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« La Traduction De La Pensée Culturelle Russe Par Desiderio Navarro À Cuba, 1960-2009 »

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« La Traduction De La Pensée Culturelle Russe Par Desiderio Navarro À Cuba, 1960-2009 » « La traduction de la pensée culturelle russe par Desiderio Navarro à Cuba, 1960-2009 » par Raul Ernesto Colón Rodriguez École de traduction et d'interprétation de l'Université d'Ottawa Sous la supervision des professeurs Clara Foz et Salah Basalamah, de l'École de traduction et d'interprétation Thèse déposée à la Faculté des Études supérieures et postdoctorales de l'Université d'Ottawa en accomplissement partiel des exigences pour la Maîtrise en Traductologie Le 29 juillet 2011 Ottawa, Canada © Raul Ernesto Colón Rodriguez, Ottawa, Canada, 2011 Remerciements À mon père, José Ramón Colón Abreu, qui sut toujours donner la priorité à la famille sur l'idéologie. À Natasha, sans qui rien n'aurait été possible et pour le grand cadeau de nos vies qui est Béatrice Paloma, née au cours de cette recherche. Un grand merci à Clara Foz, pour la confiance et la persévérance. De même à Salah Basalamah, pour la féconde insistance. Merci à Luise von Flotow, à Marc Charron, à Annie Brisset, à Charles Le Blanc, à Elizabeth Marshman, à Ryan Fraser, et à tous les professeurs de l'ÉTI, de l'Université d'Ottawa pour l'encouragement. Merci à mes collègues étudiants à la maîtrise et au doctorat pour le riche partage. i Table des matières Remerciements.......................................................................................................i Table des matières ................................................................................................ii Résumé.................................................................................................................iv Abstract..................................................................................................................v Introduction............................................................................................................1 Premier chapitre. Contexte historique et trajectoire du traducteur................11 1.1. Périodisation de l'histoire de la traduction à Cuba. Révision critique...........11 1.2. La traduction des théories à Cuba, une oubliée de l'histoire de la traduction?...........................................................................................................18 1.3. La trajectoire du traducteur..........................................................................20 1.3.1. Desiderio Navarro avant 1959.................................................................20 1.3.2. Années 60, autoformation et début de l'activité traductive et sociale......21 1.3.3. Années 70 et 80, création de la revue Criterios et traduction de la théorie culturelle antidogmatique russe : traduction et résistance...................................25 1.3.4. Années 90 et 2000. Reconnaissance internationale et travail de traduction, de création et de partage des idées : le Centre Théorico-Culturel Criterios................................................................................................................31 1.4. Traduction et activisme comme moyens de résistance culturelle et théorique à la doxa..............................................................................................................35 Deuxième chapitre. L'anthologie El Pensamiento cultural ruso en criterios. Le traducteur en action..........................................................................................42 2.1. Contexte (cubain) et textes (russes)............................................................42 ii 2.2. Le paratexte navarrien.................................................................................59 2.3. Analyse de la terminologie...........................................................................70 2.4. Orthographe et ponctuation.........................................................................76 2.5. Traduction et production théorique..............................................................79 Troisième chapitre. Transculturation, antinéocolonialisme et activisme social...................................................................................................................86 3.1. La transculturation, un concept en évolution...............................................89 3.1.1. Fernando Ortíz (1881-1969)....................................................................89 3.1.2. Bastide, Rama et Glissant. La transculturation revue et actualisée........95 3.1.4. Desiderio Navarro, traducteur transculturel...........................................106 3.2. Un antinéocolonialisme nationaliste et marxiste non orthodoxe................113 3.2.1. L'antinéocolonial: une critique interne et externe...................................120 3.2.2. Desiderio Navarro, traducteur antinéocolonial, nationaliste et marxiste non orthodoxe....................................................................................................124 3.2.3. Deux générations et deux époques différentes.....................................126 Conclusion.........................................................................................................137 Bibliographie......................................................................................................149 Annexes.............................................................................................................168 iii Résumé : Desiderio Navarro (1948 -), traducteur, penseur, théoricien, éditeur et activiste culturel demeure peu connu au Canada et en Amérique du Nord en général ainsi qu’en Europe où son œuvre a pourtant été reconnue en 2009 par l’octroi du prix Prince Claus des Pays-Bas. Il a considérablement influencé la pensée culturelle cubaine et latino-américaine des quarante dernières années, en particulier grâce à la revue Criterios, fondée par lui en 1972, et qui, depuis, n’a cessé d’offrir au public hispanophone les principaux écrits des théoriciens russes de la littérature, de l’esthétique, de l’art et de la culture (Bakhtine et Lotman, entre autres). L'activité de traduction de théories n’a cependant pas été un objectif en soi pour Desiderio Navarro. Cette thèse montre en effet que la trajectoire de cet intellectuel engagé représente, d’un côté, une lutte permanente contre des doxas autant nationales qu'internationales, et, de l’autre, un effort constant pour diffuser les nouvelles théories et les idées, stimuler la création théorique et artistique, et ce afin d’encourager le rôle de l'intellectuel critique dans une société soumise de manière permanente à un stress idéologique. Dans le cas de Navarro, traduction, théorie et activisme social se combinent dans une équation à caractère récursif. Ce travail analyse un corpus de traductions de la pensée culturelle russe, traduit et publié par Navarro en 2009, sous la forme d'une anthologie. Cette analyse permet de souligner le poids et l’impact de deux conditions déterminantes dans son travail de traducteur: son identité transculturelle et son positionnement antinéocolonial. iv Abstract Desiderio Navarro (1948 -), translator, thinker, theoretician and cultural activist remains almost unknown in Canada, North America, and even in Europe, despite the fact that his work was recognized in 2009 with the Prince Claus Award from the Netherlands. He has considerably influenced the Cuban and Latin-American cultural thinking for the last forty years, particularly thanks to the journal Criterios, that he founded in 1972. Since then, this publication has continuously offered to the Hispanic public critical essays on aesthetics, theories of literature, arts and culture produced by Russian theoreticians (Bakhtine and Lotman, among others). Navarro's translation of theories, however, was not a goal in itself. This thesis shows that the path of this committed intellectual represents, on one side, a permanent fight against national and international doxas, and, on the other side, a constant dissemination effort of new theories and ideas, of stimulation of the theoretical and artistic creation, to promote the role of the critical intellectual in a society under permanent ideological stress. Navarro succeeded to combine translation, theory, and social activism in a recursive equation. This work analyzes a corpora of Russian texts on culture and literature, translated into Spanish by Navarro and published in 2009, in an anthology. The analysis underlines the weight and impact of two key determinants in his translation work: his transcultural identity and his antineocolonial positioning. v Introduction. « la parole belle n’est pas fidèle, et la parole fidèle n’est pas belle. » Lao Tseu (milieu du VIe siècle av. J.-C. – milieu du Ve siècle av. J.-C) La raison principale qui m’incite à écrire cette thèse est le fait d’avoir été témoin et acteur de la résistance à l’orthodoxie officielle (2006-2007), surtout idéologique, mais aussi politique, d’une partie des intellectuels cubains et notamment d'avoir été témoin du rôle dans ces événements de Desiderio Navarro, (1948 -), traducteur et théoricien cubain. En 2006 et 2007 eut lieu un vigoureux échange de courriels1 entre des intellectuels cubains de différentes générations qui protestaient contre une controffensive de la doxa2 idéologique et politico-culturelle du gouvernement après la retraite de Fidel Castro pour raisons de santé. Dans le contexte mondial actuel, il est extrêmement difficile pour le gouvernement cubain d'exercer le type de répression utilisée vis-à-vis des intellectuels à la fin des années 60 et durant la décennie 70. Les conditions géopolitiques lui sont défavorables : absence de partenaire stratégique fiable, contexte économique international
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