLE Hazel Katz, Tientsin 8 S. E. O’Donoghue, Mexico D. F - 9 William A. Smale, Cork. - 9 Clay Merrel), Hamilton — _ 9 Andrew G. Lynch, Montreal 9 Everett J. Drumright, Shanghai — — 10 Foreign Service Officers and personnel are Niles W. Bond, Yokohama : 10 cordially invited to visit our show rooms, Frances N. Head, London 10 where our complete line of office equipment Elizabeth Barnes, Shanghai 10 is on display. A. Bland Calder, Shanghai 10 Horace H. Smith, Shanghai — 10 THE W. D. CAMPBELL COMPANY Herbert F. N. Schmitt, Bogota 11 Ernest L. Ives, retired ,— 11 Government Contractors — Business Furniture John W. Dye, Nassau -- 11 Exclusive Agents for Standard Desks and Nathalie D. Boyd, Hong Kong_ 12 Gunlocke Chairs Gale Murphy, Sao Paulo 1 12 Garret G. Ackerson, Jr., Bogota — 14 1014 15TH ST., N. W. (Investment Building) Franklin Hawley, Hankow . 14 Free Parking in Building WASH., D. C. Kingsley W. Hamilton, Saigon 14 Hal Ryerson, Guadalajara 14

576 THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL jney jtu omte THE ST. MORITZ!

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